Diagnosis

Intervention
and
Assessment
Historical
Roots
Name: Maureen Saligan
Section: 3PSYB The Research
Proffesion
 James Keen Cattell, a student of William
Wundt believed that studying reaction time
differences would help to understand
intelligence—mental tests.
Witmer founded the current model of
treatment by forming the first psychological
Diagnosis and clinic & a journal called the Psychological
Assessment Clinic.
The Beginnings (1850-1899)
Initial emphasis focused on the youth
population of children and adolescents who
were unable to functionally adapt to society.
 Binet and Simon developed the Binet-Simon
Scale—measures intelligence.
Carl Jung developed testing methods around
word-associations and 1910 brought the
arrival of the Kent-Rosanoff Free Association
Diagnosis and Test.
Assessment WWI brought the screening of individuals
The Advent of the Modern entering the military, marking the movement
Era (1900-1919) away from children and youth towards
adults.
 By the late 1920's psychologists had individual and group
testing tools at their disposal.
The field of intelligence was being expanded with work by
Spearman, Thorndike, Thurstone
Wechsler-Bellevue test—first adult intelligence test; created
in 1939 and since then modified & adapted.
Rorschach—inkblot tests that attempted to bring people to
reveal their real-life experiences by looking at ambiguous
Diagnosis and stimuli. He published this in his book Psychodiagnostik.
Assessment Projective Techniques—Designed to allow a person to
respond to ambiguous stimuli, and reveal hidden emotions
Between the Wars and internal conflicts projected by the person into the test.
(1920-1939) Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT)—Requires an individual
to make up stories reflecting activities, thoughts and
feelings of the people in the picture.
 More complex tests began to develop. Minnesota
Multiple Personality Inventory (MMPI)-self-report test,
and unique because no interpretation of scores was
needed.
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Alternative
to Stanford-Binet scale.
Clinical psychologists were viewed as experts of
Diagnosis and psychodiagnosis—use of interpretation of test scores
Assessment as a basis of diagnosis and treatment.
World War II and Beyond Different approaches—objective nomothetic
(1940-Present) approach (empirically tested rules) vs. projective
idiographic approach (focused more on the individual
and interpretations).
 Radical Behaviorism: Only overt behavior can be
measured and psychological trait measurement is not
useful. It brought the era of behavioral assessment—
behaviors were understood in the context of the
stimuli or situation in which they occurred.
First DSM appeared in 1952, focused mostly on adult
psychopathology and post-war symptoms.
Diagnosis and Structured Diagnostic Interviews: Standard list of
questions that are used as criteria to assess different
Assessment disorders.
World War II and Beyond
Health care insurers became more interested in
(1940-Present)
managed health because it controlled and reduced
costs and required mental health professionals to be
more efficient
 Jean Charcot focused on
interventions for hysteria using
hypnosis
Freud and Breuer collaborated on a
patient Anna O's whose treatment
Intervention was challenging
The Beginnings (1850-1899)
Psychoanalysis (most influential
theoretical and treatment
development for clinical psychology)
 1900's—psychoanalytic movement
began with Freud's publication of The
Interpretation of Dreams.
Terms like Oedipus complex, ego, id
began part of psychological terminology
Intervention Healey's establishment of the child
The Advent of the Modern guidance center in Chicago in 1909
Era (1900-1919) reflected a movement towards looking
at juvenile offenders and not simply
learning problems of children.
 Psychoanalytic therapy was viewed as being
the sole right of a medical practitioner but
psychologists soon began to use it in their work
with children (child guidance clinics).
Adler's emphasis on family relationships
instead of sexuality grew prominent with
Intervention Play Therapy: Release of anxiety or hostility
Between the Wars through expressive play (Freudian Principle
(1920-1939) based).
Behavior Therapy: Encompassing the works of
Watson, Jones, Levy and others it focused on
conditioning.
