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HYDRAULICS & GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 6. A vertical rectangular plate is submerged half in oil (s = 0.8) and half
(PART III) in water such that its top edge is flushed with the oil surface. What is
the ratio of the force exerted by water on the lower half to the force
1. Water has a maximum density at a temperature of: (CE NOV 2016) exerted by oil on the upper half of the plate? (CE MAY 2015)
A. 0°C B. 32°C A. 0.31 B. 0.40
C. 4°C D. 100°C C. 3.25 D. 1.30

ANSWER: C. 4°C SOLUTION:

2. A tank of glycerin has a mass of 1500 kg and a volume of 1.19 m .

3
Fwater  Pcgwater A water
Which of the following most nearly gives the specific gravity of
 h  h  h
glycerin? Fwater   0.8   w       w      b   
A. 0.84 B. 1.07   
2  
4 2
C. 1.26 D. 1.47 13
Fwater   w bh2
40
SOLUTION:
  h  h

m 1500
 Foil  Pcgoil A oil   0.8   w     b   
V 1.19   4   2
  1260.5042 kg/m3 1
Foil   w bh2
10
 1260.5042 13
s   w bh2
w 1000 Fwater 13
 40   3.25
s  1.2605 Foil 1
 w bh2 4
10
ANSWER: C. 1.26
ANSWER: C. 3.25
3. A conical tank having a bottom base radius of 0.35 m and a height of
3
0.65 m contains 0.026 m of water. Which of the following most nearly SITUATION I. (CE MAY 2013)
gives the depth of water in the tank? A storage vat full of paint (s = 0.80) is 8 m long and 4 m deep and has a
A. 0.0981 m B. 0.0845 m trapezoidal cross-section 3 m wide at the bottom and 5 m wide at the top.
C. 0.0761 m D. 0.0575 m 7. Which of the following most nearly gives the weight of the paint?
A. 1004.54 kN B. 1255.68 kN
SOLUTION: C. 2009.09 kN D. 2511.36 kN
8. Which of the following most nearly gives the force on the bottom of
1
  0.35   0.65 
2 the vat?
Vtank 
3 A. 1255.68 kN B. 941.76 kN
Vtank  0.08338 m3 C. 753.41 kN D. 251.14 kN
9. Which of the following most nearly gives the force on the trapezoidal
3 end?
Vair  h 
  air  A. 230.21 kN B. 287.76 kN
Vtank  htank  C. 272.04 kN D. 340.08 kN
3
Vtank  Vwater  htank  hwater  SOLUTION:
 
Vtank  htank
  Weight of paint:
0.08338  0.026  0.65  hwater 
3
1 
 W  0.8  9.81   3  5  4 8 
  2 
0.08338  0.65 
hwater  0.07613 m W  1004.544 kN

ANSWER: C. 0.0761 m ANSWER: A. 1004.54 kN

Force on the bottom of the vat:
4. The intensity of pressure at any point, in a liquid, is Fbot  Pbot Abot
A. directly proportional to the length of the vessel containing liquid
Fbot   0.8  9.81 4  3  8 
B. directly proportional to the area of the vessel containing liquid
C. directly proportional to the depth of liquid from the surface Fbot  753.408 kN
D. inversely proportional to the depth of liquid from the surface ANSWER: C. 753.41 kN
ANSWER: C. directly proportional to the depth of liquid from the Force on trapezoidal end:
surface
4
FR  0.8  9.81    3  4   188.352 kN
5. On one side of a tank containing a certain liquid, a pressure gage was 2
 4  1 
2
attached at elevation 9 m and reads 65 kN/m . Another gage located
2 FT  0.8  9.81    2  4   41.856 kN
at elevation 4.5 m reads 106 kN/m . Compute the mass density of the  3  2 
liquid. (CE MAY 1998)
3 3 F  FR  FT  230.208 kN
A. 985.67 kg/m B. 928.76 kg/m
3 3
C. 743.28 kg/m D. 623.33 kg/m ANSWER: A. 230.21 kN

