Slabs Design

Design of One Way Solid Slab

Solid slabs are designed as if they consist of a series of beams of 1 metre wide. When a
slab is supported only on two parallel edges, it spans only in the direction perpendicular
to two supporting edges. Such a slab is called one way slab. Also, if the slab is supported
on all four edges and the ratio of longer span (ly) to shorter span (lx) > 3, practically the
slab spans across the shorter span. Such a slab is also designed as one way slab.

The general procedure to be adopted for slab design is as follows:

i. Determine a suitable depth of slab.

ii. Calculate the main and secondary reinforcement areas.
iii. Check critical shear stresses.
iv. Check detailing requirements.
DEPTH OF SLAB

Solid slabs are designed as if they consist of a series of beams of 1 metre wide. The
minimum effective depth of slab (dmin) can be calculated using;

dmin = span / (basic ratio × M. F.)

STEEL AREAS

The self-weight of the slab together with the dead and live loads are used to calculate the
design moment (M). The ultimate moment of resistance of the slab (MU) is calculated
using the equation

MU = 0.156 fcubd 2

If MU ≥ M or K1 ≥ K, which is the usual condition for slabs, compression reinforcement

will not be required and the area of tensile reinforcement (AS) is determine using the
equation

As = M/ (0.87fyZ)

K M
Z = d (0.5 + 0.25 − , in which K = 2 .
0.9 bd f cu

Secondary or distribution steel is required in the transverse direction and this is usually
based on the minimum percentages of reinforcement (AS min).
1
AS min = 0.24% AC when fy = 250 N/mm2.

AS min = 0.13% AC when fy = 450 N/mm2. Where AC is the total area of concrete.

Maximum spacing of bars = 750 mm or 3 d (take the smallest of the two)

Example
1. A reinforced concrete floor subject to an imposed load of 4 KN/m2 spans between
brick walls as shown below. Design the floor, assume effective depth of slab (d) = 155
mm, diameter of main bar = 10 mm and cover to reinforcement = 25 mm. Materials
strengths: fcu = 35 N/mm2 and fy = 450 N/mm2.

4250 mm

Solution

d = 155 mm
Diameter of main bar (Ø) = 10 mm
Cover of concrete = 25 mm
1
Height of slab (h) = 155 + (10 ) + 25
2
= 185mm
Dead load
Self-weight of concrete = 24 × 0.185
= 4.44 KN/m2
Imposed load = 4 KN/m2

Design load (ULS) = 1.2 gk + 1.6 qk

2
 = 1.2 ( 4.44 ) + 1.6 ( 4 )

= 11.728KN / m 2
= 11.728  (1 4.25)

= 49.844KN
= 11.728KN / m
Ultimate design load (SLS) = 1.1gk + 1.0qk
= 1.1 (4.44) + 1.0 (4)
= 8.88 KN/m
= 8.88 × (1 × 4.5)
= 39 96 KN
= 8.88 KN/m

11.728KN/
m

A B

RA RB
4.25 m

wl 2
M=
8

11.728  4.252
=
8
= 26.48KNm
M
K=
bd 2 f cu

26.48 106
=
1000 1552  35
= 0.031
K  K 1 = ( 0.156 )

No compression reinforcement is required.

3
  K 
Z = d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

 0.031 
= d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

= 0.96d  0.95d
Use Z = 0.95d
= 0.95 155
= 147.25 mm
M
AS =
0.87 f y Z

26.48 106
=
0.87  450 147.25
= 459.49 mm2/ m width of slab.
As min = 0.13%bh

0.13 1000 185

=
100

= 240.5mm 2

As > Asmin
For detailing purposes this area of steel has to be transposed into bars of a given diameter
and spacing using steel area table below. From the table below provide 10 mm diameter
@ 150 mm c/c. AS approved = 523 mm2/ m.

