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SRM VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)
S.R.M. Nagar, Kattankulathur - 603 203.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICAITON ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK

Academic Year: 2020 – 2021 (Odd Semester)

EC8751 – OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

IV YEAR, VII SEM

Prepared by

1. Mr.S.Mari Rajan, A.P (Sr.G), ECE

2. Mr.M.Selvaraj, A.P, ECE
3. Mr.R.Nagaraj, A.P, ECE

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Syllabus
EC8751 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION L T P C 3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
 To study about the various optical fiber modes, configuration and transmission
characteristics of optical fibers.
 To learn about the various optical sources, detectors and transmission techniques.
 To explore various idea about optical fiber measurements and various coupling techniques.
 To enrich the knowledge about optical communication systems and networks.

UNITI INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBERS 9

Introduction-general optical fiber communication system- basic optical laws and
definitionsoptical modes and configurations-mode analysis for optical propagation through fiber
modes in planar wave guide-modes in cylindrical optical fiber-transverse electric and transverse
magnetic modes- fiber materials-fiber fabrication techniques-fiber optic cables-classification of
optical fiber-single mode fiber-graded index fiber.

UNITII TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTIC OF OPTICAL FIBER 9

Attenuation-absorption-scattering losses-bending losses-core and cladding losses-signal
dispersion –inter symbol interference and bandwidth-intra model dispersion-material dispersion-
waveguide dispersion-polarization mode dispersion-intermodal dispersion, dispersion optimization
of single mode fiber-characteristics of single mode fiber-R-I Profile- cutoff wave length-dispersion
calculation-mode field diameter.

UNITIII OPTICAL SOURCES AND DETECTORS 9

Sources: Intrinsic and extrinsic material-direct and indirect band gaps-LED-LED
structuressurface emitting LED-Edge emitting LED-quantum efficiency and LED power-light
source materials-modulation of LED-LASER diodes-modes and threshold conditions-Rate
equations-external quantum efficiency-resonant frequencies-structures and radiation patterns-single
mode laser-external modulation-temperature effort.
Detectors: PIN photo detector-Avalanche photo diodes-Photo detector noise-noise sources-
SNR-detector response time-Avalanche multiplication noise-temperature effects-comparisons of
photo detectors.

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UNITIV OPTICAL RECEIVER, MEASUREMENTS AND COUPLING 9

Fundamental receiver operation-preamplifiers-digital signal transmission-error sources-
Front end amplifiers-digital receiver performance-probability of error-receiver sensitivity-quantum
limit. Optical power measurement-attenuation measurement-dispersion measurement- Fiber
Numerical Aperture Measurements- Fiber cut- off Wave length Measurements- Fiber diameter
measurements-Source to Fiber Power Launching-Lensing Schemes for Coupling Management-
Fiber to Fiber Joints-LED Coupling to Single Mode Fibers-Fiber Splicing-Optical Fiber connectors.
UNITV OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS 9
System design consideration Point – to –Point link design –Link power budget –rise time
budget, WDM –Passive DWDM Components-Elements of optical networks-SONET/SDHOptical
Interfaces-SONET/SDH Rings and Networks-High speed light wave Links-OADM configuration-
Optical ETHERNET-Soliton.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
 Realize basic elements in optical fibers, different modes and configurations.
 Analyze the transmission characteristics associated with dispersion and polarization
techniques.
 Design optical sources and detectors with their use in optical communication system.
 Construct fiber optic receiver systems, measurements and coupling techniques.
 Design optical communication systems and its networks.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. P Chakrabarti, “Optical Fiber Communication”, McGraw Hill Education (India)Private
Limited, 2016 (UNIT I, II, III)
2. Gred Keiser, “Optical Fiber Communication”, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private
Limited. Fifth Edition, Reprint 2013. (UNIT I, IV, V)
REFERENCES:
1. John M.Senior, Optical fiber communication, Pearson Education, second edition.2007.
2. Rajiv Ramaswami, Optical Networks, Second Edition, Elsevier, 2004.
3. J.Gower, Optical Communication System, Prentice Hall of India, 2001.
4. Govind P. Agrawal, Fiber- Optic communication systems, third edition, John Wiley & sons,
2004.