SOLUTION: 10. A block of wood floats in water with 20 cm projecting above the water
surface. The same block when placed in oil (s = 0.80) floats with 15
P2  P1  h cm projecting above the oil surface. Find the specific gravity of the
106  65    9  4.5  block.
A. 0.45 B. 0.50
  9.1111 kN/m3 C. 0.63 D. 0.70

  g SOLUTION:
 9.11111000  In water (s = 1):
 
g 9.81 BFwater  Wo
  928.7575 kg/m3  
 w Vswater   o Vo

 w  A o Ho  20    so   w   A oHo 
3
ANSWER: B. 928.76 kg/m
Ho  20  soHo  EQ1

CIVIL ENGINEERING – FOCUS REVIEW – PART III – 2019 MDSD ☺

HYD RAULICS & G EOTECHNICAL ENG INEER ING FOCUS REVIEW – PART III – 2019

In oil (s = 0.80): Rate of gasoline flowing out at point 2:

BFoil  Wo 52
Q2   1000
 0.69  9790 
 
 oil Vsoil   o Vo
Q2  7.6979 L/s
0.80   w   A o Ho  15   so   w   A oHo 
ANSWER: D. 7.70 L/s
0.80 Ho  15   soHo  EQ2
Rate of air flowing out at point 3:
Solve EQ1 and EQ2: 2.5166 3
Q3  Q1  Q2  2.5166 L/s  m /s
Ho  40 cm 1000
Unit weight of air:
so  0.50
P 1 atm  101325 Pa
 air    11.8027 N/m3
ANSWER: B. 0.50 R  29.3  20  273 
 T
g
11. A stone weighs 468 N in air. When submerged in water its weight
reduces to 298 N. Determine the volume of the stone? (CE MAY Weight flow rate of air:
2005, CE NOV 2016) W3  Q3  air  0.02970 N/s
3 3
A. 0.0015 m B. 0.0173 m
3 3 ANSWER: B. 0.0297 N/s
C. 0.0254 m D. 0.0357 m
SITUATION III. (CE MAY 2014)
SOLUTION: Water flows through a pipe at 130 L/s that changes gradually in diameter
BF  Win air  Win water from 154 mm at point A to 429 mm at point B. Point B is 4.6 m higher than
point A. The pressures at point A and point B are 70 kPa and 48.3 kPa,
 w  Vstone   Win air  Win water respectively. Assume that the datum line passes through point A.
 9810   Vstone   468  298 16. Which of the following most nearly gives the specific energy at point
A?
Vstone  0.01733 m3 A. 9.565 m B. 9.618 m
3 C. 6.979 m D. 6.894 m
ANSWER: B. 0.0173 m 17. Which of the following most nearly gives the specific energy at point
B?
12. An open cylindrical tank, 3 m diameter contains water at a depth of 3
A. 9.565 m B. 9.618 m
m. Calculate the total force acting on one side of the tank when
2
moving vertically upward with a deceleration of 3 m/s . C. 6.979 m D. 6.894 m
A. 91.94 kN B. 86.45 kN 18. Which of the following most nearly gives the head loss in the pipe?
A. 0.053 m B. 0.085 m
C. 73.56 kN D. 65.34 kN
C. 2.586 m D. 2.724 m
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
 a
F  γhA  1  
 g Velocity of flow:
Q  A A VA  AB VB
3  3 
F   9.81    3  3   1    
2  9.81  0.130   0.154 2 VA   0.429 2 VB
4 4
F  91.935 kN
VA  6.9793 m/s
ANSWER: A. 91.94 kN VB  0.8994 m/s

SITUATION II. (CE DEC 2014) Specific energy at point A:

3
The tank shown in Figure FM-HP-601 is admitting water ( = 9790 N/m ) at PA VA 2
100 N/s and ejecting gasoline (s = 0.69) at 52 N/s. If all three fluids are EA  z A  
 2g
incompressible and assume air at 20C has a value of R/g = 29.3 m/K and
70  6.9793 
2
1 atm = 101.325 kPa.
EA  0  
9.81 2  9.81
E A  9.6183 m

ANSWER: B. 9.618 m
Specific energy at point B:
PB VB2
EB  zB  
 2g
48.3  0.8994 
2
EB  4.6  
9.81 2  9.81
EB  9.5648 m