 Psychiatrists and physicians were too few to help
WWII men, psychologists began to fill the role and aid
with psychotherapy, assisting men to return to combat
and help with rehabilitation.
Shifting away from intelligence and focusing on
personality, psychoanalytic intervention grew.
Carl Rogers publication, Client-Centered Therapy was
Intervention the first alternative to psychoanalytic therapy.
Therapy was a growing field with the introduction of
World War II and Beyond
rational-emotive therapy (RET), cognitive-behavioral
(1940-Present)
therapy (CBT), and behavioral therapy work by B.F.
Skinner and Joseph Walope
Looked at desensitization, operant principles and
conditioning.
 William Wundt and William James, both
of whom formed research laboratories
and influenced the scientist-practitioner
model.
Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning
Research theories became important
The Beginnings
1905-Binet-Simon improved their
(1850-1899) and
intelligence tests and in 1916
The Advent of the
Modern Era (1900- development of the Army Alpha and Beta
1918) tests appeared.
 Behaviorism (power of conditioning) and
Gestalt psychology (emphasized patient's
unique perceptions) were prominent.
By the 1960's diagnosis and assessment
were less important, but in the 1950's it
Research was largely hyped up.
Between the Wars Focus on effectiveness of psychotherapy
(1920-1939) + World (Carl Rogers and Dymond)
War II and Beyond Wolpe (1958)—developed systematic
(1940-Present) desensitization.
 DSM-III published focused on reliability,
validity of criteria used for mental
disorders in the DSM manual.
Focus on etiological factors or causes for
many mental disorders.
Research Behavioral Genetics: Both environmental
Between the Wars and genetic factors influence
(1920-1939) + World development of behavior.
War II and Beyond Brain imaging: Allows us to view both the
(1940-Present) structure and function of the brain.
 1892—Founding of the American
Psychological Association (APA)
1896—Lightner Witmer—first
The Psychological Clinic establishment at U of
Pennsylvania. He named the field clinical
Profession psychology
The Beginnings
(1850-1899)
 1909—Establishment of the
Psychopathic Institute in Chicago (Healy)
1910—222 APA members, $1
membership.
The Focus on APA was psychology as a
Profession science not a profession.
The Advent of the 1919—First Clinical Psychology Section
Modern Era was created within APA.
(1900-1919)
 APA 1935 Clinical Psychology---art and
technology that deals with adjustment &
problems of human beings.
The 1937—Journal of Consulting Psychology
Profession was founded.
Between the Wars
(1920-1939)
 Psychologists experience in
research and tools for testing
differentiated them from
psychiatrists.
With the end of WWII soldiers that
were returning experienced
The extensive emotional trauma/
Profession The Veterans Administration (VA)
World War II and increased availability of mental
Beyond (1940-1969) health professionals by providing
financial support for training.
 VA's needs to deal with the
psychological problems of adults
resulted in a shift from children.
1945—Connecticut first state to
institute certification examination for
psychologists.
The 1949—Conference on graduate
Profession education in Clinical Psychology
World War II and held at Boulder, Colorado.
Beyond (1940-1969) Focused on the scientist-practitioner
model for training
 1960's—shift towards focusing on
conditioning and altered
reinforcement contingencies.
Key focus was looking at patient's
behaviors and not their thoughts.
The People began to question this and
Profession turned towards cognitive-behavioral
The Growth of the orientation.
Profession
(1970-Present)
 Many critics felt that the APA was being
controlled by practitioners that were using
it for their own interests; no longer focused
on scientific needs.
Plan to reorganize APA so that it lessened
the gap between the clinical wing and
academic-scientific wing failed by a 2-1
The vote of membership.
Profession American Psychological Society
The 1988 Schism (APS)/Association of Psychological
Science—focused on the scientific aspect
of psychology. First conference held in
June 1988.
 Student library. (2018). "HISTORICAL
OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGY". Retrieved from
https://en.students-
Reference library.com/library/read/77-historical-
overview-of-clinical-psychology