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A. Density: Unit: KG/M

1. The document defines key concepts related to pressure, density, mass flow rate, heat transfer, and thermodynamics. It provides equations for pressure, density, continuity, Bernoulli's equation, temperature scales, expansion, heat transfer, the first law of thermodynamics, and heat transfer mechanisms. 2. Key equations presented include relationships between pressure, density, and depth for liquids; Pascal's principle; Archimedes' principle; equations of continuity for volume and mass flow rates; Bernoulli's equation; conversions between temperature scales; equations for linear, area, and volume expansion; equations for specific heat and latent heat; the first law of thermodynamics for various processes; and equations for conduction, radiation,

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25 views

A. Density: Unit: KG/M

1. The document defines key concepts related to pressure, density, mass flow rate, heat transfer, and thermodynamics. It provides equations for pressure, density, continuity, Bernoulli's equation, temperature scales, expansion, heat transfer, the first law of thermodynamics, and heat transfer mechanisms. 2. Key equations presented include relationships between pressure, density, and depth for liquids; Pascal's principle; Archimedes' principle; equations of continuity for volume and mass flow rates; Bernoulli's equation; conversions between temperature scales; equations for linear, area, and volume expansion; equations for specific heat and latent heat; the first law of thermodynamics for various processes; and equations for conduction, radiation,

Uploaded by

Sun Star
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Pressure

m
a. Density ρ= Unit: kg/m3
V

F
b. Pressure p= Unit: Pa
A

1 atm = 1.01 x105 Pa = 760 torr

NGUYỄN ĐÀM MINH TRÚC - BTBCIU15021 1


1. Pressure

c. Pressure at a given depth in liquid

p = p0 + ρgh
Gauge pressure
absolute pressure atmospheric pressure

(pressure depends on vertical distance, not the shape of container)

d. Pascal’s principal

F0 Fi
=
A0 Ai
NGUYỄN ĐÀM MINH TRÚC - BTBCIU15021 2
1. Pressure

e. Archimedes’ principal

Buoyant force Fb = ρfluid g V = mfuild g Unit: N

(V is volume of displaced fluid, not the container)

Apparent weight = actual weight – buoyant force

weight app = weight − Fb

NGUYỄN ĐÀM MINH TRÚC - BTBCIU15021 3


2. Equation of continuity

a. Volume flow rate

R v = A v = constant Unit: m3/s

b. Mass flow rate

R m = ρ R v = ρ A v = constant Unit: kg/s

NGUYỄN ĐÀM MINH TRÚC - BTBCIU15021 4


3. Bernoulli’s equation

1 2 1 2
p1 + ρv1 + ρgy1 = p2 + ρv2 + ρgy2 = constant
2 2

4. Temperature scales

9
T F = 𝑇 𝐶 + 32
5
T 𝐾 = 𝑇 𝐶 + 273

NGUYỄN ĐÀM MINH TRÚC - BTBCIU15021 5


5. Expansion

a. Linear expansion

∆L = L0 α ∆T
α: coefficient of linear expansion. Unit: K-1
b. Area expansion

∆A = A0 αA ∆T αA = 2α

c. Volume expansion

∆V = V0 β∆T β = 3α
NGUYỄN ĐÀM MINH TRÚC - BTBCIU15021 6
6. Heat transfer

a. Specific capacity

Q = mc∆T = mc(Tf − Ti ) Unit: J

b. Latent heat

Q = Lm Unit: J

Lv: vaporation. Lf: fusion

Q release = −Q absorb

NGUYỄN ĐÀM MINH TRÚC - BTBCIU15021 7


7. First law of thermodynamics ∆Eint = Q − W
Adiabatic process (no heat transfer)
Q=0
∆Eint = −W

Constant-volume process (V constant) Unit: J


W=0
∆Eint = Q

Closed cycle/Cyclic process


∆Eint = 0
Q=W

NGUYỄN ĐÀM MINH TRÚC - BTBCIU15021 8


7. First law of thermodynamics
Vf
a. Work done by the gas: W W= pdV = p∆V
Vi

W = area under the curve


Expansion (V↑)/clockwise: W>0
Compressed (V↓)/counterclockwise: W<0

b. Heat transfer: Q

To the gas/receive/absorb: Q>0


From the gas/release/lose/emit: Q<0

NGUYỄN ĐÀM MINH TRÚC - BTBCIU15021 9


8. Heat transfer mechanism

a. Conduction

Q TH − TC
pcond = = kA Unit: J/s
t L
k: thermal conductivity

b. Steady state

TH − TX TX − TC
pcond = k1 A = k2A
L1 L2
NGUYỄN ĐÀM MINH TRÚC - BTBCIU15021 10
8. Heat transfer mechanism

c. Radiation

Emit energy prad = σ ε A T 4 Unit: J/s

Absorb energy 4
pabs = σ ε A Tenv

4
pnet = pabs − prad = σ ε A (Tenv − T4)
σ = 5.6704x10-8 W/m2.K4

NGUYỄN ĐÀM MINH TRÚC - BTBCIU15021 11

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