ANSWER: A. 9.565 m
Head loss in the pipe:
13. Which of the following most nearly gives the rate of water flowing in at HL  EA  EB
point 1? HL  0.05351 m
A. 10.21 L/s B. 2.52 L/s
ANSWER: A. 0.053 m
C. 15.33 L/s D. 7.70 L/s
14. Which of the following most nearly gives the rate of gasoline flowing
19. Water flows at the rate of 0.16 L/s through a 200 mm diameter pipe. If
out at point 2?
its viscosity is 1.15107 m /s, what is the type of flow? (CE MAY
2
A. 10.21 L/s B. 2.52 L/s
2001)
C. 15.33 L/s D. 7.70 L/s A. Subcritical B. Supercritical
15. Which of the following most nearly gives the weight flow rate of air
C. Laminar D. Turbulent
passing through the vent at point 3?
A. 0.1205 N/s B. 0.0297 N/s
SOLUTION:
C. 0.0908 N/s D. 0.0123 N/s
Q
V
SOLUTION: A
Rate of water flowing in at point 1: 0.16  1000
V

Q1 
100
 1000 4
 0.2 2
9790
Q1  10.2145 L/s V  5.0930  10 3

ANSWER: A. 10.21 L/s

ACERS Engineering Review Center, Baguio City MDSD ☺

HYD RAULICS & G EOTECHNICAL ENG INEER ING FOCUS REVIEW – PART III – 2019

VD SOLUTION:
Re 
 Celerity of the pressure wave:

Re 
5.0930  10  0.2
3
EB composite   c 2
1.15  107 EB
 c 2
Re  8857.32  8857  2000 (turbulent) EBD
1
Et
ANSWER: D. Turbulent
2.20  109
 1000  c 2
20. Reservoirs A and B have elevations 250 m and 100 m, respectively,
and are connected by a pipe having a diameter of 250 mm and a 1
 2.20  10  600 
9

length of 250 m. A turbine is installed at a point in between reservoirs

A and B. The discharge in the pipeline is 140 L/s. If the head loss in
1.40  10  20 
11

the pipe due to friction is 8.55 m, which of the following most nearly c  1222.7615 m/s
gives the power generated by the turbine? ANSWER: B. 0.50
A. 235.16 kW B. 215.56 kW
Water hammer pressure developed in the pipe due to
C. 194.27 kW D. 180.50 kW
instantaneous closure:
Pincrease  Vc
SOLUTION:
Pincrease  1000  2.20 1222.7615 
elevA  HL  HT  elevB
Pincrease  2690075.251 Pa  1000
250  8.55  HT  100
Pincrease  2690.0753 kPa
HT  141.45 m
ANSWER: B. 2690.08 kPa
Power  QH
Maximum time of closure that can be considered as
Power   9.81 0.140 141.45  instantaneous closure:
Power  194.2674 kW 2L
tc 
ANSWER: C. 194.27 kW c
2  750 
tc 
1222.7615
21. In a system of pipes in series connection, which of the following
t c  1.2267 s
condition is true?
A. velocities are equal B. flow rates are equal ANSWER: A. 1.227 s
C. head losses are equal D. I have no idea
26. A vertical cylindrical tank contains 4 m high of water. If the centerline
ANSWER: B. flow rates are equal of a standard orifice is 3.5 m below the liquid level and 3.2 m above
the ground, compute the horizontal distance reached by the jet of
22. A system of three pipes 600 m, 800 m and 1000 m long that are water from the orifice. Assume Cv = 1.0.
connected in series carries 600 L/sec of water. If the three pipes are A. 7.35 m B. 6.69 m
450 mm, 340 mm and 400 mm in diameter respectively, what is the C. 5.45 m D. 4.97 m
diameter of a single pipe that can replace the system? Assume f =
0.016 for all pipes. SOLUTION:
A. 198.63 mm B. 269.33 mm
C. 379.17 mm D. 454.67 mm Va  Cv 2gh

SOLUTION: Va  1 2  9.81 3.5 

Va  8.2867 m/s
HL1  0.0826  0.016  600 
 0.60 2  15.4700 m
 0.45 5 1 2
y  Viy t  gt
2

