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Chapter 7 ii) Cuboidal epithelium

Structural Organization In Animals

Animal Tissue
• Tissues are group of similar cells along with intercellular
substances perform a specific function.
• Tissues are broadly classified into four types: • The cuboidal epithelium is composed of a single layer of
cube-like cells.
A) Epithelial tissue • This is commonly found in ducts of glands and tubular
B) Connective tissue parts of nephrons in kidneys
C) Muscular tissue • its main functions are secretion and absorption.
D) Neural tissue • The epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) of
A) Epithelial tissue nephron in the kidney has microvilli
iii) Columnar epithelium
• This tissue has a free surface, which faces either a body
fluid or the outside environment..
• Epithelial tissues provide a covering or a lining for some
part of the body.
• The cells are compactly packed with little intercellular
matrix.
• Based on the number of layers tissues are of two types • The columnar epithelium is composed of a single layer
namely of tall and slender cells.
a)simple epithelium • Their nuclei are located at the base.
b) Compound epithelium. • Free surface may have microvilli.
i)Simple epithelium • They are found in the lining of stomach and intestine
• it is composed of a single layer of cells and help in secretion and absorption.
• it functions as a lining for body cavities, ducts, and
tubes.
Ciliated Epithelium
• On the basis of structural modification of the cells,
• If the columnar or cuboidal cells bear cilia on
simple epithelium is further divided into three types.
These are their free surface they are called ciliated
i) Squamous epithelium epithelium .
ii) Cuboidal epithelium • Their function is to move particles or mucus in a
iii) Columnar epithelium specific direction over the epithelium.
i) Squamous epithelium • They are mainly present in the inner surface of
hollow organs like bronchioles and fallopian
tubes

• The squamous epithelium is made of a single thin layer

of flattened cells with irregular boundaries.
• They are found in the walls of blood vessels and air .
sacs of lungs
• They are involved in functions like forming a diffusion Functional modification of epithelium
boundary. Some of the columnar or cuboidal cells get
specialized for secretion and are called glandular
epithelium
They are mainly of two types:
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i) Unicellular glandular epithelium: individual cells. Three types of cell junctions are found in the
it consist of isolated glandular cells epithelium and other tissues. These are called as
eg: goblet cells of the alimentary canal i) Tight junction,
ii) Multicellular glandular epithelium, ii) Adhering junction
it consist of cluster of cells iii) Gap junctions.
eg: salivary gland i) Tight junctions:
Tight junctions help to stop substances from
leaking across a tissue.
ii) Adhering junctions
it perform cementing to keep neighboring cells
together.
iii) Gap junctions
it facilitate the cells to communicate with each
other by connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells, for
rapid transfer of ions, small molecules and sometimes
big molecules.

Types of glands
On the basis of the mode of pouring of their
secretions, glands are divided into two categories namely B) Connective tissue
i) Exocrine gland
• Connective tissues are most abundant and widely
ii) Endocrine glands.
distributed in the body of complex animals.
i) Exocrine glands:
• They are named connective tissues because of
These glands secrete mucus, saliva, ear wax, oil,
their special function of linking and supporting
milk, digestive enzymes and other cell products. These
other tissues/organs of the body.
products are released through ducts or tubes
• In all connective tissues except blood, the cells secrete
ii) Endocrine glands
fibres of structural proteins called collagen or elastin.
The secretion of these glands are called Hormones.
• The fibres provide strength, elasticity and flexibility to
they do not have ducts. The Hormones are secreted directly
the tissue. These cells also secrete modified
into the fluid (Blood). Hence this gland is called ductless
polysaccharides, which accumulate between cells and
gland.
fibres and act as matrix (ground substance).
ii)Compound Epithelium

Connective tissues are classified into three types:

(i) Loose connective tissue,
(ii) Dense connective tissue
(iii) Specialised connective tissue.

