Class Notes - History of Christianity in India
Class Notes - History of Christianity in India
October 2016 08:23
From 72 AD ‐ 345 AD
In 345 AD, Thomas of Cana came to Kerala.
When Christianity was being persecuted in Romanempire Persian empire was tolerant. But
when Roman empire became tolerant, Persianempire became intolerant. To escape the
Persian empire, Thomas of Cana led300 ‐ 400 families and came to Kerala in Cochin. TheKing
of Cochin accepted them. These people got inter‐mingled with the Christians in Kerala. From
345 AD they began to be calledas 'Thomas Christians' or 'Syrian Christians'. They were given
the high class status. They were not allowed to mingle with the lower castes. They became
an exclusive community.
Christians in kerala were calledas Christians in faith, Hindu in culture and Oriental in
worship.
Implications:
Every missionary who came to India, and the method he adopted depended much on their
background.
Martin Luther posted the 95 theses on 31 October, 1517. This was the beginningof Prostestantism.
The protestant reformers
Bartholomeow Ziegenbalg.
1. St. Thomas tradition. What are the sources. Evaluate these sources.
2. Synod of Diamper. History is a record
3. Robert De Nobili : Ministry and mission of perspectives,
4. Tranquebar Mission / The first Protestant missionaries contexts and
5. Nationalism and Christianity conflicts.
6. Christianity's role in nation building
7. Tranquebar Manifesto
1. Evangelical Revival
○ Commercialised forms of evangelism
○ Creation of Trans‐Atlantic community of saints
○ Mission and evangelism network; network attached to ecclesiastical authority
○ Help in strengthening churches and clergy.
2. Pre‐British Raj
3. The British arrival
4. Orientalism
5. EIC ‐ Company charter
6. Bengal society
7. Arrival of William Carey
8. The Serampore mission
a. 5 fold mission
9. Evangelism for social change
10. The Trio's contribution
a. Caste system for social change
b. Atrocities against females
c. Other atrocities
d. Education
e. Female education
f. Serampore College
g. Translation
h. Periodicals
i. Evangelism & Mission centre
j. indigenous
k. Indigenous banking system
l. CContribution to natural sciences
m. Medical department
n. Bengal Renaissance
1. Self government Fear of Christianity became the beginning of
2. Self support social wisdom in Hinduism
3. Self propagation
History of Christianity in India, Mundadan (pg 21‐66)
Concentrate on the St Thomas tradition.
2 different migration of Christians to Kerala from Persia before the Portuguese and their
implications:
A) Early part of 4th century:
A person called Thomas of Cana with 300 to 400 families migrating to Kerala in 345 AD.
The main reason for migration: to escape persecution the Persian empire started in early 4th
century.
These Christians who migrated to Kerala were very well to do people, fair in their colour,
economically well to do. They were received by the Hindu king. They got settled in Kerala.
They got mingled with already existing Cristians who were converts of St. Thomas, the early
Christians. They were a closed community. They didn't have any mission. In their faith they were
Christians. They were an indigenous community. They got inter‐mingled with high caste Hindus.
By the time the Portuguese came in 16th century, these Christians were a separate group having lot
of influence in the society.
An evaluation of these Christians:
• They totally indigenised themselves into their religion.Other religions didn't contradict them.
They did not look at other religions over against their religion but in relation to their religion.
• The negative aspect is that they did not feel the need to make others Christians, probably this
was out of compulsion and not out of conviction. If they converted those people who are low
caste and brought them into the church, the high caste Hindus may not have related with
them. In fact in those days both the groups went to temple together. Thus not making
conversion from other religions was not out of conviction but out of compulsion.
• One of the major shortcoming was that these Christians did not develop their own theology,
church laws,church liturgy but was influenced on the Persian or eastern Christianity. They
were too much involved
Latin church is usually known as Roman catholic church.
Language has so much influence in Church.
Before the Portuguese came there was the Latin Mission in India.
The person who founded the Latin Mission in India is Jordan Catalani of Severae. According to
Hambye, towards the end of 1320, 5 men left Tabriz (Northwest Persia) for Hormuz (in China) with a
mission. 2 months later, they reached Quillon in Kerala. The reason was because of war in central
Asia, they couldn't go to Hormuz. So they chose the Indian route to go to China. Finally they landed
in Quillon. Before coming to Quillon, the reached Thane in Bombay and they had a warm welcome.
Jordan the went to Baruch and Sopara and found some Christians. In a letter that he wrote, he says
that he was in India where stands the church of St. Thomas the apostle. He stayed in Baruch and
Sapora for 13 months and baptised 100 people in Quillon. He mentions the St. Thomas Church in
Mylapore. According to Mundadan, Jordan mentions Quillon as a suitable place to preach than
places in north because of Muslim domination in north. That may be one of the reason that he left
North India and chose Quillon as the place of his residence before he left for China. Jordan also
visited the Pope and convinces the need for establishing a Latin Mission and sending not
missionaries to India. On august 1329, a Latin diocese of Quillon was established by Pope John 22.
The Pope appointed Jordan Catalani as Bishop of that diocese. The famous traveller Marco Polo
visited India during this period and mentions in his letters about a Latin diocese in Quillon.
John de Monte Corvino a Franciscan priest was sent out by Pope Nicholas 4 with letters to the
Mongol chiefs in China. The chief among those Mongol chiefs was Kublai the great Khan who lived at
Peking in China. John de Monte Corvino went to North West Persia and did some mission there and
then went to China. Again he used the Indian route to go to China. The purpose was to establish His
mission in China. But on his way he found out that there were Christians in Malabar and so he also
stayed in India. During his period in India, the Indian Church was not growing.