HL2  0.0826  0.016  800 

 0.60 2  83.7718 m 1
3.2  0   9.81 t 2
 0.34 5 2
t  0.8077 s

HL3  0.0826  0.016 1000 

 0.60 2  46.4625 m x
Vx  Va 
 0.40 5 t
x  Va t
HL  HL1  HL2  HL3  145.7043 m
x   8.2867  0.8077 
HL  145.7043  0.0826  0.016  600  800  1000 
0.602 x  6.6933 m
D5
ANSWER: B. 6.69 m
D  0.3791650 m  379.1650 mm
ANSWER: C. 379.17 mm 27. A trapezoidal canal has a base width equal to the depth of flow and a
3
discharge of 0.83 m /s. If n = 0.02, sides sloped at 1:1, and S =
SITUATION IV. (CE NOV 2011) 0.0008, compute the depth of flow.
Water from a reservoir flowing through a pipe with a diameter of 600 mm at A. 0.45 m B. 0.74 m
2.20 m/s is completely stopped by a closure of a valve situated 750 m from C. 0.98 m D. 1.12 m
the reservoir. The pipe has a thickness of 20 mm. The modulus of elasticity
11 9
of the pipe is 1.4010 Pa. The bulk modulus of water is 2.2010 Pa. SOLUTION:
Assume that the pressure increases at a uniform rate and there is no
damping of the pressure wave. bd
23. Which of the following most nearly gives the celerity of the pressure B  b  2d  3d
wave?
1
A. 1222.76 m/s B. 1438.75 m/s A wet 
2
B  b  d
C. 1368.94 m/s D. 1180.29 m/s
24. Which of the following most nearly gives the water hammer pressure A wet  2d2
developed in the pipe due to instantaneous closure?
A. 2326.94 kPa B. 2690.08 kPa Pwet  b  2z  d  2 2d
C. 2823.03 kPa D. 3136.32 kPa
25. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum time of closure Manning’s Formula:
that can be considered as instantaneous closure?
A. 1.227 s B. 1.173 s
C. 1.355 s D. 1.019 s

ACERS Engineering Review Center, Baguio City MDSD ☺

HYD RAULICS & G EOTECHNICAL ENG INEER ING FOCUS REVIEW – PART III – 2019

Q 1 SOLUTION:
 V  R2 3S1 2
A wet n Dry density of soil:
23 G 
0.83 1  2d2   dry  s w
2
  
0.02  d  2 2d 
 0.0008 1 2 1 e
2d
 dry 
 2.70 1000 
d  0.7427 m 1  0.73
ANSWER: B. 0.74 m  dry  1560.6936 kg/m3

SITUATION V. (CE MAY 2008) ANSWER: D. 1560.69 kg/m

3
3
A rectangular channel 10 m wide carries a discharge of 17.60 m /s of water
3
when the depth of flow is 1.20 m. Use roughness coefficient, n = 0.014. 32. A soil sample has a dry unit weight of 19.5 kN/m , moisture content of
28. Which of the following most nearly gives the minimum (critical) 8% and specific gravity of soil solids of 2.67. Determine the mass of
specific energy? water to be added to a cubic meter of soil to reach 80% saturation.
A. 1.02 m B. 1.21 m A. 20.44 kg B. 34.52 kg
C. 1.38 m D. 1.56 m C. 45.39 kg D. 62.48 kg
29. Which of the following most nearly gives the critical slope?
A. 0.0058 B. 0.0044 SOLUTION:
C. 0.0026 D. 0.0019 Void ratio:
30. Which of the following most nearly gives the average boundary
Gs  w
shearing stress at critical stage?  dry 
A. 34.01 Pa B. 25.79 Pa 1 e
e  0.3432
C. 15.29 Pa D. 12.43 Pa
Mass of water added to a cubic meter of soil to reach 80%
SOLUTION: saturation:
Froude Number: 1  1    dry  1  0.08 19.5 
V 1  21.06 kN/m3
FN  (Rectangular)
gd
Gs  se 2.67   0.80  0.3432 
Vc 2  w   9.81
1 1 e 1  0.3432
gdc  2  21.5053 kN/m3
Vc  gdc    2  1  0.4453 kN/m3
Critical depth:
q2 Ww
 dc 2 (Rectangular)   0.4453 
g V 1
2
Ww  0.4453 kN  1000  9.81
 17.60  Ww  45.3928 kg
 10 
  d 3
c ANSWER: C. 45.39 kg
9.81
dc  0.6810 m
SITUATION VI.
Minimum specific energy:
A fully saturated clay sample has a mass of 1526 g. After oven-drying, its
Vc 2 mass was reduced to 1053 g. The specific gravity of soil solids is 2.70.
E  dc 
2g 33. Which of the following most nearly gives the natural water content of
the clay sample?
 
