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Statement of The Problem October 2020

The document discusses different types of hypotheses used in research including simple, complex, directional, non-directional, causal, associative, and null hypotheses. It also discusses different types of research variables such as independent, dependent, extraneous, environmental, and demographic variables.

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Bai Courtney Love Akmad
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31 views42 pages

Statement of The Problem October 2020

The document discusses different types of hypotheses used in research including simple, complex, directional, non-directional, causal, associative, and null hypotheses. It also discusses different types of research variables such as independent, dependent, extraneous, environmental, and demographic variables.

Uploaded by

Bai Courtney Love Akmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Problem Statement, Purpose & Objectives

• A clearly articulated purpose statement and supporting objectives or


questions are the roadmap to your research proposal.
• Hypothesis is considered as an intelligent guess or
prediction, that gives directional to the researcher
to answer the research question.

• Hypothesis or Hypotheses are defined as the


formal statement of the tentative or expected
prediction or explanation of the relationship
between two or more variables in a specified
population.
• A hypothesis is a formal tentative statement of the
expected relationship between two or more
variables under study.

• A hypothesis helps to translate the research


problem and objective into a clear explanation or
prediction of the expected results or outcomes of
the study.
• Hypothesis is derived from the research problems,
literature review and conceptual framework.

• Hypothesis in a research project logically follow


literature review and conceptual framework.
Hypothesis makes the
following
contributions in
research study
Cont…

• It provides clarity to the research problem and


research objectives

• It describes, explains or predicts the expected


results or outcome of the research.

• It indicates the type of research design.

• It directs the research study process.


Cont…

• It identifies the population of the research study


that is to be investigated or examined.

• It facilitates data collection, data analysis and


data interpretation
Types of
Hypothesis
Hypothesis

Research Null Testable


Hypothesis Hypothesis Hypothesis
Associative
Hypothesis

Causal
Hypothesis

Non – Directional
Hypothesis
Research
Hypothesis
Directional
Hypothesis

Complex
Hypothesis

Simple Hypothesis
Simple
Hypothesis

Complex
Hypothesis
Null
Hypothesis
Casual
Hypothesis

Associative
Null
Hypothesis
Testable
Hypothesis
Research Hypothesis
Simple Hypothesis

• simple hypothesis predicts that, there exist


a relationship between the independent
variable and dependent variable.
Complex Hypothesis
• complex hypothesis predicts that
there exists relationship between two
or more independent and dependent
variable.
Directional Hypothesis
• Directional Hypothesis predicts the direction of
the relationship between the independent and
dependent variable.
Non directional Hypothesis
• Non -directional Hypothesis predicts the
relationship between the independent variable and
the dependent variable but does not specific the
directional of the relationship.
•
Causal Hypothesis

• Causal Hypothesis predicts a cause and effects


relationship or interaction between the
independent variable and dependent variable.
This hypothesis predicts the effect of the
independent variable on the dependent
variable.
Cont…

• In this the independent variable is the experimental


or treatment variable. The dependent variable is the
outcome variable
Associative hypothesis

• Associative Hypothesis predicts an associative


relationship between the independent variable
and the dependent variable.
• When there is a change in any one of the
variables, changes also occurs in the other
variable.
Cont…

• The associative relationship between the


independent and dependent variables may have
either.

– Positive association

– Negative association
Null hypothesis
Cont…

• Null Hypothesis is also called statistical


hypothesis because this type of hypothesis is used
for statistical testing and statically interpretation.
The null hypothesis predicts that, there is no
relationship between the independent variable and
dependent variable.
Testable Hypothesis
• The testable hypothesis predicts relationship
between the independent variable and the
dependent variable and theses variable are
testable or measurable.
• Research variables are defined as qualities,
properties, characteristics, behaviors,
attributes etc. of people- individuals or
group, objects, situations, activities ect. That
changes or vary. Variable are manipulable
and measurable.
Type of
Research
Variables
Independent
variable
Dependent
variable
Extraneous
Variable variable
Environmental
variable
Demographic
variable
Independent variable
• Independent variable is the quality or
property that can be manipulated by
the researcher to cause an effect on the
dependent variable. It is also called
experimental variable or treatment
variable.
Dependent variable
• Dependent variable is the quality or property or
behavior or outcome that the researcher predicts
and that occurs in response to the manipulation,
experimentation or treatment of the independent
variable. It is also called outcomes variable.
Extraneous variable
• Extraneous variables exist in all type of research
studies but the researcher does not include them for
the research purpose. These are the variable which
confuse or mix up the relationship between the
variable and also interfere with the rational or
causal relationship between the independent and
the dependent variables.
Cont…

• The researcher makes an attempt to identify those


extraneous variables before the research study is
initiated and thereby control the influence of
extraneous variables on the research study
through a specific research design or through
statistical manipulation.
Environmental variable
• Environmental variable are the variables which
compose a research setting where the research
study is conducted. These variables are climate,
family background, social background, institution
setup, community setup, education setup etc.
these variable are also some type of extraneous
variable.
Cont…

• In a descriptive or correlation research study


where the study is conduct in a natural setting
and where it is necessary to study the subjects’
behavior in a natural setting, the researcher
makes no attempt to control or alter the
environmental variables.
Demographic variables

• Demographic variable are the qualities or


property or characteristics of the subject under the
research study and which are collected to describe
sample. These variable are also called the sample
characteristics.

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