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UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBERS

Introduction-general optical fiber communication system- basic optical laws and definitions optical modes and
configurations-mode analysis for optical propagation through fiber modes in planar wave guide-modes in
cylindrical optical fiber-transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes- fiber materials-fiber fabrication
techniques-fiber optic cables-classification of optical fiber-single mode fiber-graded index fiber.
PART-A
BT
Q. No Questions Domain
Level
1. State the reasons to opt for optical fiber communication. BTL 1 Remembering
2. Summarize the conditions for light to be propagation inside a fiber. BTL 2 Understanding
3. Express Snell’s Law. BTL 2 Understanding
4. Detect why partial reflection does not suffice the propagation of light? BTL 4 Analyzing
5. Define modes. BTL 1 Remembering
6. Show the configuration of an optical fiber. BTL 1 Remembering
7. Write the transverse electromagnetic modes in a planar waveguide. BTL 1 Remembering
8. Infer Leaky Modes. BTL 2 Understanding
Draw the transverse field distributions of the lowest order transverse
9. BTL 1 Remembering
electric ( ) and lowest order transverse magnetic( ).
10. List the raw materials used for glass fiber. BTL 1 Remembering
Examine the PCS fiber. Point out the advantages of this fiber over
11. BTL 6 Creating
plastic fiber.
12. Compose preform and invent the typical dimensions of a preform. BTL 6 Creating
Mention the reason of sintering is not needed in plasma chemical
13. BTL 2 Understanding
vapor deposition.
14. Evaluate the two basic fiber optic cable structures. BTL 5 Evaluating
Examine the cross sectional view of secondary coated fiber stranded
15. BTL 4 Analyzing
around a central strength member.
16. Classify the fibers based on index of refraction and modes. BTL 3 Applying
A single mode fiber operating at 1330 has a modal birefringence
17. BTL 4 Analyzing
of 1.5 × 10 . Measure the fiber beat length.

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A manufacturing Engineer wants to make an optical fiber that has a

18. core index of 1.480 and cladding index of 1.478. Identify the core size BTL 3 Applying
for single mode operation at 1550nm.
19. Discover the characteristics of graded index fiber. BTL 3 Applying
20. Determine the Numerical aperture of graded-index fibers. BTL 5 Evaluating
PART-B
Label a neat block diagram and explain the fundamental blocks of
1. BTL 1 Remembering
optical fiber communication.(13)
Show the ray theory transmission behind the optical fiber
communication with a special mention about the reflection, refraction,
2.
total internal reflection, Snell’s law, critical angle, phase-shift in total
BTL 3 Applying
internal reflection and Goos-Hänchen shift. (13)
(i) Examine the fiber configurations of Step-Index (SI) and Graded
3. Index (GI) Fibers with appropriate diagrams.(9) BTL 4 Analyzing
(ii) Explore the bound or guided modes in cylindrical optical fibers. (4)
(i) Give the main idea of a single mode and multimode fibers with neat
4. diagrams.(10) BTL 2 Understanding
(ii) Outline the cladding modes in cylindrical optical fibers. (3)
Describe the following
5. (i) Meridional and skew rays. (4)
BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Numerical aperture (NA) and acceptance angle for meridional rays
with relevant expressions. (9)
(i) Propose the acceptance angle for skew rays and Numerical aperture
of graded-index fibers. (7)
(ii) A step-index silica fiber with a core radius much longer than the
operating wavelength of light has a core refractive index of 1.50 and a
6. cladding refractive index of 1.48. Estimate the values of BTL 6 Creating
a) Numerical aperture of the fiber.
b) Maximum acceptance angle in air.
c) Maximum acceptance angle in water having a refractive
index of 1.33.(6)

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(i) Illustrate about the modes in a planar waveguide with well-ordered

diagrams.(10)
7. Understanding
(ii) Summarize the concepts of leaky modes in cylindrical optical BTL 2
fibers. (3)
Analyze the wave equations for a step-index fiber and the normalized
8. BTL 4 Analyzing
frequency or V-number for modes in cylindrical optical fibers. (13)
Examine the following fiber materials in detail
9. (i) Glass fibers.(6) BTL 3 Applying
(ii) Fluoride fibers.(7)
Explain the following fiber materials.
(i) Active glass fibers. (6)
10. BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Chalcogenide glass fibers. (4)
(iii) Plastic Clad Silica (PCS) fiber. (3)

(i) Interpret the fiber material of Plastic Optical Fiber (POF). (8)
11.
(ii)Discuss the Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (PCVD)of fiber BTL 2 Understanding
fabrication techniques. (5)

Inspect the following fiber fabrication techniques with proper

diagrams.
12. BTL 4 Analyzing
(i) Outside Vapor Deposition (OVD). (8)
(ii) Vapor Phase Axial Deposition (VAD). (5)

13. List the optical fiber cables in brief with relevant figures. (13) BTL 1 Remembering

Conclude the importance of single mode fibers and birefringence in a

14. BTL 5 Evaluating
single-mode fiber. (13)

PART-C
Evaluate the mode analysis for optical propagation through fibers with
1. BTL 5 Evaluating
significant illustration and expressions. (15)
Elaborate the following of modes in cylindrical optical fibers
2. BTL 6 Creating
(i) Relationship between number of modes and V-number. (5)