The 3rd Latin Mission that came to India consisted of 4 Latin priests. They also were on their way to
China but they never reached there. Instead they became martyrs in India. They also landed in
Thane near Bombay and found 15 families of Nestorian Christians and those families received them
kindly. During their mission in Thane they faced persecution and they were martyred by the Muslim
rulership were in Thane at that time. The Latin Mission didn't take deep route in India. According to
Mundadan, we don't know when Latin Mission ceased to exist. Eventsent beyond the control of
Christians and Latin Mission almost diminished in India basically because of the Muslim persecution,
especially in the northern part of India, the few Christian were persecuted. Because of the
protection of Hindu kings in Kerala, the St. Thomas Christians were safe. The Latin mission didmake
some impact especially in Thane and Quillon. It can be said, both what happened in East and West
ended the Latin Mission.
Confrontation between the Roman rite and Chaldean rite:
During the first 15 years of the coming of the Portuguese into India (from 1498), it was more of
navigators, traders, merchants, admirals, it was this kind of people that the St. Thomas Christians
came into contact with. But from 1516/17, more Portuguese missionaries started coming to India,
basically the Jesuit missionaries. Those missionaries started impacting the life of these Christians.
Tension began to mount gradually as these missionaries started dealing with the community of St.
Thomas Christians.
Mar Jacob came to Kerala in 1504 and lived almost u til the middle of that century. He died after
along stressful ministry. Because the Portuguese put pressure on him, he almost became a Latin
bishop.
Systematic work of the Portuguese among the Syrian Christians / The process of Latinisation:
Systematic work of the Portuguese started with the arrival of a father called Alvaro Penteado. He
was a Jesuit missionary. However he was not very successful. Not because he lacked zeal or
enthusiasm but because he lacked prudence or tact. He set out from Portugal in 1510, and came to
Goa and from there to Cochin in 1560. In his zeal or enthusiasm to convert these people he was
over‐zealous and did more harm than good both to himself and Catholic church.
The Portuguese starting a Seminary or a college in Crangannore. The person who started this
seminary was Vincente de Lagos. He was a Franciscan priest. This is the beginning of a planned and
more organised work of the Portuguese and the purpose was training the Syrian boys into
priesthood. Knowing the mind of the Syrians the Portuguese started this seminary.
The St. Thomas Christians were so much attached to their ancient customs and practices and that
they were more at home with the native clergy, than the European clergy. In other words the
Portuguese thought that by fully latinising the local clergy they can attain their objective ie. Making
them totally Roman Catholics. One Portuguese historian by the name Monforte says that the
seminary work was very successful. According to him, by the time the founder of the seminary died,
the work that he started among the Syrians became so successful that all the Syrians became very
obedient to the Roman church. However, according to Mundadan, that is not the whole story
because such a change on the part of the St. Thomas Christians was more imagined than real
because a change on the part of such a conservative community was not that easy. At the same
time, it can be said that the seminary work influenced them to some extent. It may be said that the
St. Thomas Christians gradually declined in their faith, and changed to the Portuguese ways at least
for a time being. However, the periodical arrival of the bishops from the East disturbed the work of
the Portuguese.
The Portuguese viewed the seminary and the training for the clergy to be very important. The
purpose of the seminary was to create an indigenous clergy. It was mainly for the St. Thomas
Christians children. Those children were taught to say the mass in Latin language.
The result of this college:
The immediate result was good. However the far reaching results was not all that good. They were
depressing and even contrary to the expectation of the Portuguese. In the long run, the college Was
a failure. It may be said that although the Syrians were interested in the college because their boys
were getting educated, eventually they began to oppose because their boys were moulded in the
Latin customs. According to Ros, a Portuguese himself, who wrote in 1604 that the seminary work
was not acceptable to the St. Thomas Christians and it became a failure.
The college Was a success in the sense that it produced many well trained Latin priests, for the St.
Thomas Christians. At the same time, the seminary failed miserably in its ultimate purpose namely
influencing the community of St. Thomas Christians through these Latinised priests. The failure was
in glaring contrast to the initial success.
His name was Mar Abuna Jacob.
On the basis of some Portuguese influence, this bishop introduced some reforms among Christians.
He was for the idea of giving disciplined and intensive training to his boys. At the same time it is true
that he didn't like the idea of latinising them. It may be possible that he finally retired from active
work sometime in 1542/43, 2 years after the finding of the college. His last years was spent in a
Franciscan monastery in Cochin. To the end of his life, he almost became a Roman catholic and
became disloyal to his patriarch. He died around 1543/45. His death had a special significance for
the Portuguese. With his death, there came an end between the Syrian Christians and the Eastern
church. It was an opening up of a new stage for the Portuguese. Although towards the end of his life
he almost became a Roman catholic, still his presence in Malabar was a symbol of the relationship
between the Malabar church and the Persian church. Now with his death, the Portuguese were free.
That symbol is broken. From now on the Portuguese thought they will have the full opportunity to
carry on their work of Latinisation. His death was a relief for the Portuguese but for the St. Thomas
Christians it was a lost. They lost the right person who led them in their initial years of difficulty
when the Portuguese came with their mission of Petuardo.