2
gdc A. 35.50% B. 21.28%
E  dc 
2g C. 54.81% D. 44.92%
34. Which of the following most nearly gives the void ratio?
d 3 3
E  dc  c  dc   0.6810  A. 0.8212 B. 0.5481
2 2 2
C. 1.3550 D. 1.2128
E  1.0214 m
35. Which of the following most nearly gives the percent voids?
ANSWER: A. 1.02 m A. 54.81% B. 44.92%
Critical slope: C. 35.50% D. 21.28%
Manning’s formula:
1 SOLUTION:
Vc  Rc 2 3Sc1/2
n Natural water content:
mwet  mdry 1526  1053
Critical velocity:  
mdry 1053
Vc  gdc  9.810.6810  2.5846 m/s   0.4492  44.92%
Critical hydraulic radius:
ANSWER: D. 44.92%
Ac 10dc
Rc  wet   0.5993 m Void ratio:
Pc wet 10  2dc
se  Gs

1 1 e   0.4492 2.70 

2.5846   0.5993 2/3 Sc 1/2 e  1.2128
0.014
Sc  0.002591 ANSWER: D. 1.2128
ANSWER: C. 0.0026 Percent voids or porosity:
e 1.2128
Critical boundary shearing stress: n 
oc  Rc Sc 1  e 1  1.2128
n  0.5481  54.81%
oc   9810  0.5993  0.002591
ANSWER: A. 54.81%
oc  15.2343 Pa
36. The maximum and minimum void ratios that could be obtained from a
ANSWER: C. 15.29 Pa sample of sand are 0.85 and 0.53, respectively. Determine the
relative density of the sample in its natural state if its dry unit mass is
31. A soil has a void ratio of 0.73 and a degree of saturation of 92%. The 1.55 g/cc and its specific gravity is 2.70.
specific gravity of soil solids is 2.70. Determine the dry density of the A. 54.44% B. 43.33%
soil. C. 33.77% D. 65.56%
3 3
A. 1948.90 kg/m B. 1899.80 kg/m
3 3
C. 1690.56 kg/m D. 1560.69 kg/m

ACERS Engineering Review Center, Baguio City MDSD ☺

HYD RAULICS & G EOTECHNICAL ENG INEER ING FOCUS REVIEW – PART III – 2019

SOLUTION: Ws
Void ratio: V
Gs  s
Gs  w w
 dry 
1 e Ws

1.55 
 2.70 1 2.7  30581.0398
1 e 9.81
e  0.7419 Ws  810000 kN
Ww
Density index or Relative density: 
emax  e 0.85  0.7419 Ws
Dr  
emax  emin 0.85  0.53 Ww
0.15 
Dr  0.3377  33.77% 810000
Ww  121500 kN  5169
ANSWER: C. 33.77% Wwper truckload  23.5035 kN
3
37. The moist unit weight of a soil sample is 17.43 kN/m . It has a specific
gravity of solids of 2.65 and a moisture content of 16%. The soil ANSWER: B. 23.5 kN
sample has a void ratio of 0.88 at its loosest state and a void ratio of
0.36 at its densest state. Which of the following most nearly gives the SITUATION VIII. (CE MAY 2003)
dry unit weight at zero air voids? The plastic limit and liquid limit of a soil sample are 20.1% and 40%,
3 3
A. 15.03 kN/m B. 17.67 kN/m respectively.
C. 18.26 kN/m
3
D. 18.95 kN/m
3 41. Which of the following most nearly gives the plasticity index?
A. 28.1% B. 19.9%
SOLUTION: C. 60.1% D. 15.6%
42. If the in-situ water content is 30%, which of the following most nearly
Gs  w
 zav  gives the liquidity index?
1  Gs A. 36.51% B. 32.19%