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(ii) Linearly Polarized Modes. (10)

Demonstrate the Transverse Electric( )and Transverse Magnetic

3. BTL 5 Evaluating
( )modes in cylindrical optical fibers with necessary diagram. (15)
Discuss the following fiber fabrication techniques in detail with suitable
figures.
4. (i) Fiber pulling from a preform. (7) BTL 6 Creating
(ii) Fabrication of fiber preforms. (3)
(iii) Modified Chemical Vapour Deposition (MCVD). (5)

UNIT II - TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTIC OF OPTICAL FIBER

Attenuation-absorption-scattering losses-bending losses-core and cladding losses-signal dispersion –inter
symbol interference and bandwidth-intra model dispersion-material dispersion- waveguide dispersion-
polarization mode dispersion-intermodal dispersion, dispersion optimization of single mode fiber-characteristics
of single mode fiber-R-I Profile- cutoff wave length-dispersion calculation-mode field diameter.
PART-A
BT
Q. No Questions Domain
Level
1. Infer about attenuation. BTL 2 Understanding
A fiber has an attenuation of 0.5 / at 1500 . If 1500 . If
2. 0.5 of optical power is initially launched into the fiber, estimate the BTL 6 Creating
power level after 25 ?
3. Inspect the three different mechanisms which cause absorption. BTL 4 Analyzing
4. How does the scattering loss occur? BTL 1 Remembering
Light is launched from an injection laser diode operating at 1.55μ to
an8 / (125μ ) single mode fiber. The bandwidth of the laser source is
Evaluating
5. 500 . The single mode fiber offers an average loss of 0.3 . BTL 5

Compute the values of threshold optical power for the cases of stimulated
Brillouin scattering.

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6. Give note about bending losses. Mention the types of bending losses. BTL 1 Remembering
7. Draw and label the significance of microscopic bending. BTL 1 Remembering
8. State the causes of dispersion. BTL 1 Remembering
9. Rephrase the bandwidth of RZ and NRZ in a fiber. BTL 2 Understanding
10. Explain chromatic dispersion. BTL 2 Understanding
11. Outline the Zero-material dispersion BTL 2 Understanding
12. Interpret waveguide dispersion. BTL 3 Applying
13. Define polarization mode dispersion and write the expression for it. BTL 3 Applying
Explore the expression for the delay difference responsible for intermodal
14. BTL 3 Applying
dispersion.
Analyze the parameters used in the design optimization of single mode
15. BTL 4 Analyzing
fiber.
16. Justify the attributes of single mode fibers. BTL 4 Analyzing
17. Brief about depressed cladding fibers. BTL 1 Remembering
18. Recall the effective cut off wavelength in a fiber. BTL 1 Remembering
19. Explain dispersion shifted fiber. BTL 5 Evaluating
20. Compose mode field diameter. BTL 6 Creating
PART-B
Define the following:
1. (i) Absorption by atomic defects in the glass composition. (4) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Intrinsic Absorption. (9)
(i) Identify the two major extrinsic absorption mechanisms and develop
it. (10)
2.
(ii) Select the values of peak wavelength and loss present in glass fiber BTL 3 Applying
for the metal impurities , . (3)
List in detail about the linear scattering losses that occur in an optical BTL 1 Remembering
3.
fiber with relevant diagrams and expressions. (13)
Inspect the non-linear scattering losses in a fiber and examine the
4. BTL 4 Analyzing
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering and Stimulated Raman Scattering. (13)
(i) Explain the bending losses of an optical fiber with appropriate
5. BTL 4 Analyzing
diagrams. (8)

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(ii) With suitable expressions point out the Core-Cladding Loss. (5)
Conclude the Inter symbol Interference and Bandwidth in an optical
6. BTL 5 Evaluating
fiber. (13)
(i) Discuss about Intramodal Dispersion. (4)
(ii) A 20 long optical fiber exhibits an pulse broadening of
20 due to material dispersion alone, when the power is launched from
an LED operating at 850 with a spectral width of 30 . Estimate
the material dispersion parameter of the fiber. (4)
7. BTL 6 Creating
(iii) A silica fiber operating at 650 has a core refractive index of
1.46. The photo elastic coefficient and isothermal compressibility of the
silica glass are 0.3 and 7 × 10 / respectively. Estimate the loss
due to Rayleigh scattering in the fiber assuming the fictive temperature
of glass to be 1400 . (5)
Illustrate the material and waveguide dispersion mechanisms with
8. BTL 2 Understanding
necessary mathematical expressions. (13)
9. Summarize the Waveguide Dispersion in a Single Mode Fiber. (13) BTL 2 Understanding
Infer the single mode fibers suffer from other two forms of dispersion
10. BTL 2 Understanding
and explain it. (13)
Show the Intermodal Dispersion and Pulse broadening in a Multimode
11. BTL 1 Remembering
Step-Index Fiber. (13)
Explore the following
12. (i) RMS Pulse Broadening. (10)
BTL 3 Applying
(ii) Intermodal Dispersion in a Multimode Graded-Index Fiber. (3)
Analyze the Optimum Refractive-Index Profile of a Graded-Index Fiber.
13. BTL 4 Analyzing
(13)
Examine the following characteristics of single mode fibers
(i) Refractive-Index profiles. (5)
14. BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Cutoff Wavelength. (3)
(iii) Dispersion calculation. (5)

