11 Edition Paul D. Leedy & Jeanne Ellis Ormrod: The Nature and Tools of Research
11 Edition Paul D. Leedy & Jeanne Ellis Ormrod: The Nature and Tools of Research
11th edition
Paul D. Leedy & Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
Chapter 1
• Gathering information
• A hypothesis is:
▪ A logical supposition
▪ A reasonable guess
▪ An educated conjecture
• Provides a tentative explanation for a phenomenon
under investigation
• May direct thinking to possible sources of
information necessary to resolve the research
problem and its subproblems
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson
Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11/e
Education, Inc.
Leedy & Ormrod
All Rights Reserved
Assumption
• An assumption is: Condition that is taken for
granted
• Two general assumptions that underlie most
research projects:
▪ The phenomenon under investigation is somewhat
lawful and predictable.
▪ Cause-and-effect relationships can account for certain
patterns observed in the phenomenon.
• Specialized instruments
▪ Telescope
▪ MRI
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson
Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11/e
Education, Inc.
Leedy & Ormrod
All Rights Reserved
Main Functions of Statistics
• Describe the data
▪ Descriptive statistics summarize the general nature of the
data obtained
• Draw inferences from the data
▪ Inferential statistics help the researcher make decisions
about the data
• Inductive reasoning
▪ Begins with an observation (sample)
▪ Observation then used to draw conclusions
about entire classes of objects or events
(population)
•
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© Researchers has passion to understand what they study
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1 Process of discovering new knowledge is research
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Theory helps in organizing new information
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Steps in research process
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A Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson
Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11/e
Education, Inc.
l Leedy & Ormrod
All Rights Reserved
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