Table 8: Cross-sectional area per metre width for various bar spacing (mm2)

Bar spacing of bars

size 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 250 300
(mm)
6 566 377 283 226 189 162 142 113 94.3
8 1010 671 503 402 335 287 252 201 168
10 1570 1050 785 628 523 449 393 314 262
12 2260 1510 1130 905 754 646 566 452 377
16 4020 2680 2010 1610 1340 1150 1010 804 670
20 6280 4190 3140 2510 2090 1800 1570 1260 1050
25 9820 6550 4910 3930 3270 2810 2450 1960 1640
32 16100 10700 8040 6430 5360 4600 4020 3220 2680
40 25100 16800 12600 10100 8380 7180 6280 5030 4190
4
For secondary or distribution bars, use the minimum area of reinforcement (i.e. 240.5
mm2).

Use H10 @ 300 mm c/c. AS approved = 262 mm2.

Check for spacing

Maximum spacing = 3d
= 3 × 155
= 465 mm > 150 mm. Spacing is okay

R 10 @ 300 mm c/c

R 10 @ 150 mm c/c

4250 mm

Cross section of floor

Shear reinforcement

wl
v=
2
11.728  4.25
=
2
= 24.92KN

v
v=
bd

24.92 103
=
1000 155
= 0.161N/mm2 < 0.75 35 = 4.44 N / mm2 or 4.75 N/mm2 Ok

5
 1 1 1
0.75  f cu  3  100 As  3  400  4
vc =
 m  25   bd   d 
1 1 1
0.75  35  3  100  523  3  400  4
=      
1.4  25   1000 155   155 

= 0.53N / mm 2
Since V < vc , no shear reinforcement is required.
Check for deflection
Actualspan 4250
=
Effectivedepth 155
= 27.42
Basicspan
Basicratio =
effectiveratiodepth
= 16 (From Table 10 of SABS 0100-1)
477 − f s
MF = 0.55 +
 M 
120  0.9 + 2 
 bd 
SLSdesignload As required 1
f s = 0.87 f y   
ULSdesignload As approved  b
8.88 459.49
f s = 0.87  450   1
11.728 523
= 260.43
477 − 260.43
 MF = 0.55 +
 26.48 106 
120  0.9 + 
 1000 1552 
= 1.45

Basic ratio × MF = 16× 1.45

= 23.2
Since 27.42 > 23.2, deflection is not okay.

2. The slab below is supported by beams of size 250 mm wide and cast monolithically
with the slab. The slab is to be 165 mm thick and the weigth of the finishes is 1.0 KN/m 2.
The occupancy of the floor is offices for general use. Assume the diameter of the main
bar is 10 mm and cover to reinforcement is 25 mm. Design the floor. Materials strengths:
fcu = 30 N/mm2 and fy = 450 N/mm2.

6
 3m
10 m

Solution
Thickness of slab = 165 mm
Weight of finishes = 1.0 KN/m2
Occupancy of the floor is offices for general use.
Diameter of main bar = 10 mm
Cover to reinforcement = 25 mm
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 450 N/mm2

Loading

(a) Dead load

i. Self-weight of slab = 24 × 0.165
= 3.96 KN/m2
ii. Weight of finishes = 1.0 KN/m2

Total dead load (gk) = 3.96 + 1.0

= 4.96 KN/m2
(b) Imposed load
i. Weight of occupant (i.e. offices for general use) = 2.5 KN/m2

Design load (ULS) = 1.2 gk + 1.6 qk

= 1.2 ( 4.96 ) + 1.6 ( 2.5 )

= 9.95 KN / m 2
= 9.95  (1 3)

= 29.85KN
= 9.95KN / m
Ultimate design load (SLS) = 1.1gk + 1.0qk
7
 = 1.1 (4.96) + 1.0 (2.5)
= 7.96 KN/m2
= 7.96 × 1× 3
= 23.88 KN
= 7.96 KN/m2

9.95KN/m

A B

RA RB
3m

wl 2
M=
8
9.95  32
=
8
= 11.19KNm
 10 
d = 165 −  + 25 
 2 
= 135mm
M
K=
bd 2 f cu

11.19 106
=
1000 1352  30
= 0.02
K  K 1 = ( 0.156 )

No compression reinforcement is required.

 K 
Z = d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

8
  0.02 
= d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

= 0.98d  0.95d
Use Z = 0.95d
= 0.95 135
= 128.25 mm
M
AS =
0.87 f y Z

11.19 106
=
0.87  450 128.25
= 222.86 mm2/ m width of slab.
As min = 0.13%bh

0.13 1000 165

=
100

= 214.5mm 2

As > Asmin
Use H10 @ 300 mm c/c. Asapproved = 262 mm2/m width of slab.
For distribution bar, use H10 @ 300 mm c/c. Asapproved = 262 mm2/m width of slab.

