=i ZR = Mio fe PURe CAPACITive CIRCUIT Cat) ve Vosinwt ) 4 Vensa(uirg) Dione vee j % ise Ven = Ye we une vs £fp 20 Voor? Ke: two donde eRgE yee Le. etre = 7 Lew ataicting VAN _LZ1, 5 Veldaay nade tomart Conr era“Teamscnenicns WSaral —_tc_osensanors Use Be change lice Branaferm) an abtinnating Tae tse & ve aan te amotiun. a E bes oe i ofa Ue paid, of Mesbaa Tectation Rp Tale poe ve oe V4 = Nad t. & MeoMegg MOONEE go me Lae sense Oa Tyol + Lead Se ee = PRumany Cone tate ? 1 . wt} ef =k % Me EE | -yeugieo hi-@ Layee Se ie F Dv, {bs i" tay aS Te a) ETE ORES OB i cove : Tanseotoen| Vote = Nols Meant Seer UF parrot] Lc and SPAIN BLOCK eo bee Mra es* Lee at = oe tomy EYE zy Ler Aswomrmions no uote BA Fie Renny ss t . Remnant, kame Eun rent Et 3 * exe foc besexmend t v cave araeeree L K 1 hun Linker: (bu poor Oy wtnating pus % i e dani {tin gope Patou) | teak ent ow He SiR | L . ee Rawat WA wheal? ental Potentiat Gnmay> B- | foterbnt coy ee Met ie p, Mayoatic orang = 3 Kinebic Gmevey aoe Lew Mets 3> Cady torte la caumd be Redwesd Wrirg La yr Hyparucio Lose fete tote sin = BS ELECTRICAL “TRANS MISSION nr cereeats: ce Ze Nowe. Saral | (aos WW < , U “ = \ ‘ \ Ni $= Fn] \\ Foe vesen/ so" ay, Feoimeries OF Tanne Eptenci. Gy Aude manos, 1 Fat Rank Boy of SONAL OS ose spain” EGE ; Rook SS Vabied’ ——E. Lntreacction Of e Sree) “gfe Vodual Est oil neh joduat Ove Uidetuat Tote a eject (i= he) i cage TVET, gral in SON gant teers_Recractive Tunex oF Meniue Beat tatund wSaral , mee Seri. | 7 ss tape Voi Une to Peat’ imoftn a sragpne bee a ee fan? ies 2hotea en Wis ane ee List 0 Rast np 2 . Aerie Comtoain/ 1) tnt yy Rupaabed YN Frisia LS pone pene D\\ water A en TOR alae les 4 pane sem ytane, |) Na a et brs wee E gems | ey pe oo(E4) tse ee « een. SeBY ‘ation, > APpaseast Depry aa en aa brn | 3 s a “nf wl ee Dawiakie 54 =(9°1 A B= (aA fore a ovat og geen Fowee of tine = PepI _ em “=, commune EencSttta wSaral & a = to A rere \ ——H- TF Aaveeus pne ! Tne ste, on ie ie hres r WRERMETROPIA) Ins encoun, ee Fy Humay E¥e Actommoditin =s" ee OPTICAL He pata Bin ea i: INSTRUMENTS ci ee __LeistRumest [anit at 02 (Mowat Aetjuatunt) [Svan Peeoscore ~ [ang Mapifintn 5 [Frnne at Lana Din fa Coaroon Mickoscare te Power able grt) (eraVN UN Constructive Destructive Interference Interference + Twosourees are saidto be Coherentif they produco waves having constant (with respect totime) phase difference + For Incoherent sources, phase difference varies with time. + Twoindependentordinary sources (like Iamps)are incoherent sources. Constructive Interference Destructive Interference wSaral Incoherent Sources he =hethy +2/iVh e086 Ie 1, 2 SIN(KX- +O) pees By Superposition Principle Yeos = Ya + Yo A +AR +2 ArAz cos + AB + 2 ArA2 cos «At 2 =10,, then tense] cosh = 1 cosh = 1 Young's Double Slit Experiment (YDSE) 2nm o=Qn+ir Amax= (Art An) Ain = (Ay Az) s Pp Tam = (Yin + ia) fain = (VE ~ Va) tl Tyr =4l (If same source of 10) Tein =0 (If same source of 10) ‘Shape of Fringes s <] ax oY AQ 3A. = MA gy 054, 1.54, 250. D e Fringe Width p’ 7 | ‘Screen ; 22 ei disdistancobetweonsliteS, and, | he [oem eieren ee 3 Po