The Portuguese made systematic work in order to do the process of Latinisation. The Jesuit
missionaries and the. Mission that they carried, the Petuardo mission at least became successful. A
newly arrived archbishop arrived in Goa. His name is Alexis de Menezes. He came with certain
objectives at the prime of his youth. He came with the responsibility as the papal authority. He had
no sympathy at all for the Eastern Christianity. He came from the Reformation background in West.
During the Reformation in Europe, the protestants and Catholics literally fought with each other.
Killed people. Coming from that background in tge west, become not tolerate a group of Christians
in India whose practice is not the Roman Catholic practice. Consequently, he used all his powers in
order to bring them under the Roman system. It has been the opinion of the Portuguese clergy in
India that the major obstacle to the policy of Latinisation was the coming of the Syrian bishops from
mesopotamia.
After the death of Mar Abuna Jacob the Portuguese thought that they could now blain ground. But 2
bishops came. Their arrival delayed the plan of the Portuguese. But then they also died. There was a
gap of over 30 years where the Syrians were without a bishop. This was the time, ...... No more
bishops will come. Since the Portuguese were in control of all the ships, they saw to it that no
bishops would come. All the sea ports were watched closely. Although the Syrians sent letters to the
patriarchs, the patriarchs couldn't send on account of Portuguese pressure. Now that Alexis was
determined, he started his contact with the Syrian Christians. His first step was to get in touch with
the arch deacon Arch Deacon George. However George didn't oblige to meet him. Second was his
bold decision to visit Malabar from Goa. The Portuguese suggested him not to go to Malabar but he
refused to listen.
Heleft Goa in a ship in the end of 1598 and arrived in Cochin, in 1599. He immediately met the Rajah
of Cochin, giving hi lots of money. He started visiting the Syrian churches and started celebrating the
mass. The third step was that he wanted to call for a Synod, a council meeting. His purpose was to
change them in the Latin ways. Each church he visited, he influenced the Syrians in the Latin ways.
The final thing left was to come together in a Synod now. The place suggested was Diamper which
was close to the sea. Syrians suggested Crangannore which was more interior. The dates were from
20 June 1599. The notice was fixed on all Syrian churches. 4 delegates from all churches were
invited. All priests must attend including the sick and the old.
The purpose was 'to treat all such matters convenient for the honour of god, the exaltation of the
holy catholic faith, and divine worship, the good of the church, the removal of all the vice, the
Reformation of the Christians, and the profit and peace of their souls.
The period and the composition:
Archbishop called a Synod in Diamper in 1599 CE, in order to bring all the Syrian churches of Malabar
under the Roman Catholic church. This Synod lasted for 7 days. It consisted of 133 priests, 20
deacons, 660 lay people making a total of 813 members. Along with them, Alexis de Menezes, the
Portuguese clergy, the captain of the ship and officials from the Portuguese settlement in Cochin
were also present. This senate opens with great solemnity. With a celebration of the Mass by the
Archbishop. There was 1 Jesuit Father, Fr. Roz. He preached a sermon and the sermon was basically
on the need for all Christians to be obedient to the Pope. After that a letter was read which was
written by the Pope authorising Alexis de Menezes to conduct the Synod. All proceedings were
conducted in Portuguese and translations was done in malayalam. According to a Portuguese
historian Gouvea, one gets the feeling that the Synod was conducted in an orderly manner, all the
proceedings were right,the participants had full freedom. He also says that all participants signed
and agreed to all decisions without anyone raising any objections. However, this is far from truth.
According to Roz, there was no consultation with Syrian Christians, most of them didn't understand
anything. Even for people to put their signatures, he had to plead with them. However, it was
conducted and it had about 200 decrees, divided into 9 sections.
On the 1st day of the Synod, all the clergy were called upon to make a confession of faith according
An evaluation of the Synod:
It maybe one of the most famous epistle in the history of Christianity in India not as a position on,
neither as a model of a good ecclesiastical assembly. With this assembly, we see a culmination of the
process of Latinisation. In this, the St. Thomas Christians were forced to submit to the Portuguese
hierarchy. Although for a moment of time, everything looked calm, but this senate, Pedro more
violent rebellion, almost after 50 years which resulted into division of St. Thomas Christians into 2
groups: one in communion with Rome and the other with the Eastern Church. Some of these
divisions could never be healed then. This Synod, broke the relationship between the Indian Church
and Eastern church. From 1599, the Syrian Christians were brought under the Portuguese. A natural
question that is usually bring G asked by historians is why the Syrian Christians easily submitted
before the Portuguese. The answer that many christians were already won by Alexis de Menezes
before the Synod. Secondly, the Syrian Christians were without a bishop for a long time after the
death of Mar Abuna Jacob. They were an I'll organise community to meet the challenges of the
Portuguese. The Portuguese were very powerful and able. Thirdly the overseas trade in pepper and
other materials which was so important for the Syrians, their existence depended on the trade. Thus
the Portuguese money and power prevailed on the Syrians. Therefore it would have been very hard
for them to stand against the Portuguese people. On the other hand, the Syrian saw a number of
advantages if they joined with the Catholic church. So they yieldedand in return got the Portuguese
help. The king of Portuguese grantedlargesum of money for the maintenance of the Syrian parishes.
Also the Syrians got a lot of support from the Portuguese whenever they had some trouble with the
non‐christian rulers.
Some scholars looked at the Synod with a different view. According to o e cardinal Tisserant, a
catholic himself, he says, 'it was a fateful day and one of the darkest in the history of relationship
between the catholic church and Eastern church. From being an eastern church, the Syrians were
compelled to become part of the Roman Catholic church.
