UNIVERSAL TESTING

MACHINE
SMT-SM-31
 OPERATION MANUAL

UNIVERSAL
TESTING MACHINE
SMT-SM-31
 Note
This manual has been made accurate to the most of our knowledge, however there is no
liability for errors. If there is an error discovered, please notify the company with complete
details. Experimental results provided are for the sole purpose of guidance and are not
guaranteed to be the answers obtained for any given apparatus. Variables involved may or
may not affect the experimental results.
 Table of Contents
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................1
2. General Description...................................................................................................................2
a. Unit Assembly...........................................................................................................................2
3. Summary of Theory...................................................................................................................3
3.1 Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS):..................................................................................................3
3.2 Ductile materials.........................................................................................................................3
3.3 Testing..................................................................................................................................5
4. Experiment................................................................................................................................6
4.1 Experiment 1: Tensile Test..............................................................................................................6
4.2 Experiment 2: Brinell Hardness Test...............................................................................................7
4.3 Experiment 3: Compression Test.....................................................................................................8
4.4 Experiment 4: Bending Test............................................................................................................9
4.5 Experiment 5: Cupping Test..........................................................................................................10
4.6 Experiment 6: Shear Test...............................................................................................................11
4.7 Experiment 7: Testing of plat and coil spring................................................................................12
Appendix A.........................................................................................................................................13
Experimental Data Sheet.....................................................................................................................13
Experiment 1: Tensile Test...............................................................................................................14
Experiment 2: Brinell Hardness Test................................................................................................15
Experiment 3: Compression Test.....................................................................................................16
Experiment 4: Bending Test.............................................................................................................17
Experiment 5: Cupping test.............................................................................................................18
Experiment 6: Shear Test.................................................................................................................19
Experiment 7: Testing of plate and coil spring.................................................................................20
1. Introduction
The ESOLS Universal Testing Machine (Model: SMT-SM-31) has been designed
to demonstrate students about an introduction to phenomenon of Compression, Bending,
Cupping, Shear and Testing of plate and coil springs in practical applications.
A universal testing machine, also known as a universal tester materials testing
machine or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile stress and compressive
strength of materials. It is named after the fact that it can perform many standard tensile
and compression tests on materials, components, and structures.
The Creep Machine also teaches students about:
 Elastic limit
 Plastic deformation
 Yield strength
 Strain hardening
 Ultimate strength
 Necking
 Young’s modulus

1
2. General Description
a. Unit Assembly

Tensile Experiment
clamps

Adjustable platform

Large
Piston

Load sensor Base

Pressure release valve

Load input

2
3. Summary of Theory
3.1 Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS):

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened to tensile strength (TS) or

ultimate strength, is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched
or pulled before necking, which is when the specimen's cross-section starts to significantly
stretch. Tensile strength is the opposite of compressive strength and the values can be quite
different.

The UTS is usually found by performing a tensile test and recording the stress versus
strain; the highest point of the stress-strain curve is the UTS. It is an intensive property;
therefore its value does not depend on the size of the test specimen. However, it is dependent
on other factors, such as the preparation of the specimen, the presence or otherwise of surface
defects, and the temperature of the test environment and material.

Tensile strengths are rarely used in the design of ductile members, but they are
important in brittle members. They are tabulated for common materials such as alloys,
composite materials, ceramics, plastics, and wood.

Tensile strength is defined as a stress, which is measured as force per unit area. For
some non-homogeneous materials (or for assembled components) it can be reported just as a
force or as a force per unit width. In the SI system, the unit is the Pascal (Pa) (or a multiple
thereof, often mega Pascal (MPa), using the mega- prefix); or, equivalently to Pascal, Newton
per square meter (N/m²). The customary unit is pounds-force per square inch (lbf/in² or psi),
or kilo-pounds per square inch (ksi, or sometimes kpsi), which is equal to 1000 psi; kilo-
pounds per square inch are commonly used for convenience when measuring tensile
strengths.

3.2 Ductile materials

Figure 1: Stress vs. Strain curve typical of aluminum

1. Ultimate strength
2. Yield strength
3. Proportional limit stress
4. Fracture

3
 5. Offset strain (typically 0.2%)

Figure 2: Stress vs. strain curve typical of structural steel

1. Ultimate strength
2. Yield strength
3. Fracture
4. Strain hardening region
5. Necking region
A. Engineering stress
B. True stress

Many materials display linear elastic behavior, defined by a linear stress-strain

relationship, as shown in the figure up to point 2, in which deformations are completely
recoverable upon removal of the load; that is, a specimen loaded elastically in tension will
elongate, but will return to its original shape and size when unloaded. Beyond this linear
region, for ductile materials, such as steel, deformations are plastic. A plastically deformed
specimen will not return to its original size and shape when unloaded. Note that there will be
elastic recovery of a portion of the deformation. For many applications, plastic deformation is
unacceptable, and is used as the design limitation.