EES soot 2a_| “a _| 3a | aa 2D angul Max [entaifix [ax [amt | ont J Angular ‘Mina [Maxima] Minima |Maxima | Minima | Maxima @ Fringe width ead ce ag JEE | NEET | Class 9,10aeaeaas ree eararie Ocoee wSaral ae 1 145) ar —* Cons i aut = (n+3) due — const _ 2p = Bay Dest b) Interforencoin Transmission Ar Xone =2Ht aut = ( +3) dest in thisease GM shifts but. {fringe width romains sam Optical path = yt Seren Sereen fraction Through Single Sli Resolution of Optical Instruments — e a aoa veh Sing ci Phaseeifferencea0 a= 0-00 ( 20=nA Minima (Resowved:seenas x= (H=1)E D Separated) aD . Maxima p= 22 nochange p= solos aa nec oats Just Resolved ~D eae teat Polarisationby Reflection Invensty ResolvingPowerof Telescope ResolvingPowerof Microssope ¥ L/a © = 2% RP of Telescope D_ RP of Microscope z nae Bo TR aaevease i _— Na. nin as L D=Diameterof Objective Lens. € Sane JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 oyMaxwell's Equation < wSaral JX rected care (aos - Q ‘charge isa source of EM Waves. 1 fE.TK= 2 Gauss tawtor 0 electricity Displacement Current 2) §B.GK=0 — Gauss'stawior om - Pinto waves bot cere nd magnet es ry th ime aed space » fe / tmenisowe. | B= Be |[Ex B=9 4) FETE = wah Hose and are perpendioilr Wea othe and are also perpendicular to direction of propagation of wave. Electromagnetic waves can be polarized. » Energy is equally divided inelectricand magnetic eld. c= ety Permeability o fee space (vn Wrst [Chwranueeyortveipoee Oocremn” | ETRCTROMAGNETIC LEE oa 1 WPermestliy ot medi —tnerayDenty =e, = RE _t-Fermiuiviy of medio a ee ts Total ery Dest = Eat = Toa Wives [0 Tail nd ivan commancnton Microwave [0A mtolmm Microwave Oven, Radar System Visible spectrum Infrared | immo 70am | Rene Switches and Household dectroni Seve Lew Frequency Voible Rays | 700.am(o400am __ | Tosee abjects S ae aan 10% Litreviolet [400 nm to tam | Eye surgery, Water pariter tenenedto lias ee ran Tam to 102mm | Mele! laos To" ae a0) 10 too HN Gamma rays <107 nm ‘Medical treatment(to destroy cancer cells) |Long Wavelength GETITON JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Google PlayRutherford’ Gold Foil Experiment 1eV. 1 Most of the particles (nerly 99.9%) ‘went straight without suffering any ‘Setlection. 2.A few of them got deflected ‘Value of charge on electron = 1.602 * 10°C 24.9 etd state —sney 27S Bese aay —27Bitesced se can ey BZ Lesomnd state For n* Shell 2nr=mh ewes wSaral Bohr's Postulate * ke) emo | UL 1 of Bohr orbit ath? Bohr Radius'a0’ = 0,529 A ‘Ttal no of emis my(@:>mpare nes between m,& (=m +0) (oe — 2 radteem wSaral Momentum efphoon P=" = n eae = ast oe t article of ght is called as cs constant W= 6.626% 10°%]6 BORE uta ey IB gay Maem oon ai Gn nm eV = 1.6 10" For electron ‘energy. a Cnnm) LeV = 1.6 x 10-195 a= fa Tarte wreath Tbe meueney v Maximum wavelength for — inimnum frequency for which bleh € jst comes eat ietron jst comes out called Called therold wavelength (eS racy (ve Graph between Vigan Photon rab (irshol eanenc (ah Yop <9 ev avd e Ne gemaiecs | Pts eet tke pa veh] toy Ras Shy=6 2)” le OsKEshv~ =he(* KEmg=h (0~¥0) » $j nauins Fem H(i-3) slope = independent of £m = Hy ~ pain © 4,8 Value between Oto KE. Ephien Work Function—+Minimum cnergy required (o exit an electron from surface af tenance f called Saturation Current, <— 5 ‘work function (Fo the substance. The maximum value of| photoelectric current is called {aturation current, vi Stopping Poca Vg 4 ‘The value of Vc—Vq at which photo current just stops is called Stopping Potential (Vy). KE wae J Hf) 7 Sememotal given es ty Porvevy My ex in yonen, ‘ters) 1 8 Intensity of ght Van, Vaps vi We omen ag JEE | NEET | Class 9,10Radius of a Nucleus wSaral R=RoAYS Q-value Density of Nucleus (p) = A+ B— + C+ D+ Energy Mass sof 1Nucleon x A ™ me Me mo olume = Reactants ——+ Products + Q-Value 3 If RE products > BE reactants then energy willbe relensed value =[8€ products BE reactants] Qealue= [(m, +m) (met mE K+ KE) ~ (KE, + KE) Nuclear Force Theory ‘Nuclear foree i a force which holds the ‘Nucleons together. Qalue US savin ie Nuclear Physics Zz For atomic number < 20, most stable Nuclei haven: pratio nearly 1:2. ‘Representation of atom ,X* ‘A= Mass number z= Atomic umber ‘Atomic mass unit(amu) Forn/p ratio > 1.52, Nucleus is unstable. 1 3g (Mass of Carbon ~ 12 atom) 931.5 MeV Foratomic number> 83, there are no stable nucle. Mass Defect men The difference (Am}betweenmassof_ "p+, —>"” "XK + Energy mass defect = am constituent nucleons and the nucleus is "(BE of nucleus) called mass defect of nucleus. mm ae BE = (am)? Binding Energy of Nucleus Binding energy of nucleus is energy released ‘when constituent nucleon are bought from infinity to form nucleus. 2p +n —-SHe+ Energy ‘Binding energy of nucleus= Amc? BE. BE pernucleon = ——P ES _ | ape =n) adnan he Nuclear binding energy is maximum {for mass number 50-60. ‘Mass and Energy ‘Mass m of a particle is equivalentto energy given by E= me. {tis also kown as rest mass energy. (my + ma) —ms GETITON cereRatherfrd's Gold Fell Experiment 1. Most ofthe 2.A few of them pot deleted. Thedistaee ofeloset spproach for e-paril is Bohr Model ee nee a Smoot tape me ee Seca wSaral ‘Atomic Structure Kb ran 0.52974 Bohr Radius'a0! = 0.529 A Pe Energy OfEketrons E=— KE == 2 2 Berke B= W13.6%25eV revere 105 ‘Rydberg Constant’ =1.1x10" m > alot ofetetron = 28k ydrogen Line Spectrum | a PEF) ey Beaten 7 v=22x10° 2 ms : —_ i, T stipe pe teedeenace te we lyeat ber Pash Bs Pit : [ses Til ree Tota oe. feta Une betwen For n® Shell Y 1m, (@> m,) are Iar=nh = ue ‘ey te_n wena z eaeLaw of Radioactivity * wSaral aos Spontaneous Decay a aoe ate Mea, stom i Ay " Ny Natt OH) Ny = Nye“ < at Ay dN, Le No(1- es") [Number of nuclel decayed =Ng—N thy anaine’D Spontaneous decay of unstable nuclei is called radioactivity. Maltufe a) Mean or Average Life (T,) mz Sum of ges ofall nue Radioactivity ed = ae Romber fed on x as ‘capture _— bey fern = 2K fx +y—rays Qa =m e-deay 8 Decay prdecay mm am ee = om aX Hv tte ty-rays XK a+ Ge +9 = A Q value =(m,—m,) 2 2X hy+ fe tv 0- ‘a'Isanumber |i Main Seale Division ERROR IN MEASUREMENT | —~ Scientific Notati sega tana ta ‘VernierSeale — (MSD)= 1mm Absolute error in @ measurement 11 Vernier Scale Division (VSD)= 