 zav 
 2.65  9.81 C. 49.75% D. 56.31%
1   0.16  2.65  43. Which of the following gives the condition of the soil?
A. liquid B. plastic
 zav  18.2560 kN / m3 C. dense D. brittle solid
3
ANSWER: B. 18.26 kN/m
SOLUTION:
SITUATION VII. Given:
An embankment for a highway 30 m wide and 1.5 m thick is to be PL = 20.1%
constructed from sandy soil which is excavated and transported from a LL = 40%
borrow pit. The water content of the sandy soil in the borrow pit is 15%
and its void ratio is 0.69. Specifications require that the embankment be Plasticity index:
3
compacted to a dry unit weight of 18 kN/m . Assume specific gravity of soil PI  LL  PL
solids to be 2.7 and consider 1 km length of embankment. PI  40  20.1
38. Which of the following most nearly gives the dry unit weight of sandy PI  19.9%
soil from the borrow pit to construct the embankment?
3 3 ANSWER: B. 19.9%
A. 14.49 kN/m B. 15.67 kN/m
3 3
C. 16.81 kN/m D. 18.02 kN/m Liquidity index if  = 30%:
3
39. Which of the following most nearly gives the number of 10 m   PL   PL
truckloads of sandy soil required to construct the embankment? LI  
LL  PL PI
A. 1215 B. 3058
30  20.1
C. 5169 D. 8100 LI 
19.9
40. Which of the following most nearly gives the weight of water per truck
LI  0.4975
load of sandy soil?
A. 30.82 kN B. 23.51 kN LI  49.75%
C. 21.24 kN D. 15.47 kN ANSWER: C. 49.75%
Condition of the soil:
SOLUTION:
When 0 < LI < 1  plastic
Dry unit weight from borrow pit:
ANSWER: B. plastic
G  2.7  9.81
 d1  s w 
1  e1 1  0.69 44. The largest grain size that passes a sieve no. 200 in millimeters is:
(CE NOV 2016)
 d1  15.6728 kN/m3
A. 0.055 B. 0.075
3 C. 0.045 D. 0.085
ANSWER: B. 15.67 kN/m
Embankment: ANSWER: B. 0.075
2.7  9.81
 d2  18  SITUATION IX. (CE MAY 2015)
1  e2 A 4 m diameter circular footing transmits a centric load of 2000 kN to the
e2  0.4715 soil underneath it. According to Boussinesq’s Elastic Theory, the increase
V2   30 1.5 1000  in vertical stress at a point below the center of a uniformly loaded flexible
circular area in a semi-infinite, homogeneous, isotropic soil mass can be
V2  45000 m3 estimated by the formula:
32
3
Number of 10 m truckloads:  1   r 2 
P  q  1   N  1    
Vs 
V1

V2  N   z  
1  e1 1  e2 Where:
V1 45000 q = uniform load per unit area at the base of the circular footing

1  0.69 1  0.4715 r = radius of circular area
z = depth of point below the center of the loaded circular area
V1  51681.9572 m3
V1 45. Which of the following most nearly gives the bearing pressure exerted
Number of truckloads  by the footing onto the supporting soil?
10
A. 174.142 kPa B. 145.273 kPa
Number of truckloads  5168.20  5169
C. 167.667 kPa D. 159.155 kPa
ANSWER: C. 5169 46. Which of the following most nearly gives the increase in vertical stress
below the center of the footing at a depth equal to its diameter?
Weight of water per truckload:
A. 67.67 kPa B. 59.15 kPa
V1 V2
Vs    30581.0398 m3 C. 45.27 kPa D. 74.14 kPa
1  e1 1  e2

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HYD RAULICS & G EOTECHNICAL ENG INEER ING FOCUS REVIEW – PART III – 2019

47. Which of the following most nearly gives the depth where the SOLUTION:
pressure is reduced to 1/5 of the pressure at the base of the footing?
Overburden pressure at the mid-height of the clay layer:
A. 4.99 m B. 5.65 m
Po     eh 
C. 7.41 m D. 9.22 m
 2.6 
Po  17.10 1.2   18.30  9.81 2.4   16.50  9.81  
SOLUTION:  2 
Bearing pressure exerted by the footing onto the supporting soil: Po  49.593 kPa
P 2000
q  ANSWER: B. 49.593 kPa

A
4
 4 2 Total effective pressure at the mid-height of the clay layer:
q  159.1549 kPa P 776.2
P  
Amid  2.4  4.9 2
ANSWER: D. 159.155 kPa
P  14.5656 kPa
Increase in vertical stress below the center of the footing at a
depth equal to its diameter:
Ptotal  Po  P  49.593  14.5656
   
    Ptotal  64.1586 kPa
   
P  q 1    159.1549 1  
1 1 ANSWER: C. 64.159 kPa
3/2   3/2 
   r 2      2 2   Settlement due to primary consolidation:
 1       1      H   Po  P   2600 
   z       4     64.1586  
S Cc log 
1  e 
   0.30  log  49.593  
 Po   1  0.85   
P  45.2729 kPa
S  47.1518 mm
ANSWER: C. 45.27 kPa
ANSWER: 47.15 mm
Depth where the pressure is reduced to 1/5 of the pressure at
the base of the footing: 51. Given the following data for a falling head permeability test of a soil:
  Diameter of sample = 80 mm Length of sample = 150 mm
 
  Area of stand pipe = 0.018 cm
2
Time of observation = 65 seconds
1 
P  q  q 1 
1  Initial head = 70 cm Final head = 40 cm
5 3/2 
  r
2
  14 = 0.01167 poise  20 = 0.01003 poise
 1     
   z   Temperature = 14C
 
   
Use the formula, k 20  k T  T  , where kT and  T are the coefficient
 
   20 
q  q 1   of permeability and absolute viscosity at temperature T, k 20 and  20
1 1
5 3/2  are the coefficient of permeability and absolute viscosity at 20C.
   2 2  
 1      Determine the coefficient of permeability at 20C.
 z   43.25106 cm/s 46.58106 cm/s
    A. B.
6
z  4.9938 m C. 50.6310 cm/s D. 53.81106 cm/s

ANSWER: A. 4.99 m SOLUTION:

SITUATION X. (CE MAY 2014) Coefficient of permeability (falling head):

A square footing 2.4 m  2.40 m carries a column load of 776.2 kN resting h 
on the sand layer with depths above the water table a = 1.2 m and below
 aL  ln  1 
kT   h2 
the water b = 2.4 m as shown in Figure GE-PCS-250. Unit weight of sand At
above the water table is 1 = 17.10 kN/m and saturated unit weight of sand
3

 0.018 15  ln 
below the water table is 2 = 18.30 kN/m . The sand overlies a clay layer c
3 70 

= 2.6 m thick having a saturated unit weight of 3 = 16.50 kNm , a void
3
k14   40 

ratio of e = 0.85 and a compression index of Cc = 0.30.  8 2  65 
4
k14  4.6246  105 cm/s

μ  μ 
μ
 20   μ20 
 
 0.01167 
k 20  k T  T   k14  14   4.6246  105  
 0.01003 
k 20  5.38072  105 cm/s
k 20  53.8072  106 cm/s

ANSWER: D. 53.81x106 cm/s

SITUATION XI.
The soil under a dam consists of three different layers with the following
depths and coefficient of permeabilities:
Layer Depth (m) Coefficient of Permeability (cm/s)
1 3.5 1.2104
2 4.6 3.6102
3 5.8 4.3105
Assume a vertical stress distribution of 2 vertical to 1 horizontal. 52. Which of the following most nearly gives the equivalent coefficient of
permeability in the vertical direction?
48. Which of the following most nearly gives the overburden pressure at
A. 2.378 cm/day B. 3.782 cm/day
the midheight of the clay layer?
A. 58.290 kPa B. 49.593 kPa C. 7.153 cm/day D. 7.315 cm/day
53. Which of the following most nearly gives the transmissivity of the soil
C. 30.708 kPa D. 85.890 kPa
if the water table is at the ground surface?
49. Which of the following most nearly gives the total effective pressure at 2 2
the midheight of the clay layer? A. 1.0168 m /day B. 1.0861 m /day
2 2
A. 45.273 kPa B. 85.890 kPa C. 1.1073 m /day D. 1.1730 m /day
54. Which of the following most nearly gives the interstitial velocity of
C. 64.159 kPa D. 72.856 kPa
water moving through the soil if the void ratio is 0.45 and the hydraulic
50. Which of the following most nearly gives the settlement due to primary
gradient is 0.0054?
consolidation?
A. 0.1273 cm/day B. 0.2731 cm/day
A. 47.15 mm B. 71.80 mm
C. 0.7126 cm/day D. 0.7621 cm/day
C. 30.48 mm D. 19.64 mm

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HYD RAULICS & G EOTECHNICAL ENG INEER ING FOCUS REVIEW – PART III – 2019