Important topic for exam
It's called Tranquebar mission / 1st Protestant mission / Danish Royal Mission.
It's only almost after 118 years that Protestant Christianity went out of Europe.
Bartholomew Ziegenbalg and Heinrich Pluezheu came to India in 1706.
Reasons why Protestant Christianity was late:
• Protestants were fighting among themselves in Europe. Among them there were
different sections.
• Tbey had to fight the Catholics for their survival. Counter Reformation was there.
• Protestants were not really interested in mission outside Europe. Some believed in the
imminent return of Christ.
• Protestant countries were late in discovering other countries outside Europe. In 1600,
the East India company was formed. In 1602, the Dutch East India Company was
formed. However these Protestant countries went out of Europe were more interested
in trade than mission. The Portuguese always carried missionaries with them. Saints and
soldiers were in the same ship. Protestants were afraid that taking the gospel would
hurt their business. Trade was their priority. Protestants were not really interested in
mission.
King Frederick IV of Denmark nano sent them in India. It was on a count of Danish colonialism.
There was a Danish colony in Tranquebar by 1620. From a Protestant POV, in the 18th
century, there were only 3 church government:
• Episcopal
• Presbyterian
• Congregational (independent)
None of them believed in mission outside Europe. The Church of England or the Presbyterian
church in Switzerland and other places or the congregational church were confined to their Pietism is something that came up as a reaction to the Reformation movement. Reformation over a
affairs. Unlike the Portuguese who brought colonialism and mission together, Protestant period of time became a movement without much life. Halle University in Germany became the centre
countries separated it. But Frederick IV of Denmark wanted to introduce mission to the colony of pietistic movement.
he was involved. He was interested in mission. But he couldn't find missionaries from
Denmark. Therefore through the help of his court preacher, h found 2 missionaries from
Germany, who were the product the of pietism. They were brought to CCopenhagen and
were ordained as Lutheran missionaries and sent to India as Protestant Royal missionaries.
On 9th of July, 1706, the 2 missionaries came to Tranquebar after 6 weeks ofnvoyage.
Nobkats were sent to receive them. They waited on the seas for 3 days. After 3 days, a boat
was sent and they were brought to the Danish fort and they waited outside the gate for a long
time (from morning to evening 4 pm) even after presenting their official papers. Even after
entering the gate, they were led into the market without showing any place for them to stay.
Reasons for such a non‐cooperation:
• The Danish were afraid that the practice of Christianity would affect the their trade.
• The believed that the prospect of bringing Christianity was impossible.
When these missionaries arrived at Tranquebar,there as already a Roman Catholic church as
well as an evangelical church built in 1701 known as Zion church.
The work of the missionaries:
1. They started learning Tamil and Portuguese
Henry brouchueu was gifted in Portuguese and the other in Tamil. Ziegenbalg was able
Tomas get Tamil language within one year.
2. First they started among the German soldiers working in the Danish East India
Company. They did this inthe German language.
3. They started working among the domestic servants of the Europeans.
4. They started working among the native Tamils around the colony.
5. Hey also started working among the children and orphans. They brought them from the
guardians, baptised and brought up as Christians.
6. Within 10 months of their arrival, they were able to baptise 5 Portuguese slaves.
However, the Europeans, Germans and Danish people didn't like the idea of
worshipping God together with these people. Therefore, these missionaries built a
church. On 15th August 1707 they built the New Jerusalem Church.
7. They started building Portuguese and Tamil elementary schools.
8. He started discussing Religion with his Hindu friends. He was able to attach many
Hindus. His converts Evan to increase. In 1708, 101 converts were there. 1712: 202,
1719: 428
9. Literature: they translated NT into Tamil. Luther's Small catechism into Tamil. They also
made a Tamil German dictionary. They wanted the Scriptures to be available in local
language and preaching backed by literature. They wrote sermons,tracts and school
books. The society for Promoting Christian knowledge (SPCK) gave them a printing press
in 1712.
10. Education: they believed that people should be educated. They started education for
children. They believed that education and church should go together.
11. Philanthropial Work: Helping the poor.
12. Preference for the native language
13. Developing native leaders.
These Missionaries were also pioneers of many things.:
1. They were the 1st missionaries to India.
2. 1st to introduce a printing press in India
3. 1st to start a paper mill in India.
4. 1st to print a Tamil calendar.
5. 1st to translate German books into Tamil
Although they started in the midst of opposition, they succeeded, produced Scriptures in
different languages, emphasised the use of native language. This is the mission that offered
an impressive example of missionary and ecumenical cooperation. Christians of Germany,
Denmark, England, India and even other countries got involved in other work of India.
Frederick Schwartz:
Another missionary from 1
Had a great command in Tamil. Known as a peacemaker and a ruler. One of the best known
missionaries connected with Tranquebar mission. Came to India in 1750 and served India
continuously.
For the first 12 years, he was with the Tranquebar mission. 1767 he became a missionary for
SPCK. During the first 12 years as a missionary in Tranquebar, there was nothing he did great.