(i) Loose connective tissue

Loose connective tissue has cells and fibres
•
Compound epithelium is made of more than one layer loosely arranged in a semi-fluid ground substance,
(multi-layered) of cells and thus has a limited role in Examples:
secretion and absorption. 1. Areolar tissue:
• Their main function is to provide protection against It is present beneath the skin. Often it serves as a
chemical and mechanical stresses. support framework for epithelium. It contains fibroblasts
(cells that produce and secrete fibres), macrophages and
• They cover the dry surface of the skin, the moist
mast cells.
surface of buccal cavity, pharynx, inner lining of ducts of
salivary glands and of pancreatic ducts.
Junctional Complex
. In nearly all animal tissues, specialised junctions
provide both structural and functional links between its

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b)Dense irregular connective tissue

In dense irregular connective tissues, fibroblasts
and many fibres (mostly collagen) that are oriented
differently (irregularly). This tissue is present in the skin.

2. Adipose tissue:
It located mainly beneath the skin. The cells of this
tissue are specialised to store fats.
(iii) Specialised connective tissue.
• The excess of nutrients which are not used
Cartilages, Bones and blood are various types of specialised
immediately are converted into fats and are stored
connective tissues.
in this tissue
a)Cartilage:
Cells of this tissue (chondrocytes) are enclosed in
small cavities within the matrix secreted by them. Most of the
cartilages in vertebrate embryos are replaced by bones in
adults. Cartilage is present in the tip of nose, outer ear
joints, between adjacent bones of the vertebral column,
limbs and hands in adults.

(ii) Dense connective tissue

In this type of connective tissue Fibres and
fibroblasts are compactly packed. Based on the orientation
of fibres (regular / irregular) dense connective tissues are of
3 types
a) Dense regular connective tissue
In the dense regular connective tissues, the
collagen fibres are present in rows between many parallel b)Bones
bundles of fibres. Bones have a hard and non-pliable ground
Examples: substance rich in calcium salts and collagen fibres which
1.Tendons: give bone its strength The bone cells (osteocytes) are
It attach skeletal muscles to bones present in the spaces called lacunae
2.ligaments
It attach one bone to another bone

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The main functions of the bones are

1. It is the main tissue that provides structural frame to iii) Cardiac muscles
the body.
2. Bones support and protect softer tissues and
organs. Limb bones, such as the long bones of the
legs, serve weight-bearing functions.
3. It provide surface for the attachment of skeletal
muscles to bring about movements.
4. The bone marrow in some bones is the site of
production of blood cells.
c)Blood
They are the muscles of heart. Communication
Blood is a fluid connective tissue containing plasma, red
junctions (intercalated discs) at some fusion points allow
blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and platelets.
the cells to contract as a unit, i.e., when one cell receives a
signal to contract, its neighbours are also stimulated to
contract.
D) Neural tissue
C) Muscular tissue
Neurons, the unit of neural system are excitable
Muscles play an active role in all the movements of
cells. The neuroglial cells protect and support neurons.
the body. Muscles are of three types,
Neuroglia make more than one half the volume of neural
i) Skeletal muscles
tissue in our body
ii) Smooth muscles
iii) Cardiac muscles
i) Skeletal muscles

This tissue is closely attached to skeletal bones.

This muscles are also called striated muscles or striped
muscles
Eg: biceps and triceps muscles
ii) Smooth muscles

The smooth muscle fibres taper at both ends

(fusiform) and do not show striations ,hence the name
smooth muscles. Cell junctions hold them together and they
are bundled together in a connective tissue sheath.
This type of muscles is present in the wall of
internal organs such as the blood vessels, stomach and
intestine. Smooth muscles are ‘involuntary’ in functions.
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Mouth parts:
COCKROACH • The mouth parts consisting of
• Cockroaches are brown or black bodied • a labrum (upper lip),
animals that are included in class Insecta of • a pair of mandibles,
Phylum Arthropoda. • a pair of maxillae
• Bright yellow, red and green coloured
• a labium (lower lip).
cockroaches have also been reported in
tropical regions. • A median flexible lobe, acting as tongue
• Their size ranges from ¼ inches to 3 inches (hypopharynx), lies lies within the cavity
(0.6-7.6 cm) and have long antenna, legs and enclosed by the mouthparts
flat extension of the upper body wall that
conceals head.
• They are nocturnal omnivores that live in
damp places throughout the world.