Check for spacing

Maximum spacing = 3d
= 3 × 135
= 405 mm > 300 mm. Spacing is okay

Shear reinforcement

wl
v=
2
9.95  3
=
2
= 14.925KN

v
v=
bd
9
 14.925 103
=
1000 135
= 0.11 N/mm2 < 0.75 30 = 4.11N / mm2 or 4.75 N/mm2 Ok
1 1 1
0.75  f cu  3  100 As  3  400  4
vc =
 m  25   bd   d 
1 1 1
0.75  30  3  100  262  3  400  4
=      
1.4  25   1000 135   135 

= 0.43N / mm 2
Since V < vc , no shear reinforcement is required.
Check for deflection
Actualspan 3000
=
Effectivedepth 135
= 22.22
Basicspan
Basicratio =
effectiveratiodepth
= 20 (From Table 10 of SABS 0100-1)
477 − f s
MF = 0.55 +
 M 
120  0.9 + 2 
 bd 
SLSdesignload As required 1
f s = 0.87 f y   
ULSdesignload As approved  b
7.96 222.86
f s = 0.87  450   1
9.95 262
= 266.41
477 − 266.41
 MF = 0.55 +
 11.19 106 
120  0.9 + 
 1000 1352 
= 1.71

Basic ratio × MF = 20 × 1.71

= 34.2
Since 34.2 > 22.22, deflection is okay.

10
 CONTINUOUS ONE WAY SPANNING SOLID SLAB DESIGN

The design of continuous one way spanning slabs is similar to that outlined above for
single span slabs. The main differences are that

a). several loading arrangements may need to be considered and b). such slabs are not
statically determinate. Method such as moment distribution can be used to determine the
design moments and shear forces in the slab. However, where the following conditions
are met, the moments and shear forces can be calculated using the coefficients tables
provided in the BS 8110 code.

1. There are three or more spans of approximately equal length.

2. The area of each bay exceeds 30 m2.

3. The ratio of the characteristic imposed load to the characteristic dead load not
exceed 1.25.

4. The characteristic imposed load does not exceed 5 KN/m2 excluding partitions.

EXAMPLE

1. Using the diagrams below, design the continuous one way spanning slab. Assuming
the cover to reinforcement = 25 mm, finishes load = 1.5 KN/m 2 and imposed load = 4
KN/m2. Characteristic materials strength are fcu = 35 N/mm2 and fy = 450 N/mm2. Use
10 mm bar for both main and distributed bars.

150 mm

300 mm
3.75 m 3.75 m 3.75 m 3.75 m

1 2 11 3 4 5
 Beam

Beam
Beam

Beam
Beam
12 m Panel 1 Panel 2 Panel 3 Panel 4

3.75 m 3.75 m 3.75 m 3.75 m

SOLUTION

Data

Cover to reinforcement = 25 mm
Finishes load = 1.5 KN/m2
Imposed load = 4 KN/m2
Fcu = 35 N/mm2
fy = 450 N/mm2
Thickness of slab = 150 mm
Effective span of slab = 3.75 m

LOADING
a. Dead load
i. Self-weight of slab = 24 × 0.15
= 3.6 KN/m2
ii. Finishes = 1.5 KN/m2
Total dead load = 3.6 + 1.5
= 5.1 KN/m2
b. Imposed Load
Imposed load = 4 KN/m2

Design load (ULS) = 1.2gk + 1.6qk

= 1.2 ( 5.1) + 1.6 ( 4 )
= 12.52 KN / m 2
= 12.52 1 3.75
= 46.95KN

Design load (SLS) = 1.1gk + 1.0qk

= 1.1( 5.1) + 1.0 ( 4 )

12
 = 9.61KN / m 2
= 9.611 3.75
= 36.04KN

d 150 mm

 10 
d = 150 −  + 25 
 2 

Bending Moment Diagram

-15.14 KNm -11.09 KNm -15.14 KNm

0 0

11.09 KNm 15.14 KNm

0.086 FL
= 0.086 × 46.95 × 3.75
= 15.14 KNm 1 2 3 4 5

0.063FL
= 0.063 × 46.95 × 3.75
= 11.09 KNm
Bending reinforcement at Middle of span 1 /2 and 4 / 5

Since area of each bay (8.5 × 3.75 = 31.88 m2) > 30 m2, qk/gk [= (4/5.1) = 0.78] < 1.25
and qk < 5 KN/m2, the coefficient table can be used to calculate the design moments and
shear forces in the slab.

