Chemistry – Final Exam Review part 2

16. What is the difference between a homogeneous mixture and a heterogeneous mixture?
In homogeneous mixture all the compounds are uniform
17. Compare and contrast atoms and molecules.
Atoms are the smallest particle of an elements. Molecules are groups of two or more
atoms combined. Whereas homogenous, mixture appear to pure they’re a mixture of
various atoms and molecules.
18. Explain the difference between a pure substance and a homogeneous mixture.
Pure substances are composed of a single element or compound
19. Define physical property of matter.
Properties that describe the physical characteristics of substances and not how the
substance behaves chemically.
20. Define chemical property of matter.
Properties of a substance that describe the physical characteristics of a substances and
not how the substance behaves chemically.
21. Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical property of sulfur.
a. Its density is 2.97 g/cm3.
Physical
b. It reacts with hydrogen to form a gas.
Chemical
c. It is a yellow solid.
Physical
d. Its melting point is 112°C.
Physical
e. It combines with oxygen.
Chemical
22. Categorize each of the following examples as a chemical or physical change.
a. bending a metal rod: physical d. painting wood: physical
b. burning wood: chemical e. cooking: chemical
c. breaking glass: physical f. burning propane: chemical
23. List 4 ways to detect that a chemical change has occurred.
- When new substances are formed
- bubbling
- glowing
- change of state
24. Identify each of the following as a gas, liquid, solid, or plasma.
a. The particles are closely packed together, but they can still slide past each other.
b. The particles are in a constant state of motion and rarely stick together.
c. The particles are locked in fixed positions.
d. The particles are broken apart.
25. What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law?
 A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can be
repeatedly tested and verified though can never been fact (often widely accepted).
Scientific Laws describe a phenomenon that the scientific community has found
provably true are often presented in mathematical equation
26. Identify the contributions of each of the following scientists. If they gave us a rule, law or
theory, please explain it.
a. Democritus
The particle theory of matter supported as early as 400 B.C. by Democritus he
called natures basic particle an atom based on the Greek word meaning
“invisible”
b. John Dalton
He gave us the Atomic Theory which entails: all matter is composed of extremely
small particles called atoms, atoms of given element are identical in size mass
and other properties, atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-
number ratios to from chemical compounds, in chemical reactions atoms are
combined, separated, rearranged.
c. J.J. Thomson
Thompson did the cathode rays experiment that discoved electron’s (e-) created
the Plum Pudding Model
d. Ernest Rutherford
Rutherford performed gold foil experiment, he discovered the nucleus, atoms
must be mostly empty space, discovered protons
e. Niels Bohr
Tested Rutherford’s model to be true
f. E. Schrödinger
He used the hypothesis that electrons have a dual wave-particle nature to
develop an equation that treated electrons in atoms as waves.
g. W. Heisenberg
Heisenberg created the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: you can’t know the
location of an (e-) and what it’s doing simultaneously.
h. D. Mendeleev
Dmitri Mendeleev created the first table in which elements with similar
properties were grouped together. He is credited with being the discoverer of
the periodic law.
27. List and define the 3 parts of an atom. Indicate their position within the atom, their
relative mass, their relative charge, and their purpose/function within the atom.
Protons: in the nucleus, 1.673 x 10-27 kg, positive, give identity to the element
Electrons: in the electron cloud (outside the nucleus), 9.109 x 10 -31 kg, negative charge,
create bonds
Neutrons: in the nucleus, 1.675x 10-27 kg, neutral, hold together the nucleus.
28. Define Atomic Number and Atomic Mass.
Atomic number: # of protons in each element
Atomic mass: the # of P+ + # of no in an atom.
29. The atom has an atomic number of 26, and an atomic mass of 58. Identify how many p +,
 n°, and e- are present as well as the identity of this atom.
p+: 26
e-: 26
no: 32
30. Define ion and isotope.
Atoms of the same element with different atom mass different # of n o