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PART-C
1. (i) Compose attenuation and formulate the attenuation units in an optical
fiber. (3)
(ii) When the mean optical power launched into an 8 length of fiber
is 120 μ , the mean optical power at the fiber output is 3 μ .
Estimate:
a) The overall signal attenuation or loss in decibels through the fiber
assuming there are no connectors or splices.
b) The signal attenuation per kilometre for the fiber.
c) The overall signal attenuation for a 10 optical link using the
BTL 5 Evaluating
same fiber with splices at 1 intervals, each giving an
attenuation of 1 .
d) The numerical input and output power ratio in (c). (8)
(iii) 150 μ Optical power is launched at the input of a 10 long
optical fiber link operating at 850 . The output power available is
5μ . Estimate the total attenuation in over the link length neglecting
all connector and splice losses. Evaluate the average attenuation per ?
(4)
2. (i) A GI fiber with a parabolic index profile has a core refractive

index of 1.458 at the centre of the core and a relative index deviation of
∆= 0.01. Estimate the number of modes supported by the fiber at
850 . The fiber is now uniformly bent with a radius of curvature of
2 . Estimate the expected number of modes to be radiated out due to
BTL 6 Creating
bending of the fiber. (10)
.
(ii) A step-index fiber has a core and cladding refractive index
values of 1.50 and 1.48 respectively at a wavelength of operation of
1330 .Design the value of the critical radius of curvature from the
view point of macro-bending loss. (5)
3. Explain the various design techniques for tailoring the dispersion
BTL 5 Evaluating
optimization of single mode fibers.

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(i) Dispersion-Shifted and Dispersion-Flattened Fibers (6)

(ii) Dispersion-flattened Fiber (DFF) (5)
(iii) Polarization Maintaining Fibers. (4)
4. (i) A multimode step-index fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.22 and a
core refractive index of 1.458. The fiber exhibits an overall intramodal
dispersion of 200 . Compute overall value of the rms pulse
broadening per kilometre of the fiber when the LED source operating at
BTL 6 Creating
850 has an rms spectral width of 40 . Estimate the bandwidth of a
= 10 link based on this fiber. (5)
(ii) Develop the Mode-Field Diameter with necessary diagrams and
expressions. (10)

UNIT III - OPTICAL SOURCES AND DETECTORS

Sources: Intrinsic and extrinsic material-direct and indirect band gaps-LED-LED structures surface emitting LED-
Edge emitting LED-quantum efficiency and LED power-light source materials-modulation of LED-LASER diodes-
modes and threshold conditions-Rate equations-external quantum efficiency-resonant frequencies-structures and
radiation patterns-single mode laser-external modulation-temperature effort. Detectors: PIN photo detector-
Avalanche photo diodes-Photo detector noise-noise sources-SNR-detector response time-Avalanche multiplication
noise-temperature effects -comparisons of photo detectors.
PART-A
BT Domain
Q.No Questions
Level
1 Show that the indirect band gap material is preferred for optical sources? BTL 3 Applying
Evaluate the peak emission wavelength of an LED that uses Al 0.11GA0.89 AS
2 BTL 5 Evaluating
as active region.
3 Define internal quantum efficiency of LED. BTL 1 Remembering
4 What is meant by hetero junction? Give it advantages? BTL 1 Remembering
The carrier recombination life time for an LED is 10ns.Estimate the optical
5 BTL 6 Creating
bandwidth of the LED.
6 Why silicon is not used to fabricate LED or Laser diodes? BTL 1 Remembering
7 Mention the various types of LED structures. BTL 1 Remembering

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8 State the mechanisms behind the lasing action. BTL 1 Remembering