Morphology
• The adults of the common species of
cockroach, Periplaneta americana are about
34-53 mm long with wings that extend b)Thorax
beyond the tip of the abdomen in males. . • Thorax consists of three parts
• The entire body is covered by a hard • – prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax.
chitinous exoskeleton (brown in colour). • The head is connected with thorax by a short
• In each segment, exoskeleton has hardened extension of the prothorax known as the
plates called sclerites (tergites dorsally and neck.
sternites ventrally) that are joined to each • Each thoracic segment bears a pair of walking
other by a thin and flexible articular legs.
membrane (arthrodial membrane). Wings:
• The body of the cockroach is segmented and
cockroaches have two pairs of wings.

The first pair of wings arises from
divisible into three distinct regions –
a) head, b)thorax and c)abdomen mesothorax and the second pair from
metathorax.

Forewings (mesothoracic) called tegmina are
a)Head
opaque dark and leathery and cover the hind
• Head is triangular in shape It is formed by the
wings when at rest.
fusion of six segments

The hind wings are transparent, membranous
• Head shows great mobility in all directions
and are used in flight.
due to flexible neck
Difference between fore wing and hind
• The head capsule bears a pair of compound
eyes wings
• A pair of thread like antennae arise from Fore wings Hind wings
membranous sockets lying in front of eyes. 1.it arises from
1.it arise from meta
mesothorax thorax
• Anterior end of the head bears appendages
2.they are opaque 2.they are transparent
forming biting and chewing type of mouth 3.they are leathery 3.they are
parts. membranous
4.they cover the hind 4.it is used for flight
wings at rest

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d)Abdomen a)foregut:
The abdomen in both males and females  it starts with mouth.
consists of 10 segments.  The mouth opens into a short tubular
Abdomen in female: pharynx, leading to a narrow tubular passage

In females, the 7th sternum is boat called oesophagus.
shaped and together with the 8th and  This in turn opens into a sac like structure
9th sterna forms a brood or genital pouch called crop used for storing of food.
whose anterior part contains female  The crop is followed by gizzard or
gonopore, spermathecal pores and proventriculus.
collateral glands.  It has an outer layer of thick circular muscles
Abdomen in male: and thick inner cuticle forming six highly

In males, genital pouch or chamber lies at chitinous plate called teeth.
the hind end of abdomen bounded  Gizzard helps in grinding the food particles.
dorsally by 9th and 10th terga and The entire foregut is lined by cuticle.
ventrally by the 9th sternum. It contains  A ring of 6-8 blind tubules called hepatic or
dorsal anus, ventral male genital pore gastric caecae is present at the junction of
and gonapophysis. foregut and midgut, which secrete digestive
• Males bear a pair of short thread like anal juice.
style, which are absent in female. b) midgut:
• In both sexes, the 10th segment bears a pair  At the junction of midgut and hindgut is
of jointed filamentous structures called anal cerci. present another ring of 100-150 yellow
coloured thin filamentous Malpighian
tubules.
Digestive system  They help in removal of excretory products
Digestive system consist of alimentary canal and from haemolymph.
digestive glands c)Hindgut:
A) alimentary canal  The hindgut is differentiated into ileum, colon
The alimentary canal is divided into three and rectum.
regions: foregut, midgut and hindgut  The rectum opens out through anus

Circulatory system
 Blood vascular system of cockroach is an
open type Blood vessels are poorly developed
and open into space (haemocoel).
 Visceral organs located in the haemocoel are
bathed in blood (haemolymph).
 The haemolymph is composed of colourless
plasma and haemocytes.
 Heart of cockroach. is differentiated into
funnel shaped chambers with ostia on either
side.

