AIC LSU Student Resources

HARVARD
REFERENCING
Why is it necessary to reference?

What is plagiarism?

In-text referencing
- Direct Quotes
- Indirect Quotes
(Paraphrasing and Summarising)

How to reference
1. In-text referencing;
2. Reference List

Which referencing style should I use?

DISCLAIMER
Much of the information contained in this document has been taken directly or adapted from the
following guidelines:

Academic Learning Support Division of Teaching and Learning Services 2008, Harvard (author-date)
Referencing guide Central Queensland University Rockhampton, Queensland. This is available online at:
http://facultysite.cqu.edu.au/FCWViewer/getFile.do?id=5763

This document is not a substitute for the resources mentioned above.

This LSU supplement should be read in conjunction with the guidelines mentioned above in
addition to the specific course profiles.

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WARNING
This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of
Central Queensland University pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act).

The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or
communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act.

Do not remove this notice.

CQU CRICOS Codes: 00219C – Qld; 01315F – NSW; 01624D - Vic

CQU CRICOS Provider Codes:

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 Why is it necessary to reference?

As mentioned in the previous chapter, most assessment tasks will require you to
undertake research and to use critical analysis and thinking. This process requires you
to read the assignment question(s) and to then read widely in order to decide upon the
best response. Although the final answer presented must be your own (i.e. a discussion
in your own words, not copied ‘chunks’ of material from books, articles and websites),
you still need to identify for the reader (usually your tutor or lecturer) where your ideas
have come from. This means that whenever referring to the ideas/words of other
authors presented in books, articles, websites or any other resources, you must
reference it.

Referencing serves two key purposes:

1. It acknowledges the words or ideas of the original authors.

2. It allows a reader to locate the sources themselves and to read them in full if
they wish to check, clarify or simply read more about ideas or issues you have
raised.

Failure to acknowledge the ideas or words of an author with appropriate referencing is

plagiarism. This is an offence with serious consequences, not only for the assignment
itself but for your entire academic career.

What is Plagiarism?

Students are advised to read the CQU Plagiarism Policy at

http://policy.cqu.edu.au/policy.jsp?policyid=198

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Plagiarism is a form of literary theft and is cheating even if it is unintentional. The
following are some common examples of how plagiarism can occur:

PLAGIARISM EXAMPLE A: Collusion

Copying and submitting the work of another student (even if it is only a small section of
an assignment) as though it were your own is plagiarism. Unless you are completing a
group-task, do not write up assignments with other students. The risk of writing the
same thing is too great. Never give your assignment to another student to look at. If
they copy your work, you will both be caught for plagiarism.

Plagiarism Example B: Re-submitting your own work (in whole or in part) for
another course/assessment item
Even though the original assignment may be your own, if you re-submit it for another
course, you have not submitted original work and so this is considered plagiarism.

Plagiarism Example C: Submitting work without referencing

If your assignment does not include any references, then it can be considered plagiarism
as you will have presented other people’s ideas and/or words as your own without
acknowledgement.

Note: If the ideas are purely your own and you have not consulted any other sources,
then you may have failed to follow the assignment criteria as in most cases you are
required to support your ideas by consulting other sources.

Plagiarism Example D: Incorrect referencing

Referencing incorrectly is a form of plagiarism. If you fail to reference correctly, you are
leaving out vital information that indicates how you used the source. These types of
errors will be highlighted later in this guide.

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 In-text referencing

To refer to the words or information from other sources the following can be used:
1. Direct Quote (also called quotation or quote); or
2. Indirect Quote (also called paraphrase, summary, citation or cite).

Direct Quotes

A direct quote is an exact copy of the words written in the original source. When
quoting directly, it is best to select single words or phrases and avoid doing it too often.
Although a direct quote is permitted if referenced properly, in most cases it does not
count toward the total word count, nor does it demonstrate to the reader that you
understand what you have read. For this reason, you should explain the meaning of the
quotation in your own words (see Indirect Quote). Remember, your assignment will be
assessed on your original ideas and your analysis of the ideas of others. If you present an
assignment that is filled with direct quotes you have not demonstrated sufficient
original thought and analysis, and may fail the assignment.

There will be a few occasions where you will choose to quote directly. For example
when referring to law or a particular person’s viewpoint. In these cases specific details
and expression can be very important so you may choose to use a direct quote.