Except that he was learning different languages. During those initial 12 years, he made
occasional tours to different places. One such place was Trichy,. There were British soldiers
and he worked among them. Since 1762, he established an orphanage, built a church with the
help of SPCK in 1766. One year later, is 1767, he shifted hisheadquarters to Trichy. He worked
there under the SPCK who supported him fully. The British government of Madras, appointed
him as their chaplain. With the allowances that he received from the British government, he
used it completely for church building and divided his time between the British soldiers and
also his regular missionary work. He learnt Persian as well as Arabaic languages basically to
talk with the Nawab of Arcot. He also visited Tanjore. He became a friend of Tanjore king
Tuljaji. The king wanted him to move to Tanjore. The king wanted to entrust the carenof his
son to Schwartz when he was dying. The British government again made him a chaplain of
their troops in Tanjore. During his stay in Tanjore, he founded another mission in
Palayamcotta in Tirunelveli district. Wherever he went, he appointed cathecist. On 13th
February 1798, he died.
Some criticised Schwartz that he was more involved in public and political affairs than the
missionary work. Somebody these were forced upon him because of the respect he gained
because of his Christian character.
William Carey and his group came to India on 1793.
Serampore was associated with 3 great missionaries: William Carey, William Wardnand Joshua
Marshman.
William Carey
Often known as the father of modern missions. Founder of British Missionary Society (BMS). Was
also a motivator of ecumenical movement. He studied in a village school and was a cobbler. While
he was doing that, he had major religious experiences. These shaped his whole future life. From his
early days, Carey was interested in the people of other faith, other religions, other nations. He
wanted to learn about other lands and countries. He started learning about great voyages. He learnt
about Columbus. His heart was always burdened with mission. In his shop, he made a globe with the
leather pieces and he coloured them. He kept I right in front of him. He won't and cried and prayed
over it. He also started learning Hebrew and Greek on his own and started witnessing. As days
passed by, his conviction began to grow and he was making every attempt to preach the Gospel. He
later left his trade as shoemaker and became a village schoolmaster and then became a pastor at a
countryside.
1792 he shared his burden to other people by writing a small pamphlet and this was known as an
enquiry into the obligation of Christians to use means for the conversion of the heathen. This
contained very careful accounts about various races of the world. He made a powerful plea for
spreading the gospel. He sent it across to churches in Britain. However no one encouraged him. On 2
October, 1792, he preached a sermon to the Nottingham Association of Baptist Churches and the
text was Isaiah 54:2‐3 and the sermon title was Expect great things from God and attempt great
things for God. This message became the basis of founding the Baptist Society.
He was elected to be sent to India with John Thomas who was already working in West Bengal. On 1
November 1793, he landed in India. During that time, Bengal was in the hands of the East India
Company. Charles Grant as the official. William Carey brought his wife, children and sister‐in‐law and
John Thomas. He brought enough money with him for one year.....
When he lands in Calcutta, the officers did not allow him to enter. He had to go to a place in North
Bengal in Madanabati and worked there as an indigo planter. His mind ran out in 3 months. A kind
Hindu family gave him home. He worked as a planter for 6 years. He also did evangelistic efforts over
there. He got a printing press in 1796. The British was totally against all that he was doing. They
were afraid of any education. They felt this might lead to general unrest among people. They also
felt it would create difficulties to them.
Move to Serampore:
At Madanabati, one of his child died, his wife became a mental patient. At the same time several
missionaries arrived. In 1799, 4 more missionaries arrived in Serampore. They practised the policy of
BMS ie. self support. Out of these 1 family died. Then William Carey was invited to join the other
families.
Joshua Marshman:
He was a weaver and educated in a village school. Became a school master n Bristol.
William ward:
Was a printer and a journalist.
These 3 consulted each other and concluded that William Carey should join them. Since is joining in
Serampore in 1800, Serampore became the cradle of Protestant mission. Charles Grant was in favour
On 11 March 1812, the printing press got burnt. 12 years of hardwork became useless. Total loss of
12000 pounds. Within few weeks of this incident, they were able to re‐establish the press. This
became a turning point. The news reached the entire world and Christians around he world
extended support.
Contribution of missionaries:
1. Education: the Missionaries knew that education was an important task. However the strongly
decided to bring about education ministry in Bengal. They wanted to make friendship with the
local people. Also, they thought that education would bring fuller life in the people.
Confidence in the people. The missionaries started the first school 1800. This was for the
European and Anglo‐Indian children. This was his contribution. The Bengali boys school in June
1800. It was the 1st school for Bengali boys. The first F it's kind in the surrounding of bengal.
By 1817, there were around 37 schools with around 2000 students. William Ward pioneered
the Bengali girls school. By 1818, there were able to started the girls' school. Even then they
started it and by1819, they started a society for National Females in Calcutta. By 1824, they
are 6 girls' schools. The Serampore college: Even after starting the schools, they felt the need
for training people. They had enough workers, they were not trained. As they were starting
more schools, the felt they needed more trained workers. They also get the need for large
number of native workers. It was very hard to find Missionaries from Europe. There was a
great need for trained teachers. They decided to start a college. Even though the BMS were
not happy to start such a college. By 1818, from the month of July, they started issuing
prospectus and called their college 'A college for instruction of Asiatic Christians and other
youth in Eastern literature and European Science'. Even though the BMS was quite indifferent,
the Danish king had given permission when in August 1826 Joshua Marshman went to meet
him. The king also made a charter of incorporation and empowered this trip to issue degrees
under Danish Royal authority. He also made the Danish governor Col. D B A as the first
governor of the college. The iron gates and iron staircase was sent by the government of
Denmark. The college had both Theological and secular education and continues today. In
1845, when the Danish East India Company was sold to British, the Danish king gave
Serampore college as a gift to the Missionaries. By 1929, the college was made as an arts and
science college with all departments.
2. Literature: They also turned their attention to literature.
a. Scripture translation: Scriptures was translated to native languages. William Carey was
skilled in languages and he pioneered the translation. At Madanabati he had begun
translating the NT in Bengali. At Serampore, the printing press was under the
supervision of William Ward. They started printing the NT into Bengali. In Feb 1801 they
kept the 1st printed Bengali Bible on the communion table. This was the 1st Bengali
prosebook and they started distributing freely in the surrounding villages. By the time
Carey dies in 1834, he was able to translate the entire Bible into 6 different languages
and 23 entire NT in different languages and other portions in 10 other languages. He
touched a total of 39 languages.
b. Bengali Literature: they produced Bengali grammar, dictionary, prose textbooks. They
even translated the Ramayana into Bengali.
c. Carey also turned his attention to Chinese language. By 1822, he translated the Bible
into Chinese language. He wrote an introduction to the Chinese language. At Serampore,
they used to get printing orders from China.
Indian Christians attitude towards the Indian National Movement:
Background:
The 19th century was a very important period in India. The British consolidated it's power in India.
We also see the Renaissance movement and the emergence of Indian nationalism. The period after
1857, the sepoy mutiny or the first war of independence, there was a growing desire for nationalism.
National consciousness. A desire for political freedom.
What was the part played by the Christians?
The attitude of Christians toward this struggle?
What were the Missionaries' attitude towards this struggle?
Did Christians participate? If they did, to what extent?
How far we can agree or disagree with the argument that Christians kept themselves aloof from the
national Movement?
The impact of English education and westernisation during the 19th century, had its own result of
reactions. There was a cultural awakening in Bengal. Many social evils were brought out.
Missionaries and Raja Ram Mohan Roy joined together. There was also the birthing several Hindu
movements like Brahma Samaja (1828), Arya Samaj (1875), Rama Krishna Mission (1886). There was
also a movement among the Muslims, the Aligarh Movement. Several indigenous Christian
movements like ashram movement,etc. All these different movements were leading to nationalism.
In his book, History of Freedom Movement, Tara Chand says that organisations that were formed
before 1857 were reactions to social reforms brought by the British government and missionaries.
Those reactions were mainly to protect Hinduism. But organisations that were formed after 1857
were more political in nature. It was moving towards Indian nationalism. It was the beginning of the
freedom movement.
The British rule in India, as understood by Missionaries and the British officials:
Some of the people believed that the rule was the consequence of the social evils in India.
People like Alexander Duff and Claudius Buchanan thought T.....
Others thought this as God given responsibility to the British to convert India and God would judge
them if they fail.
There were some Hindu intellectuals also saw the British rule in India as providential. Like
Gopalkrishna Gokhale.
British in India are God's agents of love. They saw God's hands. The struggle that Indians went
through were not without a reason. It was the result of God's wrath upon them. The practice of
idolatry and other evils resulted in India's affliction. In that sense, the British rule in India was
interpreted as an inevitable necessity for God's planing India. Another missionary Charles Grant said
that British administration was the divine commission. Thus 2 things can be seen in these
arguments:
• It is in the divine providence of God that British rule is established in India
• There is a God given responsibility to fulfill by the British.
• There's a good chance of God's wrath upon the British if they fail!To serve God's purpose in
India.
This is the reason, in 1857, when the revolt took place, that incident was interpreted as God's wrath
upon the British. It was a punishment on the British for neglecting that command. Alexander Duff
saw God's will. Majority of western missionaries and Indian Christian leaders understood it as God's
plan. C.F. Andrews believed that it was God's plan.
Indian Nationalistic view:
Dadabhai Nowrojee, justice Ranade etc were the moderate activists. They pressed for more racial
equality,social and economic participation, etc. Their nationalism is often known as moderate
nationalism. On the other hand, there was another group called the extremists group represented
by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpatrai, Bipin Chandra Pal, etc. For them complete exit of British was
their motive. Bal Gangadhar Tilak considered that western education was a stumbling block to the
making of a true Indian citizen. He said every citizen of the motherland must fight for Swaraj. It is
into this context of moderate extremists Mahatma Gandhi enters into Indian politics. His non‐
violence was prominent when he entered into Indian politics in 1920s. It was a turning point in the
history of Indian nationalism. Before he entered, to be a nationalist, you have to bear Hindu. But
with his coming, he brought everyone together. The use of religion for politics came in with his
coming. His conviction was that 'those who say that religion has nothing to do with politics, do not
know what religion means.'
However, his religion was not Hinduism alone. He was a broad mi red man. According to him, there
is no God higher than truth. God, truth and ahimsa are one and the same. He had opted a different
methodology to fight against the British. He adopted the Satyagraha methodology. He used
Satyagraha as a political weapon. His method was adopted all over the country. Large section of
people was involved with him. He didn't confine the freedom struggle to a particular group of
people. He won the heart of people. His struggle can be divided into 3 periods:
• 1917‐1923: Period of Non‐cooperation
• 1923‐1945: Quit India campaign
• 1945: freedom
He made the British unable to hold on by breaking their economic base in India. He invented khadi
cloth. He made salt. Promoted Swadeshi. Therefore the inability the British to hold on made them to
leave India.
When the national Movement started initially, Missionaries and Christians supported on the
understanding that the demands put up were valid. However when the movement became violent,
Missionaries withdrew their support and a good number of Christians also followed the same.