9 Give the expression for laser diode rate equation. BTL 2 Understanding
Solve for reflectivity’s of the mirror, if A Fabry-Perot cavity resonator has
10 uncoated facets working as mirrors. The cavity refractive index is 3.7 and the BTL 6 Creating
surrounding medium is air.
11 Differentiate the optical sources LED and Laser. BTL 4 Analyzing
A FP injection laser diode operating at 850 nm and has cavity 20μm.
12 Determine the divergence angle of emitted beam in lateral and transverse BTL 5 Evaluating
direction of the cavity assuming the thickness of active region is 2μm.
13 Classify the Laser structures. BTL 4 Analyzing
14 List the advantages of pin photodiodes. BTL 1 Remembering
15 Point out the drawbacks of avalanche photodiode? BTL 2 Understanding
16 Illustrate the factors that determine the response time of the photodiode. BTL 2 Understanding
17 Identify the noise sources in photodiode. BTL 3 Applying
-19
Calculate the photo generated current. Photons of energy 1.53 x 10 J are
18 incident on a photodiode which has the responsivity of 0.65 A/W. if the BTL 3 Applying
optical power level is 10μW.
19 Describe the term responsivity and quantum efficiency of photodiode. BTL 2 Understanding
Compare any two parameters of Si, Ge, InGaAs pin and avalanche
20 BTL 4 Analyzing
photodiodes
PART-B
What are direct band gap and indirect band gap semiconductors with
(i)
1 necessary diagrams? (7) BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) Select the appropriate materials used for preparation of LED. (6)
2 With diagram, explain surface and edge emitters of LED structures (13) BTL 1 Remembering
Derive the expression for internal quantum efficiency and the internal
(i)
power generated in the LED. (7)
A double hetero junction InGaAsP LED emitting at a peak wavelength
3 BTL 2 Understanding
of 1310 nm has radiative and non-radiative recombination times of 30
(ii)
and 100 ns resp. The drive current of 40mA. Find bulk recombination
time, the internal quantum efficiency, internal power level. (6)

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Express about external quantum efficiency and the external power generated
4 BTL 2 Understanding
in the LED with necessary equation. (13)
5 (i) Propose the concept of modulation in an LED. (3)
The minority carrier recombination life time for an LED is 5ns.when a
constant d.c current is applied to the device the optical power is 300μW.
Calculate the optical output power when the device is modulated with
BTL 6 Creating
(ii) an rms drive current corresponding to the d.c drive current at
frequencies of (a) 20 MHz (b) 100MHz.
Further determine the 3dB optical bandwidth for the device and estimate
the 3dB electrical bandwidth assuming gaussian response (10)
Construct the Fabry-Perot resonator cavity laser diode with necessary
(i)
diagram also Derive the threshold condition for lasing. (8)
A Fabry-Perot laser diode with a 400μm long cavity uses GaAs as the
6 material in the active region with uncoated facets. The cavity offers an BTL 3 Applying
(ii) average loss of 1000 m-1 at the operating wavelength. Find the value of
the threshold gain assuming the refractive index of GaAs to be 3.6.
(5)
(i) Determine the expression for Laser diode rate equation (8)
A given GaAlAs laser diode has an optical cavity length of 300μm and
100μm width. At a normal operating temperature, the gain factor β=
7 BTL 2 Understanding
(ii) 21x10 -3Acm3 and loss coefficient α = 10 cm-1. Assume the reflectivity
is R1=R2=R=0.32 for each end face. What is the threshold current
density and threshold current for the device. (5)
Classify the various structures of laser diode and its radiation pattern with neat
8 BTL 4 Analyzing
diagram. (13)
Demonstrate double heterostructure laser diode with energy band
(i)
diagram and refractive index profile. (8)
A double heterostructure laser diode operating at 0.87μm has an active
9 BTL 3 Applying
layer thickness of 0.2μm. The refractive index of active region is 3.59
(ii)
and that the confining region is 3.25.Estimate the optical confining
factor (5)

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(i) Compute the expression for resonant frequency in laser diode. (8)
A GaAs laser operating at 850nm has a 500μm length and refractive
index n=3.7.find the following
10 BTL 3 Applying
(ii) a) Frequency spacing
b) Wavelength spacing
c) Number of modes (5)
Justify how lasing occurs in Lasers with the help of population inversion
(i)
and optical feedback. (6)
11 BTL 4 Analyzing
Compare the DFB, DBR and DR laser structures with built in frequency
(ii)
selective resonator gratings. (7)
Explain the working principle of p-i-n photodiode with a neat diagram.
(i)
(10)
12 BTL 1 Remembering
Find the responsivity of p-i-n photo diode if the quantum efficiency is
(ii)
around 90 percent and operating wavelength is 1300nm. (3)
(i) Describe the working principle of Avalanche photodiode (10)
A silicon avalanche photodiode has a quantum efficiency of 65 percent
13 BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) at a wavelength of 900 nm. Suppose 0.5μW of optical power produces a
multiplied photocurrent of 10μA.what is the multiplication M? (3)
Asses excess noise in APD and derive the expression for excess noise factor.
14 BTL 5 Evaluating
(13)
Part-C