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 Blood from sinuses enter heart through ostia  Three ganglia lie in the thorax, and six in the
and is pumped anteriorly to sinuses again abdomen.
Haemocoel->ostia->heart->haemocoel  The nervous system of cockroach is spread
throughout the body.
 The head holds a bit of a nervous system
while the rest is situated along the ventral
(belly-side) part of its body. That is why if the
head of a cockroach is cut off, it will still live
for as long as one week.
 The brain is represented by supra-
oesophageal ganglion which supplies nerves
to antennae and compound eyes.
Sensory organs
 In cockroach, the sense organs are antennae,
eyes, maxillary palps, labial palps, anal cerci,
etc.
 The compound eyes are situated at the
Respiratory system dorsal surface of the head.
 The respiratory system consists of a network  Each eye consists of about 2000 hexagonal
ommatidia With the help of several
of trachea, that open through 10 pairs of
ommatidia, a cockroach can receive several
small holes called spiracles present on the
images of an object. This kind of vision is
lateral side of the body. known as mosaic vision with more sensitivity
 Thin branching tubes (tracheal tubes but less resolution, being common during
subdivided into tracheoles) carry oxygen from night (hence called nocturnal vision).
the air to all the parts.  Antennae have sensory receptors that help in
 The opening of the spiracles is regulated by monitoring the environment.
the sphincters. Reproductive system
 Exchange of gases take place at the
tracheoles by diffusion.
• Cockroaches are dioecious and both sexes
have well developed reproductive organs.
Excretory system
• The male and female cockroach can be
 Excretion is performed by Malpighian
identified by the difference in their
tubules.
morphological features . This phenomenon is
 They absorb nitrogenous waste products and
called sexual dimorphism
convert them into uric acid which is excreted
out through the hindgut.
Male reproductive organs
 Therefore, this insect is called uricotelic.
• Male reproductive system consists of a pair of
 In addition, the fat body, nephrocytes and
testes one lying on each lateral side in the 4th
urecose glands also help in excretion
-6th abdominal segments.
Nervous system • From each testis arises a thin vas deferens,
 The nervous system of cockroach consists of a which opens into ejaculatory duct through
series of fused, segmentally arranged ganglia seminal vesicle.
joined by paired longitudinal connectives on • The ejaculatory duct opens into male
the ventral side. gonopore situated ventral to anus.

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• Oviducts of each ovary unite into a single

median oviduct (also called vagina) which
opens into the genital chamber.
• A pair of spermatheca is present in the 6th
segment which opens into the genital
chamber.
Fertilization and development :
• Sperms are transferred through
spermatophores. Their fertilised eggsare
encased in capsules called oothecae.
• Ootheca is a dark reddish to blackish brown
• A characteristic mushroom shaped gland capsule, 8 mm long.
present in the 6th to 7th abdominal segments • They are dropped glued to a suitable surface,
which function as an accessory reproductive usually in a crack or crevice of high relative
gland. humidity near a food source.
• The external genitalia are represented by • On an average, females produce 9-10
male gonapophysis or phallomere (chitinous oothecae, each containing 14-16 eggs.
asymmetrical structures, surrounding the • The development of P. Americana is
male gonopore). paurometabolous, meaning there is
• The sperms are stored in the seminal vesicles development through nymphal stage.
and are glued together in the form of bundles • The nymphs look very much like adults. The
called spermatophores which are discharged nymph grows by moulting about 13 times to
during copulation. reach the adult form.
Female reproductive organ • The next to last nymphal stage has wing pads
but only adult cockroaches have wings.

Interaction to mankind/Economical importance

 Many species of cockroaches are wild and are
of no economic importance.
 A few species thrive in and around human
habitat.
 They are pests because they destroy food
and contaminate it with their smelly excreta.
 They can transmit a variety of bacterial
diseases by contaminating food material.

• The female reproductive system consists of

two large ovaries, lying laterally in the 2nd –
6th abdominal segments.
• Each ovary is formed of a group of eight
ovarian tubules or ovarioles, containing a
chain of developing ova.

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7. Prepare 2 correctly matching pairs from the

Previous Year Question Paper given terms (HSE-Sept-2016) (2)
Ommatidia
1. “In cockroaches a special mode of vision is Hepatic caecae
noticed” (HSE-July-2017)(2) Genital pouch
a)Write speciality of vision in cockroach Sense organ
b)Name the organ and its basic units that Excretory organ
perform vision in cockroach. Digestive gland
2. Select the connective tissues from the Upper lip
following and write one characters of each
tissue 8. Observe the following chart and answer the
following question (HSE-March-2016) (2)
Areolar tissue
Neural tissue
Adipose tissue
Cardiac tissue
(HSE-JULY-2017)(2)