After the yield point, ductile metals will undergo a period of strain hardening, in which
the stress increases again with increasing strain, and they begin to neck, as the cross-sectional
area of the specimen decreases due to plastic flow. In a sufficiently ductile material, when
necking becomes substantial, it causes a reversal of the engineering stress-strain curve (curve
A); this is because the engineering stress is calculated assuming the original cross-sectional
area before necking. The reversal point is the maximum stress on the engineering stress-strain
curve, and the engineering stress coordinate of this point is the ultimate tensile strength UTS,
given by point 1.

The UTS is not used in the design of ductile static members because design practices
dictate the use of the yield stress. It is, however, used for quality control, because of the ease
of testing. It is also used to roughly determine material types for unknown samples. The UTS
is a common engineering parameter when designing brittle members, because there is no
yield point.

4
3.3 Testing

Figure 3: Round bar tensile specimen after testing

Typically, the testing involves taking a small sample with a fixed cross-section area,
and then pulling it with a controlled, gradually increasing force until the sample changes
shape or breaks.

When testing metals, indentation hardness correlates linearly with tensile strength.
This important relation permits economically important nondestructive testing of bulk metal
deliveries with lightweight, even portable equipment, such as hand-held Rockwell hardness
testers.

It should be noted that while most metal forms, like sheet, bar, tube and wire can
exhibit the test UTS, fibers, such as carbon fibers, being only 2/10,000th of an inch in
diameter, must be made into composites to create useful real-world forms. As the datasheet
on T1000G below indicates, while the UTS of the fiber is very high at 6,370MPa, the UTS of
a derived composite is 3,040MPa - less than half the strength of the fiber.

5
4. Experiment
4.1 Experiment 1: Tensile Test
Objective:
To perform Tensile test and stress strain analysis
Procedure:
1. Measure the gauge length and cross-sectional area of the specimen.
2. Tighten the tensile test specimen into place.
3. Tare load and displacement.
4. Gently start applying load.
5. Note down the value of displacement with the corresponding load.
6. Draw the specimen after it breaks.
7. Calculate values of stress and strain against each load and corresponding
displacement by using following equations:
F
Stress=σ =
Ac

Where,
F = Force
Ac = Cross-Sectional area
And,
∆l
Strain=ε=
l1

Where,
Δl = Change in length
∆ l=l 2−l 1

l2 = Final length
l1 = Initial length
8. Plot stress strain curve.
Displacemen
Load Stress
t Strain
Sr. # F σ
x ε
(N) (N/mm2)
(mm)
1
2
3

6
 4
5

4.2 Experiment 2: Brinell Hardness Test

Objective:
Purpose of the experiment is to perform Brinell Hardness Test and find the corresponding
value of Brinell Hardness factor.

Procedure:
1. Mount the hardness accessory at the upper threads having ball of dia "D" as 10mm
and lower compression accessory at the base hole.
2. Place Hardness testing specimen of required material at the platform of compression
accessory.
3. Adjust position of lower mounting by opening the threaded part form inside the large
piston such that specimen comes closer to the upper hardness accessory.
4. Tare load, if necessary.
5. Apply load to the desired valve and wait for load to be stable for a while.
6. Apply more load (if necessary).
7. Remove load and unmount the hardness specimen.
8. Measure diameter of the indent created in the specimen as "d".
9. Find Brinell Hardness factor by using the following equation:

2P
BHN=
πD ( D− √ D −d )
2 2

Where,

BHN = Brinell Hardness Number

P = Load applied
D = Steel ball diameter in mm
d = Depression diameter in mm

7
4.3 Experiment 3: Compression Test
Objective:
Purpose of the experiment is to perform compression test and understand the force required to
deform a material.

Procedure:
1. Mount the compression accessories.
2. Place specimen for compression test at the lower compression accessory platform.
3. Adjust position of lower mounting by opening the threaded part form inside the large
piston for the specimen to be close to the upper compression accessory.
4. Tare load, if necessary.
5. Apply load and observe and note down the displacement w.r.t load applied.
6. Unload and draw the specimen to observe the deformation occurred.
7. Calculate stress against each value of the load and displacement noted down by using
following equation:

F
σ=
Ac

Where,
σ = Stress
F = Force Applied
AC = Cross-Sectional area of specimen
8. Plot graph between stress and corresponding displacement.