1 Elaborate in detail about various LED structures with a neat diagram. (15) BTL 6 Creating

(i) Discriminate the electro optic phase modulator and electro absorption
modulator. (7)
o
2 The threshold current of AlGaAs laser diode at 20 c is 3100mA.The BTL 5 Evaluating
(ii) threshold temperature of the device is To=180K. Evaluate the
percentage change in threshold current when the temperature of the
o
device is increased to 60 c. (8)
(i) Assess the Signal -to -Noise ratio of p-i-n photo diode. (8)
3 An InGaAs pin photo diode has the following parameters at a BTL 5 Evaluating
(ii)
wavelength of 1300 nm.ID=4nA, η=0.90, RL=1000 Ω and the surface

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leakage current is negligible. The incident optical power is 300nW and

the receiver bandwidth is 20MHz. Find the various noise terms of the
receiver. (7)
Compose the different factors that determine the response time of photo
(i)
detector. (8)
In Si P-i-n photo detector, the width of i-region is 5μm and a device area
is 0.5 x 10-7 m2. The load resistance and input resistance of the amplifier
4 are 1kΩ and 3kΩ resp. The input capacitance of the amplifier is 5pF. BTL 6 Creating
(ii) The relative permittivity of Si is11.9 and the saturation velocity of the
carriers in Si is 10 5 m/s. calculate junction capacitance, bandwidth of
photo detector, total resistance and capacitance and bandwidth of photo
detector in absence of circuit elements. (7)

UNIT IV- OPTICAL RECEIVER, MEASUREMENTS AND COUPLING

Fundamental receiver operation-preamplifiers-digital signal transmission-error sources-Front end amplifiers-digital
receiver performance-probability of error-receiver sensitivity-quantum limit. Optical power measurement-
attenuation measurement-dispersion measurement- Fiber Numerical Aperture Measurements- Fiber cut- off Wave
length Measurements- Fiber diameter measurements-Source to Fiber Power Launching-Lensing Schemes for
Coupling Management-Fiber to Fiber Joints-LED Coupling to Single Mode Fibers-Fiber Splicing-Optical Fiber
connectors.

PART-A
BT Domain
Q.No Questions
Level
1 Relate surface dark current with bulk dark current. BTL 1 Remembering
2 List the error sources associated with fiber optic receiver section BTL 1 Remembering
3 Describe the term ‘Quantum limit’ BTL 2 Understanding
4 Interpret the term ‘bit error rate’ BTL 3 Applying
5 Point out advantages of the Transimpedance amplifier. BTL 4 Analyzing

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6 What is meant by receiver sensitivity? BTL 1 Remembering

7 Label the methods employed for measuring dispersion in optical fiber? BTL 1 Remembering
8 State the significance of maintaining the fiber outer diameter constant. BTL 2 Understanding
9 Demonstrate the cutback technique. BTL 3 Applying
10 Identify some dispersion measurement techniques for optical fiber. BTL 4 Analyzing
Discriminate Average power from the peak power, also suggest which power
11 BTL 5 Evaluating
measured in digital transmission and reception.
An OTDR is used to measure the attenuation of a long length of fiber. If the
12 optical power level measured by the OTDR at 8-km point is 0.5 of the BTL 6 Creating
measured value at the 3-km point, what is the fiber attenuation?
13 Define radiance and write down the expression for lambertian source. BTL 1 Remembering
14 Mention the principal requirements of a good connector? BTL 1 Remembering
Discuss some lensing scheme to improve optical source to fiber coupling
15 BTL 2 Understanding
efficiency
16 Classify some common end face defects happen in fiber. BTL 2 Understanding
An optical source with circular output pattern is closely coupled to step -index
fiber that has a numerical aperture of 0.22. if the source radius Rs = 50μm
17 BTL 3 Applying
and fiber core radius a=25μm,Solve for the maximum coupling efficiency
from the source into the fiber?
An engineer makes a joint between two identical step-index fibers. Each fiber
18 has a core diameter of 50μm. If the two fibers have an axial or lateral BTL 4 Analyzing
misalignment of 5μm, Inspect the insertion loss at the joint?
Two identical step index fibers each have a 25μm core radius and an
acceptance angle of 14 o.Assume the two fibers are perfectly axially and
19 BTL 5 Evaluating
angularly. Measure the insertion loss for a longitudinal seperation of
0.025mm?
Suppose two identical graded index fibers are misaligned with an axial offset
20 BTL 6 Creating
of d= 0.3a.what is the power coupling loss between these two fibers?
PART-B
Draw the block diagram of fundamental optical receciver.Explain each
1 (i) BTL 1 Remembering
block with the intermediate signals at each stage. (13)