M = 15.14 KNm and b = 1000 mm

M
K= 2
bd f cu

13
 15.14 106
=
1000 1202  35
= 0.03
 K 
Z = d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 
 0.03 
= d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 
= 0.97d  0.95d

Use Z = 0.95d
= 0.95 (120 )
= 114mm

M
AS =
0.87 f y Z
15.14 106
=
0.87  450 114
= 339.23mm 2 / meter width of slab.

As min = 0.13%bh
0.13  1000 150
=
100
= 195mm2 / meter width of slab.

For main bars: use H 10 mm @ 200 c/c. Asapproved = 393 mm2/ meter width of slab and
for distribution bars: use H 10 mm @ 300 c/c. Asapproved = 262 mm2/ meter width of slab.

Check for spacing

Maximum spacing = 3d
= 3 × 120
= 360 mm > 200 mm or 300. Spacing is okay

Bending reinforcement at Support 2 and 4

M = - 15.14 KNm

14
For main bars: use H 10 mm @ 200 c/c. Asapproved = 393 mm2/ meter width of slab and
for distribution bars: use H 10 mm @ 300 c/c. Asapproved = 262 mm2/ meter width of slab
in top of the slab.

Check for spacing

Maximum spacing = 3d
= 3 × 120
= 360 mm > 300 mm. Spacing is okay

Deflection at middle span 1 / 2 and 4 / 5

Actualspan 3750
=
Effectivedepth 120
= 31.25

Basicspan
Basicratio =
effectiveratiodepth
= 24 (From Table 10 of SABS 0100-1)

477 − f s
MF = 0.55 +
 M 
120  0.9 + 2 
 bd 
SLSdesignload As required 1
f s = 0.87 f y   
ULSdesignload As approved  b
36.04 339.23
f s = 0.87  450   1
46.95 393
= 259.41
477 − 259.41
 MF = 0.55 +
 15.14 106 
120  0.9 + 
 1000 1202 
= 1.48

Basic ratio × MF = 24 × 1.48

= 35.52
Since 31.25 < 35.52, deflection is okay.

15
 Bending reinforcement at Middle of span 2 /3 and 3 / 4

M = 11.09 KNm and b = 1000 mm

M
K= 2
bd f cu
11.09 106
=
1000 1202  35
= 0.02
 K 
Z = d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 
 0.02 
= d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 
= 0.98  0.95d

Use Z = 0.95d
= 0.95 (120 )
= 114mm

M
AS =
0.87 f y Z
11.09 106
=
0.87  450 114
= 248.48mm 2 / meter width of slab.

As min = 0.13%bh
0.13  1000 150
=
100
= 195mm2 / meter width of slab.

For main bars: use H 10 mm @ 300 c/c. Asapproved = 262 mm2/ meter width of slab and
for distribution bars: use H 10 mm @ 300 c/c. Asapproved = 262 mm2/ meter width of slab.

Check for spacing

Maximum spacing = 3d
= 3 × 120
= 360 mm > 300 mm. Spacing is okay

Bending reinforcement at Support 3

16
M = - 11.09KNm

For main bars: use H 10 mm @ 300 c/c. Asapproved = 262 mm2/ meter width of slab and
for distribution bars: use H 10 mm @ 300 c/c. Asapproved = 262 mm2/ meter width of slab
in top of the slab.

