Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 11
The Cardiovascular
System

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 The Cardiovascular System

∙ A closed system of the heart and blood

vessels
∙ The heart pumps blood
∙ Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all
parts of the body
∙ The function of the cardiovascular
system is to deliver oxygen and
nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide
and other waste products
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 11.1
 The Heart

∙ Location
∙ Thorax between the lungs
∙ Pointed apex directed toward left hip
∙ About the size of your fist
∙ Less than 1 lb.

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 The Heart

Figure 11.1

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 The Heart: Coverings

∙ Pericardium – a double serous

membrane
∙ Visceral pericardium
∙ Next to heart
∙ Parietal pericardium
∙ Outside layer
∙ Serous fluid fills the space between the
layers of pericardium

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 11.3
 The Heart: Heart Wall
∙ Three layers
∙ Epicardium
∙ Outside layer
∙ This layer is the parietal pericardium
∙ Connective tissue layer
∙ Myocardium
∙ Middle layer
∙ Mostly cardiac muscle
∙ Endocardium
∙ Inner layer
∙ Endothelium
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 11.4
 External Heart Anatomy

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.2a Slide 11.5
 The Heart: Chambers
∙ Right and left side act as separate pumps
∙ Four chambers
∙ Atria
∙ Receiving chambers
∙ Right atrium
∙ Left atrium
∙ Ventricles
∙ Discharging chambers
∙ Right ventricle
∙ Left ventricle

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 11.6
 Blood Circulation

Figure 11.3
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 11.7
 The Heart: Valves
∙ Allow blood to flow in only one direction
∙ Four valves
∙ Atrioventricular valves – between atria and
ventricles
∙ Bicuspid valve (left)
∙ Tricuspid valve (right)
∙ Semilunar valves between ventricle and
artery
∙ Pulmonary semilunar valve
∙ Aortic semilunar valve
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 11.8
 The Heart: Valves

∙ Valves open as blood is pumped

through
∙ Held in place by chordae tendineae
(“heart strings”)
∙ Close to prevent backflow

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 11.9
 Operation of Heart Valves

Figure 11.4
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
 Valve Pathology
• Incompetent valve = backflow and repump
• Stenosis = stiff= heart workload increased
• May be replaced
• Lup Dub Heart Sound
 The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
∙ Aorta
∙ Leaves left ventricle
∙ Pulmonary arteries
∙ Leave right ventricle
∙ Vena cava
∙ Enters right atrium
∙ Pulmonary veins (four)
∙ Enter left atrium
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
 Coronary Circulation

∙ Blood in the heart chambers does not

nourish the myocardium
∙ The heart has its own nourishing
circulatory system
∙ Coronary arteries
∙ Cardiac veins
∙ Blood empties into the right atrium via the
coronary sinus
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
 Cardiac Pathology
• Rapid heart beat
• = Inadequate blood
• = Angina Pectoris
 The Heart: Conduction System

∙ Intrinsic conduction system

(nodal system)
∙ Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve
impulses, in a regular, continuous way

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 The Heart: Conduction System

∙ Special tissue sets the pace

∙ Sinoatrial node (right atrium)
∙ Pacemaker
∙ Atrioventricular node (junction of r&l atria
and ventricles)
∙ Atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His)
∙ Bundle branches (right and left)
∙ Purkinje fibers
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
 Heart Contractions

Figure 11.5

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Electrocardiograms (EKG/ECG)

• Three formations
– P wave: impulse across atria
– QRS complex: spread of impulse down septum,
around ventricles in Purkinje fibers
– T wave: end of electrical activity in ventricles
Electrocardiograms (EKG/ECG)
(cont.)