Initially the Christians participated, enthusiastically supported. In the 1887, in the Madras
conference, there were 607 delegates, there were 35 Christians. In the 1888 INC conference, there
were ...... In the following year, INC meeting in Bombay, there were 1899 delegates and Christians
were 22.
However the question is were Christians welcomed to these meetings?
When the INC became violent, at the same time there were people from behind (K.T. Paul, V. S.
Azariah, S. K. George, T. K. Rita) pushing not to withdraw. To a large extent, the Christians in India
were u red the influence of missionaries. Knowingly or unknowingly their attitude to a large extent
depended upon the Missionaries' attitude. But it would be wrong to say that Christians totally
depended upon the missionaries, after all missionaries were not economically well to support these
people.
Formation of different Christian organisations in support of Indian movement:
Different Christian organisations especially with forward thinking supported the Indian National
Movement. However when national Movement became violent, they withdrew their support.
Reasons for this change of attitude:
Christian community in India was associated with foreign churches and foreign missionaries. As long
as the missionaries had a positive attitude, the Indian Christians did the same. Missionaries by and
large encouraged Christian participation in its beginning stage. When the movement was more non‐
political Christians participated. but when it became aggressive and politically motivated, the
Development of positive interpretation:
Despite the negative understanding of Christians, a number of Christian leaders became convinced
that there is a place for Christians in the national Movement. In their understanding, the gospel is
relevant when people struggle for freedom. K.C. Banerjee, a well known Christian and nationalist,
wrote in a newspaper Bengal Christian Herald, '
People like C.F Andrews, Sushil Mudra, K.T. Paul, Eddy Asirvadam, J.C. Kumarappa, S.K. George and
others interpreted the national struggle as the fruit of the preaching of the Gospel. They said there
would not have been a freedom movement if Gospel was not preached in India. C.F. Andrews says
what brought the Indian Renaissance was because of the gospel. The providence of God between
the British and India. It was said, God providentially ordered for the British to do come in India. K.T.
Paul said nationalism itself was within the purpose of God's plan.
Some of the Christian leaders saw the presence of Christ in the freedom struggle.
The Christian task in the national struggle:
K.T. Paul said we have in this earthen vessels certain dynamic forces which we must invest with
responsibility for the national freedom. We must be good stewards. He said, Christians can no longer
be aloof from the struggle.
Christian organisations and their
Larger Context of mass movements:
The larger context is the whole Indian sociological system where case system has been practised for
thousands of years.
Mahatma jyothirao Phule was the one who used the word 'dalit' for the first time.
Subaltern used by Antonio Gramscei to represent from depressed groups in the world.
Immediate context:
When missionaries stayed in different towns and villages, one or two people got attracted to the
missionaries.
What is mass Movement?
Mass movements occured in the rural villages mostly not in the urban areas.
It was in the 1520s, the Larva Community in Goa, around 20000 converted into Christianity.
Protestant Mass Movement:
The first Protestant mass Movement occured in Tirunelveli and occured among the Shanars or
Nadars who were the low caste Community. They were supposed to have migrated from Sri Lanka.
They belonged to Hinduism but not of Brahmanical types. They were neither the lowest ones. Their
main occupation was cultivating and climbing palm trees. They abstained from liquor and beer. Their
widows didn't remarry. These were signs of high castes yet they were not considered like them. They
women were not allowed to cover the upper part of their body. When the missionaries came there
was an issue called 'the upper cloth Jesus'. It was in 1797, one Shanars Christian known as
Sunderanadam David, the first convert, shared gospel with his own people. He wants D
What was the motive of these people in becoming Christians?
Their motives were mixed. Also the motives were not same at all times. The primary motive was
spiritual.
The girls school in
Between 1825 ‐ 1845, Christians in Tirunelveli increased from 11186 to 40047.
It became numerous and prosperous and the entire culture and society also was transformed into a
respectable group of people. They were known as Shanars initially and then we're known as Nadars.
Education brought social upliftment and social freedom. Today, the bars have become landowners,
business people, traders, advocates, physicians, engineers, government officials, teachers,
professors and many other highly respected people. Masses also contributed greatly to the Tamil
culture, Tamil literature. These were people who were once excluded from the main stream, but
now brought into the main stream because of the gospel. Their example is one out of 100 of how
the gospel can change people.
The first phase of mass Movement was 1867‐1876. Periah travelled with his wife from one village to
another to preach the message of the gospel. By the end of 1870 there were 1103 converts. By 1876,
they became 3000 converts. As the converts increased, this missionary placed able men, local
people, in each village and was trying to bring up local missionary.
The Gossner Mission:
Mass conversion Movements serenity confinement to South India but also spread to across India
between 1870‐1920.
One of the first places in North India was in Chota Nagpur by the name Gossner Mission. 4 Lutheran
Missionaries started it. these 4 missionaries, who were earlier part of the catholic church but left in
1824 became Lutherans. Those 4 missionaries were rejected by the Roman Catholic church and
joined the Gossner Mission in Germany. Out of the 4, 2 were sent to Australia and 2 to India. They
came to Chota Nagpur and started working among Kols. The Kols are not dalits but the aboriginal
people. They started their work in 1848. in Chota Nagpur Therese's 3 major tribal groups: Oraons,
Mundas and Santals. First 5 years there were no conversion and then there was a sudden rush of
conversion. The first baptism took place in 1850. A powerful church began to grow up there. Within
a century we have an independent Lutheran church of Chota Nagpur and Assam. In 1867, there was
a huge mass Movement among the Santals. Thousands of Santals embraced Christianity. Today that
state is called jharkhand. They cleared forests and the land belonged to them and they settled. It
couldn't be transferred or sold to somebody else. It was passed on through inheritance. When they
cleared the land, they felt they had disturbed the spirits. Therefore they offered sacrifice to the
spirits. Basically they were an agrarian Community.