Check for spacing

Maximum spacing = 3d
= 3 × 120
= 360 mm > 300 mm. Spacing is okay

Deflection at middle span 2 / 3 and 3 / 4

Actualspan 3750
=
Effectivedepth 120
= 31.25

Basicspan
Basicratio =
effectiveratiodepth
= 28 (From Table 10 of SABS 0100-1)

477 − f s
MF = 0.55 +
 M 
120  0.9 + 2 
 bd 
SLSdesignload As required 1
f s = 0.87 f y   
ULSdesignload As approved  b
36.04 248.48
f s = 0.87  450   1
46.95 262
= 285.02
477 − 285.02
 MF = 0.55 +
 11.09 106 
120  0.9 + 
 1000 1202 
= 1.51

Basic ratio × MF = 28 × 1.51

= 42.28
Since 31.25 < 42.28, deflection is okay.

17
 Shear reinforcement at support 2 and 4

Shear Force Diagram

0.4 F = 0.4 × 46.95
0.5 F = 0.5 × 46.95
= 18.78 KN
= 23.48 KN

0.6 F = 0.6 × 46.95

= 28.17 KN 18.78 KN
28.17 KN
1 2 3 4 5

Support 2 and 4

v = 28.17 KN

v
v=
bd
28.17 103
=
1000 120
= 0.235 N/mm2 < 0.75 35 = 4.44 N / mm2 or 4.75 N/mm2 Ok
1 1 1
0.75  f cu  3  100 As  3  400  4
vc =
 m  25   bd   d 
1 1 1
0.75  35  3  100  393  3  400  4
=      
1.4  25   1000 120   120 

= 0.56 N / mm 2
Since V < vc , no shear reinforcement is required.

Support 3
v = 23.48 KN

v
v=
bd

18
 23.48 103
=
1000 120
= 0.20 N/mm2 < 0.75 35 = 4.44 N / mm2 or 4.75 N/mm2 Ok
1 1 1
0.75  f cu  3  100 As  3  400  4
vc =
 m  25   bd   d 
1 1 1
0.75  35  3  100  262  3  400  4
=      
1.4  25   1000 120   120 

= 0.49 N / mm 2
Since V < vc , no shear reinforcement is required.

H 10 - 300 H 10 - 200 H 10 - 300

Distribution steel is H 10 – 300 (As = 262 mm2)

19
 TWO – WAY SPANNING RESTRAINED SOLID SLAB DESIGN
The design of two-way spanning restrained slabs (Figure) supporting uniformly
distributed loads is generally similar to that outlined above for one-way spanning slabs.
The extra complication arises from the fact that it is rather difficult to determine the
design bending moments and shear forces in these plate-like structures. Fortunately BS
8110 contains tables of coefficients (βsx, βsy , βvx , βvy) that may assist in this task. Thus,
the maximum design moments per unit width of rectangular slabs of shorter side lx and
longer side ly are given by:
Msx = βsxFlx2
Msy = βsyFlx2
Msx = maximum design ultimate moments either over supports or at mid-span on strips of
unit width and span lx (Figure).
Msy = maximum design ultimate moments either over supports or at mid-span on strips of
unit width and span ly.
F = total design ultimate load per unit area
= 1.2gk + 1.6qk
Similarly, the design shear forces at supports in the long span direction, v sy, and short
span direction, vsx, may be obtained from the following expressions:
Vsy = βvyFlx
Vsx = βvxFlx
These moments and shears are considered to act over the middle three quarters of the
panel width. The remaining edge strips, of width equal to one-eight of the panel width,
may be provided with minimum tension reinforcement. In some cases, where there is a
significant difference in the support moments calculated for adjacent panels, it may be
necessary to modify the mid-span moments in accordance with the procedure given in BS
8110.

20
 Example

Question 1

Figure 1 shows a plan of an office floor supported by monolithic concrete beams, with
individual slab panels. The floor is to be designed to support an imposed load of 4
KN/m2, and finishes plus ceiling loads of 1.5 KN/m2. The characteristic strength of the
concrete is 30 N/mm2 and the steel reinforcement is 450 N/mm2. The cover to steel
reinforcement is 25 mm. Assume that the thickness of the floor is 150 mm and diameter
of main and distribution bars is 12 mm.

a). Design the steel reinforcement for panels Panel 1 and Panel 2, and check the adequacy
of the slab in terms of shear resistance and deflection. Illustrate the reinforcement details
on plan and elevation view of the panels.