Load Displacement Stress

Sr. # F x σ
(N) (mm) (N/mm2)
1
2
3
4
5
6

8
4.4 Experiment 4: Bending Test
Objective:
Purpose of the experiment is to perform bending test and to understand shear stress and.

Procedure:
1. Mount bending test accessories at the apparatus.
2. Place desired specimen for bending test in the slot provided after calculating its cross-
sectional area.
3. Adjust position of lower platform, if required.
4. Tare load, if necessary.
5. Gently keep on applying load and observe deflection caused at the respective load.
Also note down deflection along with the respective load.
6. Unmount the specimen after experiment.
7. Plot graph between load applied and respective deflection (bending).

Load Displacement
Sr. # F x
(N) (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6

9
4.5 Experiment 5: Cupping Test
Objective:
Purpose of the experiment is to perform cupping test on sheet specimen and understand
cupping number.

Procedure:
1. Unlock the lower pair of cupping accessories and place cupping test specimen in
place and lock the accessories.
2. Place the lower accessories at the lower platform and tighten upper accessory.
3. Adjust position of lower platform, if required.
4. Tare valve of load, if necessary.
5. Gently apply load and note down resulting displacement.
6. Unload and unmount the specimen after experiment.
7. Observe surface features of the sheet specimen.
8. The cupping number is simply as follows:

Cupping number = f = Displacement x in mm

10
4.6 Experiment 6: Shear Test
Objective:
Purpose of the experiment is to perform shear test on circular rods (of diameter not more than
8mm) and understand its key features.

Procedure:
1. Measure cross-sectional area of specimen.
2. Tighten the upper accessory of shear test.
3. Place specimen in the accessories by passing it through holes in both the accessories.
4. Adjust position of lower platform such that the the lower accessory of shear test fits
inside the hole in lower platform.
5. Tare load, if necessary.
6. Gently start applying load and keep on noting deflection (displacement) along with
the corresponding load.
7. Unmount the accessories and specimen after the specimen breaks.
8. Calculate shear stress corresponding to each load noted down by using following
equation:

F
τ=
Ac

Where,

F = Force Applied
AC = Cross-Sectional area
9. Plot graph between shear stress and displacement.

Load Displacement Shear Stress

Sr. # F x τ
(N) (mm) (N/mm2)
1
2
3
4
5
6

11
4.7 Experiment 7: Testing of plat and coil spring
Objective:
TO perform experiment on spring and to understand spring constant.

Procedure:
1. Mount spring test accessories.
2. Place test spring between the accessories.
3. Tare the value of load, if required.
4. Gently apply load and note down the displacement with the corresponding load.
5. Get value of spring constant "k" from the GUI when desired.
6. Unload and unmount the spring after experiment is done.
7. Manually calculate spring constant of the spring by using following equation:

F
k=
x

Where,

k = Spring constant

F = Force applied

x = Displacement

8. Plot graph between force applied and displacement.

Load Displacement
Sr. # F x
(N) (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6

12
 Appendix A
Experimental Data Sheet

13
Experiment 1: Tensile Test

Diameter of Specimen = D = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm
Cross-Sectional Area = Ac = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm2
Gauge length = lG = . . . . . . . . . . . . mm

Displacemen
Load Stress
t Strain
Sr. # F σ
x ε
(N) (N/mm2)
(mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6

14
Experiment 2: Brinell Hardness Test

2P
BHN=
πD ( D− √ D −d )
2 2

Where,

Load applied = P = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N
Steel ball diameter in mm = D = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm
Depression diameter in mm = d = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm
Brinell Hardness Number = BHN = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N/mm2

15
Experiment 3: Compression Test
F
σ=
Ac

Where,
σ = Stress
F = Force Applied
AC = Cross-Sectional area
Load Displacement Stress
Sr. # F x σ
(N) (mm) (N/mm2)
1
2
3
4
5
6

16
Experiment 4: Bending Test

Load Displacement
Sr. # F x
(N) (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6

17
Experiment 5: Cupping test

Load applied = F = . . . . . . . . . . . . N
Displacement = x = . . . . . . . . . . . . mm
Cupping number = f = x = . . . . . . . . .mm

18
Experiment 6: Shear Test

F
Shear Stress=τ=
Ac

Where,

Force Applied = F = . . . . . . . . . . . . N
Diameter = d = . . . . . . . . . . . mm
Cross-Sectional area = Ac = . . . . . . . . . . mm2

Load Displacement Shear Stress

Sr. # F x τ
(N) (mm) (N/mm2)
1
2
3
4
5
6

19
Experiment 7: Testing of plate and coil spring
F
k=
x

Where,

k = Spring constant

F = Force applied

x = Displacement

Load Displacement
Sr. # F x
(N) (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6

20
21