3. In cockroach spiracles are present in...........

a)Alimentary canal
b)Tracheal system
c)Malpighian tubule
d)Reproductive system
(HSE-March-2017)(1)
4. Complete the given branching diagram based
on connective tissue (HSE-March-2017)(2)
Fill in the missing word A and B
9. Name any two secretions of exocrine glands?
(HSE october-2015)(1)
10. Select the odd one out in the following series
a) Areolar tissue, blood, neuron, tendon
b) Hypopharynx, malpighian tubule, maxillae
,labrum (HSE October-2015)(1)
11. In a laboratory session, your biology teacher
5.
exhibited blood smear (slides) of cockroach
6. a)Identify the given diagram of connective
and human being under microscope. How will
tissue A and B
you distinguish them based on the nature of
plasma and blood cell (HSE october-2015)(2)
12. If the head of cockroach is cut off, it will be
alive as long as one week. Give clarification
for this statement (HSE march-2015)(1)
13. The diagram below is a simple epithelium
(HSE march-2015)(1)
b)Write the location of tissue B in the human
body (HSE-Sept-2016) (2)

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19. Features of a particular tissue visible through

a microscopic observation is presented here
(HSE October-2013)(2)
• Cells are closely arranged
• Intercellular matrix absent
• Cells are supported by basement
a) Name the part marked as P
membrane
b) Write one function of simple epithelium
a) Identify the animal tissue
14. The male and female cockroach can be
b) Classify this tissue based on number of cell
identified by the difference in their
layers
morphological features (HSE march-2015)(2)
c) Mention their functions
a) Name this phenomenon
20. Observe the schematic diagram of a tissue
b) give one external difference between
(HSE September-2012) (2)
male and females
a) Identify the type of this tissue
15. Names of two animal tissues are given
b) The fibres in this tissue help the tissue
(HSE august-2014)(2)
to perform function. Substantiate
a)cardiac muscle tissue
b) Adipose tissue
i) Write the location of these tissues in our
body
ii) Select accurate characters of each
tissue from the items given below
1. Cells of this tissues are specialised to
store fat
2. Cells of this tissues (Chondrocyte) are
seen in small cavities within the matrix
3. presence of intercalated disc
16. Mention the function of the following 21. Facts related to two types of tissues are given
(HSE august-2014)(1) below. Arrange them into two columns by
a)Hepatic ceaca of periplaneta Americana giving suitable headings. Mention the location
17. Where do you find the following structure in of each tissue in the human body
human body (HSE march-2014)(2) (HSE march-2012)(4)
a)Collagen fibre b)Axons • A sheath of tough connective tissue
c) Squamous epithelium • Striations absent
d)Smooth muscle • Bundled together in a parallel fashion
18. Fill in the blanks with suitable terms according • Fusiform shape
to the indicator shown below • Involuntary in function
(HSE march-2014)(2) • Striated appearence
Indicators a and b –food habits
C and d-Excretory organ
a)Cockroach :................
b)Earthworm:...............
c) Cockroach :................
d)Earthworm:...............

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22. Observe the following figure. No need to diffusion in

redraw the diagram (HSE-march-2011) (2) lung
Cardiac Chondrocyte Impulse
msucle transmission
Neuron Flattened Helps in heart
cells beat
Volkman’s Antibody
canal formation

26. Frogs and cockroaches shows sexual

dimorphism (HSE march-2009)(1)
a) Write any two morphological differences
between male and female cockroach
a. Label the parts a and b
b. Write the functions of b
23. In an informal discussion in your class, your
friend made a comment that “malpighian
tubules are the kidneys of cockroach “. How
will you evaluate this statement?
(HSE March-2010)(2)
24. A schematic sketch representing the
alimentary canal of a cockroach is given
below. Fill the box with the appropriate
organs from the list. No need to redraw the
diagram (HSE March -2010) (2)
Crop Salivary gland Gizzard
Rectum Malpighiantubule
Hepatic caeca

25. Arrange the column A,B,C in the tale below

and match them properly (HSE MARCH-2009)
A B C
Squamous Intercalated Present
epithelium disc between
vertebrae
Cartilage Dendrite Helps in gas
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