1 2 3 4

D D
6m

C C
6m

Panel 1 Panel 2 Panel 3

B B
6m

A A

4.5 m 4.5 m 4.5 m

1 2 3 4
Figure 1

21
 SOLUTION
Imposed load = 4 KN/m2
Finishes plus ceiling loads = KN/m2
Strength of steel (fy) = 450 N/mm2
Strength of concrete (fcu) = 30 N/mm2
Cover to steel reinforcement = 25 mm
Thickness of slab = 150 mm
Diameter of bars = 12 mm
LOADING
(a) Dead Load
i. Self-weight of slab = 24 × 0.15
= 3.6 KN/m2
ii. Finishes plus ceiling loads = 1.5 KN/m2
Total dead load = 3.6 + 1.5
= 5.1 KN/m2
(b) Imposed load
Imposed load = 4 KN/m2
Design load (ULS) = 1.2gk + 1.6qk
= 1.2(5.1) + 1.6(4)
= 12.52 KN/m2
Design load (SLS) = 1.1gk + 1.0qk
= 1.1(5.1) + 1.0(4)
= 9.61 KN/m2

Panel 1
By inspection, panel 1 is one long edge discontinuous.
ly / lx = 6 / 4.5
= 1.33 < 3
Therefore, the slab is two-way type.
Bending moment coefficients
Short span coefficient for negative (i.e. hogging) moment at continuous edge, βsx,n
1.3 0.062
22
1.33 βsx,n
1.4 0.068
1.33 − 1.3  sx,n − 0.062
 =
1.4 − 1.3 0.068 − 0.062
0.03  sx,n − 0.062
=
0.1 6 10−3
sx,n = 0.0638

Short span coefficient for positive (i.e. sagging) moment at mid span, βsx,p
1.3 0.047
1.33 βsx,p
1.4 0.051
1.33 − 1.3  sx , p − 0.047
 =
1.4 − 1.3 0.051 − 0.047
0.03  sx , p − 0.047
=
0.1 4 10−3
 sx , p = 0.0482

Long span coefficient for negative moment at continuous edge, βsy,n = 0.037
Long span coefficient for positive moment at mid-span, βsy,p = 0.028

Bending moment
M sx,n =  sx,n Flx 2

= 0.0638 12.52  4.52

= 16.18KNm
M sx, p =  sx , p Flx 2

= 0.0482 12.52  4.52

= 12.22KNm
M sy ,n =  sy ,n Flx 2

= 0.037 12.52  4.52

= 9.38KNm
M sy , p =  sy , p Flx 2

23
 = 0.028 12.52  4.52
= 7.10KNm

Effective depths
Main steel (in short span)

d h
d1

Secondary steel (in long span)


d = h−c−
2
12
= 150 − 25 −
2
= 119mm

d ' = 150 − c −  −
2
12
= 150 − 25 − 12 −
2
= 107mm

Designing of top or hogging reinforcement

Main steel
M sxn
K=
bd 2 f cu

16.18 106
=
1000 1192  30
= 0.04
 K 
Z = d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

 0.04 
= d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

24
 = 0.953d  0.95d
Use Z = 0.95d
= 0.95 (119 )

= 113.05
M sxn
Asreq =
0.87 f y Z

16.18 106
=
0.87  450 113.05
= 365.6mm2
Asmin = 0.13%bh
0.13  1000 150
=
100
= 195mm 2  365.6mm 2
Use H12 @ 300 mm c/c. AS approved = 377 mm2 / meter width of slab.
Distribution (secondary) Steel
M syn
K=
bd 2 f cu

9.38 106
=
1000 107 2  30
= 0.03
 K 
Z = d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

 0.03 
= d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

= 0.97d  0.95d
Use Z = 0.95d
= 0.95 (107 )

= 101.65mm
M syn
AS =
0.87 f y Z

25
 9.38 106
=
0.87  450 101.65
= 235.70mm 2  0.13%bh
Use H12 @ 300 mm c/c. AS approved = 377 mm2 / meter width of slab.
Mid-span (sagging) reinforcement

Secondary steel (in long-span)

span)
d d1 h

Main steel (in short-span)


d = h−c−
2
12
= 150 − 25 −
2
= 119mm

d ' = 150 − c −  −
2
12
= 150 − 25 − 12 −
2
= 107mm

Main steel
M sxp
K=
bd 2 f cu

12.22 106
=
1000 1192  30
= 0.03
 K 
Z = d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

