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The Settings, Processes, Methods and Tools in COunseling

1) The document discusses several major approaches to counseling including psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, and basic counseling approaches such as Adlerian therapy, existential therapy, person-centered therapy, gestalt therapy, transactional analysis, behavior therapy, rational-emotive therapy, and reality therapy. 2) It also lists some of the major theorists associated with each approach such as Sigmund Freud with psychoanalysis, B.F. Skinner with behaviorism, and Carl Rogers with humanistic counseling. 3) Finally, it briefly outlines some common counseling settings as government, private, civil society, and school.

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127 views

The Settings, Processes, Methods and Tools in COunseling

1) The document discusses several major approaches to counseling including psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, and basic counseling approaches such as Adlerian therapy, existential therapy, person-centered therapy, gestalt therapy, transactional analysis, behavior therapy, rational-emotive therapy, and reality therapy. 2) It also lists some of the major theorists associated with each approach such as Sigmund Freud with psychoanalysis, B.F. Skinner with behaviorism, and Carl Rogers with humanistic counseling. 3) Finally, it briefly outlines some common counseling settings as government, private, civil society, and school.

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THE SETTINGS, PROCESSES, METHODS,

AND TOOLS IN COUNSELLING


Victoria Antonia R. Rafanan, RPm
PSYCHOANALYSIS

Sigmund Freud

Unconscious

Dreams— manifest and latent

Fantasies, parapraxes

Psychoanalytic therapy tends to be


highly focused on unearthing the
underlying issues to undress the
symptoms, which will lead to
minimise or eliminate the symptoms.
BEHAVIORISM
B.F. Skinner

Effects of reinforcements on
observable behaviour

All psychological disorders are a


result of maladaptive learning

Classical conditioning involves


learning by association.

Operant conditioning involves


rewards and punishments.
HUMANISTIC

Carl rogers

Attempts to understand the


conscious mind, free will, human
dignity, and capacity for self-
reflection and growth

They seek to help individuals gain


self-empowerment by recognising
strengths, creativity, and choice in
their given circumstances.
BASIC COUNSELLING
APPROACHES
Psychoanalytic therapy.

Adlerian therapy. Developed by Alfred Adler. The one dynamic


force behind people’s behaviour is striving for success or
superiority. People’s subjective perceptions shape their behaviour
and personality. The value of human activity must be seen from
the viewpoint of social interest (gemeinschaftsgefuhl). Style of life
is molded by people’s creative power.
Existential therapy. Focuses on the human capacity to define and
shape his/her own life, give meaning to personal circumstance
through self reflection and self awareness. The only thing we
cannot control is being born and the fact of dying.

Rollo May Victor E. Frankl


Person-Centered therapy.

Gestalt therapy. Developed and introduced by Frederick S. Perls.


People must find their own way in life and accept personal
responsibility for maturity.
Transactional Analysis. Developed by Eric Berne. Its
uniqueness is its emphasis on decisions and
contracts that must be made by the client.

Behavior therapy. Also referred to as behaviour


modification.

Albert Bandura and Ivan Pavlov


Albert Ellis

Rational-emotive therapy. Developed by Abert Ellis. Human are


born with a potential for rational thinking. They can choose not
be upset.

Reality therapy. Promoted by William Glasser.


SETTINGS

Government setting

Private sector setting

Civil society Setting

School setting

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