PHYS2002-1

(Zhang) PHYS2002 Final Formula Sheet

PHYS2002-2
(Blackmon) Gravitational constant g = 9.8 m/s2
mass of proton mp = 1.67x10-27 kg
mass of electron me = 9.11x10-31 kg
charge on proton qp = +1.602x10-19 C
charge on electron qe = -1.602x10-19 C
permeability of free space μ0 = 4πx10-7 T⋅m/A
permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85x10-12 C2/(N⋅m2)
1
Coulomb’s Law constant k = 8.99x109 N⋅m2/C2 =
4 πε0
Speed of light c = 3.00x108 m/s h
-15
Plank’s constant h = 4.14x10 eV⋅s = 6.63x10 J⋅s -34 h =
2π
Atomic mass unit u = 931.5 MeV/c2 = 1.66x10-27 kg
Hydrogen (1H) Atomic mass mH = 1.007825 u
neutron mass mn = 1.008665 u
Joule = J = N⋅m 1eV = 1.6 ×10−19 J
Watt = W = J/s Weber = Wb = T⋅m2
Amp = A = C/s Henry = H = V⋅s/A
Volt = V = J/C Diopter = D = m-1
Ohm = Ω = V/A Bequerel = Bq = decay/s
Tesla = T = N⋅s/(C⋅m) Curie = Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq
r r r r
∑ F = ma p = mv W = Fdcosθ
1
x − x 0 = v 0x t + ax t 2 Etotal = KE+ EPE+ GPE+L
2
1 2 p2 GPE= mgy
v x − v 0x = ax t KE = mv =
2 2m
mv 2 2πr
v x − v 0x = 2ax (x − x 0 ) Fc = = mac T=
2 2
r v
 Potential & E-field ΔV = E ⋅ Δd
Point charges
RC Circuits τ = RC
q1 ⋅ q2 q1
F=k E=k 2
r2 r RC discharging q = q0e−t / τ
qq q
EPE = k 1 2 V =k 1 RC charging q = q0 (1− e−t / τ )
r r

L
Resistance R=ρ Ohm’s Law V = IR
A
1 1 1
Rseries = R1 + R2 + K = + +K
R|| R1 R2
Iseries = I1 = I2 = K I|| = I1 + I2 + K

Vseries = V1 + V2 + K V|| = V1 = V2 = K
V2
Power P = IV = I R = 2

Capacitance
κε0 A 1
Energy = CV 2
q = CV C=
d 2
σ q
E0 = = E0
ε0 Aε0 E=
κ
1 1 1
= + +K C|| = C1 + C2 + K
Cseries C1 C2
 Electric potential energy ΔEPE = −W = +qΔV

Forces on charged particle

Force on a straight wire F = qE F = qvBsin θ

F = ILBsinθ
Radius of motion of mv
Torque on a coil of wire charged particle in r=
qB
τ = NIABsin φ uniform field

Velocity Filter E = vB

B fields made by currents

Magnetic Flux ΦM = BA cos φ
μ0 I
Long, straight wire B=
2πr Motional EMF ε = vBL
Nμ0 I
At center of coil of wire B= ΔΦ M
2R Faraday’s Law ε = −N
Δt
Solenoid B = μ0 In
AC Generator ε = NABω sin ωt

Inductance
N Φ NΦ Transformers
M= S S L=
IP I Vs N s
=
ΔIP ΔI VP N P
εS = −M ε = −L
Δt Δt
VP
Energy stored
1
= LI 2 IS = IP
2 VS
 Electromagnetic waves

E(t) = E 0 sinωt E rms =

E0
E = cB c= f ⋅λ
2
1
B(t) = B0 sinωt c=
ω = 2πf
B
Brms = 0
2 ε0μ0

ε0
1 2 1 2
Energy density u= E2 +
B = ε E 2
= B
2μ0 μ0
0
2
ε 2 1 2 1 2
u = 0 E rms + Brms = ε0 E rms
2
= Brms
2 2μ0 μ0
P E
Intensity S= = = cu S = cu
A t⋅ A
cε c 2 c
S = cu = 0 E 2 + B = cε0 E 2 = B 2
2 2μ0 μ0

⎛ v rel ⎞
f o = f s⎜1± ⎟ Doppler shift
⎝ c ⎠
+ if vrel is towards
λs v
= 1± rel - if vrel is away
λo c

Malus’ Law: S = S0 cos θ 2

 Mirrors and Lenses
Law of reflection: θr = θi
1 1 1
Mirror/lens equation: + =
do d i f

hi d
Magnification: m = =− i
ho do

0.5 *R for spherical mirror

focal length f - for convex mirror, diverging lens
+ for concave mirror, converging lens

c λvac
Index of refraction: n= =
v λ
Snell’s Law: n1 sinθ1 = n 2 sin θ 2
n2
Total Internal reflection (critical angle): sinθ c =
n1
⎛ n2 ⎞ n1 contains incident ray
Apparent depth: d ′ = d⎜ ⎟ n2 contains refracted ray
⎝ n1 ⎠
n2
Brewster’s Angle: tan θ B =
n1 contains incident ray
n1 n2 contains refracted ray
 Thin film interference
2t + shift ? = mλ Constructive interference
1
2t + shift ? = m λ + λ Destructive interference
2

Diffraction
Double slit m = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
d sin θ = mλ bright fringes (constructive)
⎛ 1⎞
d sin θ = ⎜ m + ⎟ λ dark fringes (destructive)
⎝ 2⎠

Single slit m = 1, 2, 3, …
mλ
sin θ = dark fringe of order m
W

Circular aperture - Resolving power - Rayleigh Criterion

λ
sin θ ≈ θ > 1.22
D
Diffraction grating Principal maxima (bright fringes)
λ
sin θ = m
d
s
Small angle approximation θ ≈ sin θ ≈ tan θ =
H
 hc
Photon Energy E = hf =
λ
h E
Photon Momentum p= =
λ c

Photoelectric effect hf = KE max + W 0

h p = mv
DeBroglie Wavelength λ= if non-relativistic
p
h
Compton scattering λ − λ0 = (1− cos θ )
mec
E = mc 2
h
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Δpy ⋅ Δy ≥
h 4π
h= h
2π ΔE ⋅ Δt ≥
4π

Bohr model of the hydrogen-like atom

Z2
E i − E f = hf E n = −(13.6eV ) 2
n
n2
rn = (5.29 ×10 m )−11 Rydberg Constant
Z R = 1.097 ×10 7 m−1
⎛1 1⎞ 1 ⎛1 1⎞
E i − E f = hf = (13.6eV )Z ⎜⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟⎟ = RZ ⎜⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟⎟
2 2

⎝ n f ni ⎠ λ ⎝ n f ni ⎠
 Quantum mechanical description of atom
Subshell ordering 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f
2(2l + 1) electrons in each subshell

l =0→ s L = l (l + 1)h
l =1→ p
l =2→ d Lz = m l h
l = 3→ f

A=Z+N r ≈ (1.2 ×10−15 m)A1/ 3

mass defect m A + Δm = Zm H + Nm n
binding energy (BE ) = (Δm )c 2

Radioactivity

⎛ 1 ⎞n n=
t 0.693
N = N 0e − λt
= N 0⎜ ⎟ λ=
⎝ 2⎠ T1/ 2 T1/ 2

α decay
A
Z P→ZA −− 24 D+ 24He
Activity
ΔN β- decay
A
P→Z +1A D + e− + ν
= − λN Z

Δt
β+ decay A
Z P→Z −1A D + e + + ν
γ decay
A
Z P * → ZA P + γ