 0.03 
= d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

= 0.97d  0.95d
Use Z = 0.95d

26
 = 0.95 (119 )

= 113.05mm
Msxp
Asreq =
0.87 f y Z

12.22 106
=
0.87  450 113.05
= 276.10mm 2  0.13%bh
Use H12 @ 300 mm c/c. AS approved = 377 mm2/ meter width of slab.
Distribution (secondary) Steel
M syp
K=
bd 2 f cu

7.10 106
=
1000 107 2  30
= 0.02
 K 
Z = d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

 0.02 
= d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

= 0.98d  0.95d
Use Z = 0.95d
= 0.95 (107 )

= 101.65mm
M sxp
Asreq =
0.87 f y Z

7.10 106
=
0.87  450 101.65
= 178.41mm2  0.13%bh
Use Asmin = 195mm 2

Use H12 @ 300 mm c/c. AS approved = 377 mm2.

27
Shear reinforcement
Long span coefficient, βvy = 0.36
Short span shear coefficient, βvx
1.3 0.47
1.33 βvx
1.4 0.49
1.33 − 1.3  vx − 0.47
 =
1.4 − 1.3 0.49 − 0.47
0.03  vx − 0.47
=
0.1 0.02
vx = 0.476
vsy =  vy Flx

= 0.36 12.52  4.5

= 20.28KN / m
vsx =  vx Flx
= 0.476 12.52  4.5
= 26.82KN / m (Critical)
vsx
V=
bd
26.82 103
=
1000 119
= 0.23N / mm2  0.75 30 N / mm2
1 1 1
0.75  f cu  3  100 As  3  400  4
vc =
 m  25   bd   d 
1 1 1
0.75  30  3  100  377  3  400  4
=      
1.4  25   1000 119   119 

= 0.53N / mm 2
Since V < vc, no shear reinforcement is required.

28
Deflection
Actualspan 4500
=
Effectivedepth 119
= 37.82
span
Basicratio =
effectiveratio
= 24 (From Table 10 of SABS 0100-1)
477 − f s
MF = 0.55 +
 M 
120  0.9 + 2 
 bd 
SLSdesignload As required 1
f s = 0.87 f y   
ULSdesignload As approved  b
9.61 276.10
f s = 0.87  450   1
12.52 377
= 220.08 N / mm 2
477 − 220.08
 MF = 0.55 +
 12.22 106 
120  0.9 + 
 1000 1192 
= 1.764

Basic ratio × MF = 24 × 1.764

= 42.34
Since 37.82 < 42.34, deflection is okay.

Panel 2
By inspection, panel 2 is interior type.
ly / lx = 6 / 4.5
= 1.33 < 3
Therefore, the slab is two way type.
Bending moment coefficients
Short span coefficient for negative (i.e. hogging) moment at continuous edge, βsx,n
1.3 0.046
1.33 βsx,n
1.4 0.050
1.33 − 1.3  sx ,n − 0.046
 =
1.4 − 1.3 0.050 − 0.046
29
sx,n = 0.0472

Short span coefficient for positive (i.e. sagging) moment at mid span, βsx,p
1.3 0.035
1.33 βsx,p
1.4 0.037
1.33 − 1.3  sx , p − 0.035
 =
1.4 − 1.3 0.037 − 0.035
 sx , p = 0.0356

Long span coefficient for negative moment at continuous edge, βsy,n = 0.032
Long span coefficient for positive moment at mid-span, βsy,p = 0.024

Bending moment
M sx,n =  sx,n Flx 2

= 0.0472 12.52  4.52

= 11.97KNm
M sx, p =  sx , p Flx 2

= 0.0356 12.52  4.52

= 9.03KNm
M sy ,n =  sy ,n Flx 2

= 0.032 12.52  4.52

= 8.11KNm
M sy , p =  sy , p Flx 2

= 0.024 12.52  4.52

= 6.08KNm

30
Effective depths
Main steel (in short span)

d h
d1

Secondary steel (in long span)


d = h−c−
2
12
= 150 − 25 −
2
= 119mm

d ' = 150 − c −  −
2
12
= 150 − 25 − 12 −
2
= 107mm

Designing of top or hogging reinforcement

Main steel
M sxn
K=
bd 2 f cu

11.97 106
=
1000 1192  30
= 0.03
 K 
Z = d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