Figure 8.15B, C
 Pathology of the Heart
• Damage to AV node = release of ventricles
from control = slower heart beat
• Slower heart beat can lead to fibrillation
• Fibrillation = lack of blood flow to the heart
• Tachycardia = more than 100 beats/min
• Bradychardia = less than 60 beats/min
 The Heart: Cardiac Cycle

∙ Atria contract simultaneously

∙ Atria relax, then ventricles contract
∙ Systole = contraction
∙ Diastole = relaxation

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Filling of Heart Chambers –
the Cardiac Cycle

Figure 11.6

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 The Heart: Cardiac Output

∙ Cardiac output (CO)

∙ Amount of blood pumped by each side of
the heart in one minute
∙ CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume
[SV])
∙ Stroke volume
∙ Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle
in one contraction

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Cardiac output, cont.
• CO = HR x SV
• 5250 ml/min = 75 beats/min x 70 mls/beat
• Norm = 5000 ml/min
• Entire blood supply passes through body
once per minute.
• CO varies with demands of the body.
 Cardiac Output Regulation

Figure 11.7

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 The Heart: Regulation of Heart
Rate
∙ Stroke volume usually remains relatively
constant
∙ Starling’s law of the heart – the more that
the cardiac muscle is stretched, the
stronger the contraction
∙ Changing heart rate is the most
common way to change cardiac output

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Regulation of Heart Rate
∙ Increased heart rate
∙ Sympathetic nervous system
∙ Crisis
∙ Low blood pressure
∙ Hormones
∙ Epinephrine
∙ Thyroxine
∙ Exercise
∙ Decreased blood volume

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 The Heart: Regulation of Heart
Rate

∙ Decreased heart rate

∙ Parasympathetic nervous system
∙ High blood pressure or blood volume
∙ Dereased venous return
∙ In Congestive Heart Failure the heart is
worn out and pumps weakly. Digitalis
works to provide a slow, steady, but
stronger beat.
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
• Decline in pumping efficiency of heart
• Inadequate circulation
• Progressive, also coronary atherosclerosis, high
blood pressure and history of multiple Myocardial
Infarctions
• Left side fails = pulmonary congestion and
suffocation
• Right side fails = peripheral congestion and edema
 Blood Vessels: The Vascular
System

∙ Taking blood to the tissues and back

∙ Arteries
∙ Arterioles
∙ Capillaries
∙ Venules
∙ Veins

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 The Vascular System

Figure 11.8b

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Blood Vessels: Anatomy
∙ Three layers (tunics)
∙ Tunic intima
∙ Endothelium
∙ Tunic media
∙ Smooth muscle
∙ Controlled by sympathetic nervous
system
∙ Tunic externa
∙ Mostly fibrous connective tissue

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Differences Between Blood Vessel
Types
∙ Walls of arteries are the thickest
∙ Lumens of veins are larger
∙ Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins
toward the heart
∙ Walls of capillaries are only one cell
layer thick to allow for exchanges
between blood and tissue
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
 Movement of Blood Through
Vessels

∙ Most arterial blood is

pumped by the heart
∙ Veins use the milking
action of muscles to
help move blood

Figure 11.9

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Capillary Beds

∙ Capillary beds
consist of two
types of vessels
∙ Vascular shunt –
directly connects an
arteriole to a venule

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.10 Slide
 Capillary Beds

∙ True capillaries –
exchange vessels
∙ Oxygen and
nutrients cross to
cells
∙ Carbon dioxide
and metabolic
waste products
cross into blood

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.10 Slide
 Diffusion at Capillary Beds

Figure 11.20

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Vital Signs
• Arterial pulse
• Blood pressure
• Repiratory Rate
• Body Temperature
• All indicate the efficiency of the system
 Pulse

∙ Pulse –
pressure wave
of blood
∙ Monitored at
“pressure
points” where
pulse is easily
palpated
Figure 11.16
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
 Blood Pressure
∙ Measurements by health professionals
are made on the pressure in large
arteries
∙ Systolic – pressure at the peak of
ventricular contraction
∙ Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax
∙ Pressure in blood vessels decreases as
the distance away from the heart
increases
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
 Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure

Figure 11.18

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors

∙ Neural factors
∙ Autonomic nervous system adjustments
(sympathetic division)
∙ Renal factors
∙ Regulation by altering blood volume
∙ Renin – hormonal control

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors

∙ Temperature
∙ Heat has a vasodilation effect
∙ Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
∙ Chemicals
∙ Various substances can cause increases or
decreases
∙ Diet

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Variations in Blood Pressure
∙ Human normal range is variable
∙ Normal
∙ 140–110 mm Hg systolic
∙ 80–75 mm Hg diastolic
∙ Hypotension
∙ Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
∙ Often associated with illness
∙ Hypertension
∙ High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
∙ Can be dangerous if it is chronic

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide