Practical Research

11th edition
Paul D. Leedy & Jeanne Ellis Ormrod

Chapter 1

The Nature and

Tools of Research
Dr.Malek Algabri
[email protected]
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• Introduction: The Role and Importance of Research
• Say Hello to Research!
• What Research Is and What It Isn’t
• Different Types of Research
• What Research Method to Use When?
• Basic Research Versus Applied Research
• Summary: The Role and Importance of Research
• Outline an overview of the research process
• Examine the steps of a simple model of the scientific research process
• Illustrate a research design cheat sheet
• Analyze whether there is any distinction between basic research and applied
research
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 Introduction: The Role and
Importance of Research
• Good ideas about research
• Purpose of research
• Types of research
• Research design
• Ways of carrying out research

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 Research is not merely:

• Gathering information

• Rummaging around for hard-to-locate

information

• Transporting facts from one location to another

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 Research is:
• Can be diverse
• General definition is “finding answers to questions in
an organized and logical and systematic fashion”
• A systematic process of
▪ Collecting
▪ Analyzing
▪ Interpreting information (data)
Goal: increase understanding of a phenomenon about which
we are interested or concerned
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 What is Research?

• A systematic means of problem solving

• 5 key characteristics:
1. Systematic – research process
2. Logical – induction/deduction
3. Empirical – evidence based
4. Reductive – generalisation
5. Replicable – methodology.

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C
o

Say Hello to Research!

p
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t Objective: Outline an overview of the research process
©
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▪ Researchers
P
e • Understand what they study
a
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s
• Find answers to important questions
o
n • Collect evidence
E
d
u • Evidence is used by next generation of researchers
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• Evidence serves as basis for decisions
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C
o

Say Hello to Research!

p
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t Objective: Outline an overview of the research process
©
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▪ Steps of learning to be a researcher
P
e • Develop an understanding of research process
a
r
s
• Prepare yourself to conduct research on your own
o
n • Learn how to judge the quality of research
E
d
u • Learn the value of research activities conducted online
c
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t
• Collect the type of data that relate to your area of interest
i
o
n
,
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d
.
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Research is a cyclical process

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C
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The steps in the research process, wherein each step sets the
r
i
stage for the next
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©
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 Hypothesis

• A hypothesis is:
▪ A logical supposition
▪ A reasonable guess
▪ An educated conjecture
• Provides a tentative explanation for a phenomenon
under investigation
• May direct thinking to possible sources of
information necessary to resolve the research
problem and its subproblems
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 Assumption
• An assumption is: Condition that is taken for
granted
• Two general assumptions that underlie most
research projects:
▪ The phenomenon under investigation is somewhat
lawful and predictable.
▪ Cause-and-effect relationships can account for certain
patterns observed in the phenomenon.

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 Tools of Research
• Specific mechanisms or strategies used to collect,
manipulate, or interpret data
▪ The library and its resources
▪ Computer technology
▪ Measurement
▪ Statistics
▪ Language
▪ The human mind
• Methodology dictates the tools the researcher selects
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 Library and Its Resources
• Access to books, microforms, CDs, DVDs, online databases
• Fast and efficient means of locating and accessing
information
• Access to library holdings around the world

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Computer Technology is Used for:
• Generating and organizing ideas
• Scheduling, structuring, and coordinating projects
• Finding literature
• Networking with others
• Storing and analyzing data
• Writing, editing, formatting
• Producing graphics
• Presenting results

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 Measurement
• Usually used in quantitative research
• More difficult for qualitative research
• Common instruments
▪ Scales
▪ Rulers
▪ Stopwatches

• Specialized instruments
▪ Telescope
▪ MRI
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 Main Functions of Statistics
• Describe the data
▪ Descriptive statistics summarize the general nature of the
data obtained
• Draw inferences from the data
▪ Inferential statistics help the researcher make decisions
about the data

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 Language as a Tool

• Allows us to communicate and think more

effectively
▪ reduces complexity of the world
▪ allows abstraction of the environment
▪ enhances the power of thought
▪ facilitates generalizations and drawing inferences

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 Communicating Effectively
Through Writing
• Be specific and precise: Say exactly what you mean
• Keep your primary objective in mind at all times
• Provide an overview of what you will be discussing
• Organize ideas into categories by using headings and
subheadings
• Use concrete examples to make abstract ideas more
understandable

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 Communicating Effectively
Through Writing
• Use figures and tables
• Regularly summarize what you’ve said , what
you’ve read.
• How???????? & Use …….?
• Anticipate having to write multiple drafts
• Check your final draft
▪ Grammar
▪ Punctuation
▪ Spelling

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 The Human Mind
• The most important tool in the researcher’s toolbox
• Used for critical thinking
• Evaluates
▪ Accuracy
▪ credibility
▪ worth of information
▪ lines of reasoning

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 The Human Mind

• Evaluation may take a variety of forms:

▪ verbal reasoning
▪ argument analysis
▪ probabilistic reasoning
▪ decision making
▪ hypothesis testing

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 The Human Mind
• Deductive logic
▪ Begins with one or more premises, statements or
assumptions that the researcher initially takes to be true
▪ Valuable for generating research hypotheses and testing
theories

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 The Human Mind

• Inductive reasoning
▪ Begins with an observation (sample)
▪ Observation then used to draw conclusions
about entire classes of objects or events
(population)

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 The Human Mind
• Scientific method
▪ Process of collecting & analyzing data systematically
▪ Involves thinking actively and intentionally
▪ Yields hypotheses

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 The Human Mind
• Theory Building
▪ An organized body of concepts and principles
▪ Intended to explain a particular phenomenon

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 The Human Mind

• Collaboration with other minds

▪ Increases variety of
• Perspectives
• Backgrounds
• Areas of expertise
▪ May reduce bias

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 Exploring Research in Your Field
• Juried (or refereed) research report
▪ Judged by experts in the field and deemed to be of
sufficient quality and importance to warrant publication.

• Nonjuried (or nonrefereed) report

▪ Appears in a journal or on the Internet without having
been reviewed or selected by experts.
▪ Some nonjuried reports are excellent, but others may not
be.

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C
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p
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Summary: The Role and
Importance of Research
r
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•
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© Researchers has passion to understand what they study
2
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0
1 Process of discovering new knowledge is research
8
•
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Theory helps in organizing new information
a
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Steps in research process
•
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n Two types of research: nonexperimental and experimental
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