 0.03 
= d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

= 0.97d  0.95d
Use Z = 0.95d
= 0.95 (119 )
31
 = 113.05mm
M sxn
Asreq =
0.87 f y Z

11.97 106
=
0.87  450 113.05
= 270.45mm 2
Asmin = 0.13%bh
0.13  1000 150
=
100
= 195mm 2  270.45mm 2
Use H12 @ 300 mm c/c. AS approved = 377 mm2 / meter width of slab.

Distribution (secondary) Steel

M syn
K=
bd 2 f cu

8.11106
=
1000 107 2  30
= 0.02
 K 
Z = d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

 0.02 
= d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

= 0.98d  0.95d
Use Z = 0.95d
= 0.95 (107 )

= 101.65mm
M syn
Asreq =
0.87 f y Z

8.11106
=
0.87  450 101.65
= 203.79mm 2  0.13%bh
32
Use H12 @ 300 mm c/c. AS approved = 377 mm2 / meter width of slab.

Mid-span (sagging) reinforcement

Secondary steel (in long-span)

span)
d d1 h

Main steel (in short-span)


d = h−c−
2
12
= 150 − 25 −
2
= 119mm

d ' = 150 − c −  −
2
12
= 150 − 25 − 12 −
2
= 107mm

Main steel
M sxp
K=
bd 2 f cu

9.03 106
=
1000 1192  30
= 0.02
 K 
Z = d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

 0.02 
= d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

= 0.98d  0.95d
Use Z = 0.95d
= 0.95 (119 )

= 113.05mm

33
 Msxp
Asreq =
0.87 f y Z

9.03 106
=
0.87  450 113.05
= 204mm 2  0.13%bh
Use H12 @ 300 mm c/c. AS approved = 377 mm2/ meter width of slab.

Distribution (secondary) Steel

M syp
K=
bd 2 f cu

6.08 106
=
1000 107 2  30
= 0.02
 K 
Z = d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

 0.02 
= d  0.5 + 0.25 − 
 0.9 

= 0.98d  0.95d
Use Z = 0.95d
= 0.95 (107 )

= 101.65mm
M sxp
Asreq =
0.87 f y Z

6.08 106
=
0.87  450 101.65
= 152.78mm 2  0.13%bh
Use Asmin = 195mm 2

Use H12 @ 300 mm c/c. AS approved = 377 mm2.

34
Shear reinforcement
Long span coefficient, βvy = 0.33
Short span shear coefficient, βvx
1.3 0.41
1.33 βvx
1.4 0.43
1.33 − 1.3  vx − 0.41
 =
1.4 − 1.3 0.43 − 0.41
vx = 0.416
vsy =  vy Flx

= 0.3312.52  4.5
= 18.59KN / m
vsx =  vx Flx
= 0.416 12.52  4.5
= 23.44KN / m (Critical)
vsx
V=
bd

23.44 103
=
1000 119

= 0.20 N / mm2  0.75 30 N / mm2

1 1 1
0.75  f cu  3  100 As  3  400  4
vc =
 m  25   bd   d 
1 1 1
0.75  30  3  100  377  3  400  4
=      
1.4  25   1000 119   119 
= 0.53 N / mm 2
Since V < vc, no shear reinforcement is required.

35
Deflection

Actualspan 4500
=
Effectivedepth 119
= 37.82
span
Basicratio =
effectiveratio
= 28 (From Table 10 of SABS 0100-1)
477 − f s
MF = 0.55 +
 M 
120  0.9 + 2 
 bd 
SLSdesignload As required 1
f s = 0.87 f y   
ULSdesignload As approved b
9.61 204
f s = 0.87  450   1
12.52 377
= 162.61N / mm 2
477 − 162.61
 MF = 0.55 +
 9.03 106 
120  0.9 + 
 1000 1192 
= 2.25

Basic ratio × MF = 28 × 2.25

= 63
Since 37.82 < 63, deflection is okay.

36