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(i) With Neat diagrams, explain in detail about the front end amplifiers (7)
2 BTL 1 Remembering
(ii) List out the various error sources associated with the receiver system.(6)
What are the performance measures of a digital receiver? Derive an
3 BTL1 Remembering
expression for bit error rate of a digital receiver. (13)
Define the term ‘Quantum limit’ and derive the expression for receiver
4 (i) BTL1 Remembering
sensitivity of an digital receiver. (13)
(i) Apply cutback technique for finding the attenuation of optical fiber (8)
An engineer wants to find the attenuation at 1310 nm of a 4.95-km long
fiber. The only available instrument is a photo detector, which gives an
output reading in volts. Using this device in a cutback-attenuation setup,
5 BTL 3 Applying
(ii) the engineer measures an output of 2.21 V from the photodiode at the
far end of the fiber, After cutting the fiber 2m from the source, the
output voltage from the photo detector now reads 6.58 V. what is the
attenuation of the fiber in dB/km? (5)
Show that the insertion loss method is better to measure the attenuation
(i)
of cables. (8)
6 Evaluate the insertion loss of the device, when the power at the photo BTL 3 Applying
(ii) detector prior to inserting filter is P1= 0.51mW and power level with the
optical filter in the link P2=0.43mW. (5)
With suitable diagrams Analyze the cut off wavelength mesaurements of a BTL 4 Analyzing
7 fiber. (13)
With a typical experimental arrangement, brief the measurement process
(i)
of diameter of the fiber. (8)
The shadow method is used for the on-line measurement of the outer
diameter of an optical fiber. The apparatus employs a rotating mirror
8 BTL 6 Creating
with an angular velocity of 4 rad s-1 which is located 10 cm from the
(ii)
photo detector. At a particular instant in time a shadow pulse of width
300μs is registered by the photo detector. Estimate the outer diameter of
the optical fiber in μm at this instant in time. (5)
(i) Criticize the numerical aperture measurement of optical fiber. (10)
9 BTL 5 Evaluating
(ii) The trigonometrical measurement is performed in order to determine the

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numerical aperture of the step index fiber. The screen is positioned 10. 0
cm from the fiber end face. When illuminated from a wide-angled
visible source the measured output pattern size is 6.2 cm. Estimate the
approximate numerical aperture of the fiber. (3)
Compare the different types of lensing schemes used to improve the coupling
10 BTL 2 Understanding
efficiency and also derive the expression for it. (13)
Classify the fiber related losses occurs in joining two fibers. Also
(i) calculate the coupling loss if the refractive index profiles of receiving
and emitting fiber are 1.98 and 2.20 respectively. (10)
11 BTL 2 Understanding
Consider two step index fibers that are perfectly aligned. What is the
(ii) coupling loss if the numerical aperture of receiving fiber and emitting
fiber is 0.20 and 0.22 respectively. (3)
Distinguish various splicing technique with necessary diagrams and also give BTL 4 Analyzing
12
the expression for various losses when splicing single mode fibers. (13)
Explain connector types; also compare the six popular fiber optic connectors
13 BTL 2 Understanding
with their features and applications. (13)
(i) Demonstrate the process of fiber end face preparation. (7)
BTL 3 Applying
14 Compute the coupling efficiency of LED power to single mode fiber.
(ii)
(6)
PART-C
Estimate the expression for probability of error in digital data transmission BTL 6 Creating
1
and reception. (15)
BTL 5 Evaluating
2 Evaluate the methods of dispersion measurements in optical fiber. (15)

Compare the different mechanical misalignments in fiber coupling also derive BTL 5 Evaluating
3
the loss expression for those misalignments. (15)
Develop the expression for power coupling from LED to step index and BTL 6 Creating
4
graded index fibers. (15)

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UNIT V - OPTICAL NETWORKS AND SYSTEM TRANSMISSION

System design consideration Point – to –Point link design –Link power budget –rise time budget, WDM –Passive
DWDM Components-Elements of optical networks-SONET/SDH-Optical Interfaces-SONET/SDH Rings and
Networks-High speed light wave Links-OADM configuration-Optical ETHERNET-Soliton.
PART A
BT
Q.No Questions Competence
Level
1. State the concept of WDM. BTL 1 Remembering
2. Mention any two nonlinear effects present in optical fiber. BTL 1 Remembering
Identify the drawbacks of broadcast and select networks for wide area
3. BTL 1 Remembering
network applications.
4. Summarize the transmission bit rate of the basic SONET frame in Mbps. BTL 1 Remembering
5. Outline how inter channel cross talk that occurs in a WDM system? BTL 1 Remembering
6. Examine the components involved to form optical network BTL 1 Remembering
7. List the benefits OADM. BTL 2 Understanding
8. Give the significance of solitons. BTL 2 Understanding
9. Define rise time. BTL 2 Understanding
10. Draw the basic structure of STS-1 SONET frame. BTL 2 Understanding
11. Predict the function of optical ETHERNET. BTL 3 Applying
12. Illustrate the key parameters required for analyzing the optical link. BTL 3 Applying
13. Manipulate the difference between fundamental and higher order soliton. BTL 3 Applying
14. Express the various SONET/SDH layers. BTL 4 Analyzing
15. Analyze how the speckle pattern can form? BTL 4 Analyzing
16. Classify the important features of time-slotted optical TDM network. BTL 4 Analyzing
17. Justify the features in DWDM. BTL 5 Evaluating
18. Conclude the advantages of using soliton signals through fiber. BTL 5 Evaluating
19. Develop the basic performance parameters of the WDM system. BTL 6 Creating
20. Propose the three topologies used for fiber optic network. BTL 6 Creating
PART-B
Write about rise time, optical power required to establish secure link with
1. BTL 1 Remembering
necessary equation. (13)