SOLUTION: 57. A direct shear test was conducted on a specimen of dry sand with a
normal stress of 191.50 kPa. Failure occurred at a shear stress of
Equivalent coefficient of permeability in the vertical direction:
119.70 kPa. The size of the sample tested was 50.8 mm x 50.8 mm x
Heq H 25.4 mm. For a normal stress of 144 kPa, determine the required
  
k eq k shear force to cause failure in the sample?
A. 163.80 N B. 297.61 N
3.5  4.6  5.8 3.5 4.6 5.8
   C. 232.28 N D. 88.12 N
k eq 1.2  104 3.6  102 4.3  105
cm 3600 s 24 hrs SOLUTION:
k eq  8.4664  105  
s 1 hr 1 day 1  191.50 kPa
k eq  7.3150 cm/day
1  119.70 kPa
ANSWER: D. 7.315 cm/day 2  144 kPa
A   0.0508 
2
Transmissivity of the soil if the water table is at the ground surface:
 7.3150 
T  k eqHeq     3.5  4.6  5.8   1 2
 100  tan      
 1 2
T  1.01678 m2 /day
119.70 
2  2
ANSWER: A. 1.0168 m /day 191.50 144
Interstitial velocity of water moving through the soil if the void ratio is 2  90.0094 kPa
0.45 and the hydraulic gradient is 0.0054:
V  A
e 0.45
n   0.3103 V   90.0094  1000  0.0508
2
1  e 1  0.45
V  232.2819 N
V ki  7.3150  0.0054 
Vs    ANSWER: C. 232.28 N
n n 0.3103
Vs  0.1273 cm/day 58. What is the ratio of the undrained and the unconfined compression
strengths of a clay soil? (CE NOV 2009)
ANSWER: A. 0.1273 cm/day
A. 1.00 B. 0.50
55. A test well was drilled down until it reached the impermeable layer C. 0.25 D. 0.75
which is 37 m below the water table. Water is then pumped from it at
a uniform rate of 74 liters per second for 24 hours. Two observation SOLUTION:
wells located at 70 m and 100 m from the said well show drawdown of
cundrained 1
1.1 m and 0.5 m, respectively. Which of the following most nearly   0.50
gives the coefficient of permeability in meters per day? qunconfined 2
A. 16.71 B. 18.67
ANSWER: B. 0.50
C. 15.18 D. 17.58
59. In accordance with Rankine’s theory for lateral earth pressure on a
SOLUTION: retaining wall, with horizontal backfill, determine the angle of internal
Flow rate: friction of soil whose coefficient of active pressure is 0.35. (CE MAY
2017)
L 1 m3 3600 s 24 hrs
Q  74    A. 36.87° B. 22.29°
s 1000L 1 hr 1 day C. 28.78° D. 16.88°
Q  6393.6 m3 / day
SOLUTION:
Hydraulic head:
h1  37  1.1  35.9 m 1  sin 
kp 
1  sin 
h2  37  0.5  36.5 m
1  sin 
0.35 
Coefficient of permeability for unconfined aquifer: 1  sin 
r    28.7822
 Q  ln  1   6393.6  ln  70 
k  r2    100  ANSWER: C. 28.78°

 h12  h22   
 35.92  36.52
60. An 18 m prestressed concrete pile is 0.30 m x 0.30 m in cross-section
k  16.7101 m/day is to be driven to a clayey soil with unconfined compression strength
ANSWER: A. 16.71 m/day of 110 kPa. Assume a factor of safety of 2. If bearing capacity factor,
Nc = 9, determine the end bearing capacity of the pile.
56. A pumping test was carried out in a confined aquifer 20 m thick A. 62.06 kN B. 44.55 kN
overlain by an impermeable layer 30 m thick. Rate of pumping was C. 53.85 kN D. 36.17 kN
3
0.10 m /s; drawdowns in observation wells located at 10 m and 60 m
from the center of the pumping well were 4.0 m and 3.0 m, SOLUTION:
respectively, from the initial groundwater level. The diameter of the
Cohesion:
pumping well is 0.50 m. Determine the hydraulic conductivity.
−3 −3 q
A. 1.076110 m/s B. 2.851710 m/s c  unconfined
C. −3
2.390310 m/s D. −3
1.425810 m/s 2
110
c  55 kPa
SOLUTION: 2
Hydraulic head: End bearing capacity:
h1  20  30  4  46 m Qb  c  Nc  A pile
h2  20  30  3  47 m Qb   55  9  0.30 
2

Coefficient of permeability for confined aquifer: Qb  44.55 kN

r 
 Q  ln  1   0.10  ln  
10 ANSWER: B. 44.55 kN
k  r2 
  60 
2H h1  h2  2  20  46  47 
k  1.4258  103 m/s

ANSWER: D. 1.4258x103 m/s “Frequently the best solution to a problem

is the solution that immediately comes to your mind
„na alam mo at kabisado mo na‟…”

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