Beginning of Christian mission:
The Lutheran was the first to start Christian mission. These missionaries were of humble birth. But
they were single minded and earnest in their mission. After settling in Ranchi, they picked up the
language. They went from village to village and town to town. Distributed medicine to the sick,
started schools. Until 1850, there was no conversion.in 1850, 4 members of Oraons tribe and asked
the missionaries to show them the Jesus that they were preaching. Missionaries told them to attend
the service. However in the church they couldn't see Jesus. However the missionaries made them
understand that Jesus couldn't be seen with their human eyes. And on 9th June 1850, they were
baptized. In 1851, 2 Mundas were baptized. Once conversion was started, it went on rapidly. Those
4 Oraons went back and spread the good news. Their village people got converted. Meanwhile, the
landlords became violent. They began persecuting Christians, raiding their homes, plundering.
Christians took refuge in the missionaries' home. In 1863 there were 3401 people were baptized.
Following the Gossner Mission, the Anglican mission also joined. The SPG (Society for Promoting
Gospel), the Roman Catholic Mission (1877).
Reasons for Response to the gospel:
The first and the foremost reason, was that the Missionaries did not maintain a policy of racial
system. There was no caste system by the missionaries. Second the co verge got ample of
employment opportunities in the domestic area. They also got opportunities to work in the military.
Third, these missionaries' Christianity gave them the rights to be the original people of the land.
Missionaries helped them in the court to fight their issues. Fifth, When Missionaries came to that
area, the tribal people's see a disillusioned people. Their gods and goddesses couldn't save them
Christianity in North East India:
The term North East refers to 8 states including Sikkim. Until the year, 1826, under the Treaty of
Yandobo, that was signed between Burmese and British government, these 8 states were not part of
the Indian Union. After 1826, several changes were brought about. The British had complete control,
and it is during the period, Christianity was in the news.
Today 17‐20% Christians are from this region. So everything tribal groups like Mizos, tribals in
Manipur, Nagaland became 100% Christians. The influence of Christianity today in North East India is
such that one cannot study the region without taking Christianity into consideration. The Roman
Catholics were the first to reach. However they were not very successful. Probably Roman Catholics
were looking for a route to Tibet through North East India. According to F. S. Downs, Catholics were
the most important missionaries. The next was the Serampore mission. They established a station at
Cherapunji. They also started one in guwhati. They converted 2 khasis and 1 Assamese. With the
death of Joshua Marshman the mission discontinued. Later, the Welsh Presbyterian mission took
over the Cherapunji mission. Later in 1836, the American Baptist Missionaries started work in Assam.
They also started work among Gatos in Meghalaya. By 1900, there were about 10000 Christians in
Back Community. In 1870s and 1890s the Baptists started their work in Nagaland.
Numerical growth of Christianity in Northeast India:
The period between 1900 & 1940, were the periods of revival in northeast India. Revivals played an
important role in the growth of Christianity in Northeast India. This was seen in the Welsh
Presbyterian in the Khasi and Mizo hills. In the Khasi hill it started in 1905. 5000 people were
converted within a year. Then it spread to Mizoram. 6 years later, (1908‐1950), a great revival
spread among the Aaos in Nagaland and their churches doubled in size.
The 1st world war caused great hardships. There was rapid growth of Christianity in Nagaland,
Manipur, Meghalaya, etc. The American Baptist church alone had so many churches. In 1918: 48000
but by 1941: 250000. During the 1930s, mission work started in Tripura by the New Zealand Baptist
Churches. In Arunachal Pradesh mission work also started after the world war. The Roman Catholics
started their work in Shillong in 1889. By 1921, they became very active. In short, the growth of
Christianity in Northeast India kept increasing in Northeast India and revivals kept growing. Today at
present, they contribute about 17‐20% of Christians to the total Christian population in India.
The reason for this growth cannot be attributed to one single reason alone.
1. The influence of British administration.
2. The education offered by the Missionaries or the mission schools they started. Missionaries
started several mission schools.
3. The growth of Christianity in Northeast India is very much related to the need of the people to
change. Education brought this awareness among them. It enlightened their minds. They
wanted to have better and higher values of human life. Once they became aware of their
need, Evangelism was no more in the hands of the missionaries but the local people
themselves.
Conclusion:
The Christian mass conversion movements in India starting with Tirunelveli all the way to Northeast
India, cannot be attributed to any one single reason. While there are common factors in all these,
there are also particular factors specially attached to the region.
One common reason is the evil of class system that kept people in a prison kind of situation. This
may not be applied to a tribal Context. But instead of caste system, they feared spirits. Christianity
freed both these people. Unfortunately, among the DALITS who converted, even after moving to the
church, they were not free from caste system.
Christianity and education: The education that Christianity offered was better.
The advantage of protection under the missionaries and British government.
When we look at mass Movement, it brought several changes especially in Northeast India. The
tribal developed tribal ecumenism. F. S. Downs. This was not possible before Christianity. Christianity
changed their inferiority complex. Οκλος changed into λαός. Christian gospel changed the lives of
both DALITS and tribal people in India. Gospel became good news to them. The Gospel proved that
there are no useless people but used‐less people.