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2. Draw the architecture of optical network connect and explain. (13) BTL 1 Remembering
(i) Define the principle of WDM networks. (7)
3.
(ii) State the principles used in SONET. (6) BTL 1 Remembering
Explain in brief the blocks and their functions of an optical receiver with
4.
schematic diagrams. (13) BTL 1 Remembering
Discuss about protection mechanism in UPSR and BLSR ring architecture
5. BTL 2 Understanding
and point to point architecture with neat sketch. (13)
(i) Illustrate the effects of noise in optical networks. (6)
6. BTL 2 Understanding
(ii) Extend the perceptions of high speed light wave links. (7)
(i) Summarize the basic concepts of Optical Networks. (7)
7. BTL 2 Understanding
(ii) Express the factors considered in point to point link system. (6)
(i) Model the Layered architecture of SONET/SDH with neat diagram. (7)
8. BTL 3 Applying
(ii) Explore about optical Ethernet and its applications. (6)
(i) Demonstrate SONET frame structure with appropriate diagram and
9. BTL 3 Applying
build the SONET Network topology. (13)
With suitable example, analyze the conditions and constraints in the
10. formulation and solution of routing and wavelength assignment problem in
BTL 4 Analyzing
an optimal way. (13)
11. Compare and analyze optical switching Methods. (13) BTL 4 Analyzing

12. Analyze the salient feature of Solitons using relevant expressions and BTL 4 Analyzing
diagrams. (13)
13. Summarize the function of optical add / drop multiplexer (OADM). (13) BTL 5 Evaluating
14. Discuss the performance and features of optical ETHERNET. (13) BTL 6 Creating
PART–C
Elaborate the following requirements for the design of an optically
amplified WDM link: (15)
1. BTL 6 Creating
(a) Link Bandwidth
(b) Optical power requirements for a specific BER.
An engineer has the following components available: (15)
a) GaAlAs laser diode, operating at 850 nm,fiber coupled power 0dbm
2. BTL 6 Creating
b) Ten sections of cable each of which is 500 m long, has 4dB/km
attenuation has connectors at both ends

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c) 2dB/connector connector loss

d) A PIN photodiode receiver, -45 dBm sensitivity
e) An avalanche photodiode receiver,-56dBm sensitivity
The engineer wishes to construct a 5 km link operating at 20 Mb/s.
Estimate which receiver should be used if a 6 dB operating margin
is required.
Evaluate the optical power budget for the below system and hence
determine its viability.
Components are chosen for a digital optical fiber link of overall length
7Km and operating at 20Mbit s-1 using an RZ code. It is decided that an
LED emitting at 0.85µm with graded index fiber to a p-i-n photodiode is a
suitable choice for the system components, giving no dispersion-
equalization penalty. An LED which is capable of launching an average of
3. BTL 5 Evaluating
100µW of optical power (including the connector loss) into a graded index
fiber of 50µm core diameter is chosen. The proposed fiber cable has an
attenuation of 2.6dBkm-1 and requires splicing every kilometer with a loss
of 0.5dB per splice. There is also a connector loss at the receiver of 1.5dB.
The receiver mean incident optical power of -41dBm in order to give the
necessary BER of 10 -10, and it is predicted that a safety margin of 6dB will
be required. (15)
A 90 Mb/s NRZ data transmission system that sends two DS3 channels
uses a GaAlAs laser diode that has a spectral width of 1 nm. The rise time
of the laser transmitter output is 2 ns. The transmission distance is 7 km
4. over a graded index fiber that has 800 MHz km bandwidth –distance BTL 5 Evaluating
product. If the receiver bandwidth is 90 MHz and mode mixing factor
q=0.7, Justify the system rise time. What is the rise time if there is no mode
mixing? (use 0.07 ns/nm-km). (15)

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