0.9 mm Size of the measurement * 10° Length: ‘Least Count of Vernier Calipers= 1 MSD ~ 1 VSD = 0.1mm ‘Zoro Krror is subtracted from the readingto gotthe corrected value. Screw Gauge PITCH:Distancebetwoon two consecutive threads of the screw. « id ‘Main Scale Reading + Circular Seale Count Corrected Value= Reading Zero Error JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Percentage Error 'S Reading + Loast Countof Vernior x V8 division Coineiding with MS Rules for Determining the Number of Significant Digits For numbers with no indicated decimal ‘LAllnonzero digits (1-9)are tobe countedas significant. 2.The terminal ortrallingzero(s) arenotsignificant. Fornumbers with indicated decimal 1 Allnonzero digits (1-9) are tobe countedas significant. 2.2erasthathaveany nonzerodigitsanywhere to theletof themare consideredsignificantzeros. 4.allother zerosnotoveredinrule(2)aboveare NOT ‘considered significantzeros. ere]wSaral ERROR IN MEASUREMENT- Signi ant Digits Arithmetic Operations (Rules for Rounding off) Sciontifie Notation Multiplication or Division Addition or Subtraction ax10> ‘a’ isa number between 1 and 10 original significant digits. The final result should retain as many] The final result should retain as many significant digits as are there in the numbers with the decimal places as are there in the least | original numbers with the least decimal places. Rules for Determining the Number of Significant Digits For numbers with indicated decimal For numbers with no indicated decimal 1. All nonzero digits (1-9) are to be counted as significant 1 All nonzero digits (1-9) are to be counted as significant. 2, Zeros that have any nonzero digits anywhere to the left of them are considered significant zeros. 2. The terminal or trailing zero(s) are not significant. 3. All other zeros not covered in rule (2) above are NOT considered significant zeros,Saral ERROR IN MEASUREMENT- Vernier Caliper & Screw Gauge Vernier Caliper Main scale ‘Vernier Scale 1 Main Scale Division (MSD) = 1mm 1 Vornior Scalo Division (VSD) = 0.9 mm Length = MS Reading + Least. Count of Vernier x VS division Coinciding with MS Least Count of Vernier Calipors = 1 MSD — 1 VSD 1 mm Zoro Error is subtracted from the reading to get the corrected value. Positive Zero Error: If nothing is placed and zero of VS is to the RIGHT of zero of MS, then the zero error is positive. Negative Zero Error: Ifnothing is placed and zero of circular scale is ABOVE the line of MS, then the zero error is negative. JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Screw Gauge Ye PITCH: Distance between two consecutive threads of the screw. Pitch Least Count = No. of division on circular Scale Reading = Main Scale Reading + Circular Scale Count Corrected Value = Reading — Zero Error Positive Zero Error: If nothing is placed and zero of circular scale is BELOW the line of MS, then the zero error is positive. Corrected Value = Reading — Zero Error Negative Zero Error: If nothing is placed and zero of circular scale is ABOVE the line of MS, then the zero error is negative. Corrected Value = Reading — Zero Error a7 (ella