• Direct quotes must be referenced, including family name of author/s, year

of publication and page number (see p. 18).
• As a general rule, assignments should contain no more than 10% direct
quotes. If an assignment is 2000 words, it should contain no more than 200
words of direct quotation.
• Avoid copying paragraphs/large chunks into an assignment. Many large
quotes will affect the word count and your tutor will have no way of
knowing whether you have understood what you have read. Also, large
chunks of another author’s words in an assignment can be disruptive and

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 taken out of context. If you do this, your assignment will seem disjointed
(lacking continuity) and difficult to follow.
• If quoting directly, try to follow the quote with a sentence or sentences of
your own that explains why this quote is important to your topic or
position. This indicates whether you have understood and considered the
implications of the point being made.

Long Quotes
• For long quotations (longer than 30 words)
• Start on a new line and do not use quotation marks
• Justify text
• Use a smaller font size (e.g. use font size 11 if the main font size is 12)
• Indent 1cm from right and left margins
• Include in-text reference details for a direct quotation as normal (surname, year
and page number)
Example
In her investigation into the study skills development of university students, Cottrell
(2001,p. 15) suggests that:
It is the lecturer who provides opportunities for discussion, interactive learning, problem
solving, student participation and other strategies that enable a wide range of skills to
develop. Conservative teaching styles may mean that students leave with a very narrow set
of skills and very little idea of how to apply them across a range of contexts.
So according to this information……

Indirect Quotes

In an indirect quote you refer to the ideas of another author, but the ideas are expressed
in your own words, either by paraphrasing or summarising the information. It is still
very important to reference indirect quotes because although you may be using your
own words, you are expressing the ideas of another author(s) and the author must be
acknowledged. Plagiarism occurs when an author is not acknowledged.
Paraphrasing (see example on p. 18)

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 The Australian Concise Oxford Dictionary (1999, p. 973) defines paraphrasing as
‘free rendering or rewording of a passage’…that is to ‘express the meaning of (a
passage) in other words.’ This means that when you reword or rephrase a
shorter passage of words or information then you are paraphrasing.
Paraphrasing is preferable to quoting directly because it indicates that you
understand what you have read and your assignment will generally ‘flow’ better.
Paraphrasing is a particularly useful tool when summarising a viewpoint or idea
shared by several authors.

However, when paraphrasing, the sentence(s) must be changed completely.

Changing one or two words at the beginning, end or somewhere in the middle is
not paraphrasing as the majority of the text will still be identical. This can
constitute plagiarism. Focus on the meaning of what you have read and then
write it in your own words.

For examples and exercises on paraphrasing and summarising please ask your
Learning Skills Unit tutor(s).

Summarising

Summarising, is another way to express someone else’s ideas in your own words.
Summarising focuses on the author’s main points in a specific work but does not
discuss or present the minor details. Summarising requires you to read an entire
text (for example an article, book chapter, or book) and then to consider the
main points and key ideas. Then refer to the author’s idea in perhaps a few
sentences or as part of one or more paragraphs, focusing on the key point(s)
rather than rephrasing each line and repeating every specific detail.

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 How to reference

Referencing is a two stage process:

1. Providing source details In-Text when using a Direct or Indirect Quote; and
2. Including a Reference List of all sources and their publication details.

1. In-text Referencing
This involves placing a reference in the body of the assignment when using direct or
indirect quotes. Note that sources should be referenced inside the text as often as is
necessary, so your assignment may include several references to the same source. In-
text referencing indicates to the reader which ideas came from which source.

2. Reference List
This appears at the end of the assignment and is a single list of all the sources you have
referenced in-text. Each source is listed in alphabetical order according to the author’s
surname or family name (in English texts this is the last name). The reference list
provides the full publication details for each source, so the reader can clearly identify
and easily locate these sources if needed.

NOTE: Correct referencing requires you to use both the in-text referencing and
the reference list. If you miss either stage, you will lose marks and may face
plagiarism problems.

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Which referencing style should I use?

When referencing, there are various formats or styles. Choose the style of referencing
required by the Faculty (or School) to which your course belongs.

The Faculty of Business & Informatics requires you to use:

Harvard Author-date system: For all courses apart from Law
Legal Citation (Footnoting): For Law courses (as requested)

The Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Education requires you to use:

Harvard Author-date system: For all courses in Humanities (except
History), Sociology, Social Work and
Welfare Studies.

The difference between these systems is mainly the way the references look, that is, the
level of detail in the references and where they are located. However, the principles of
each system are basically the same. Both systems require you to refer to the source as
you discuss the idea and to then place the full citation in the reference list at the end.
The following guide is an overview of how the Harvard style is presented.

Please note that information regarding Legal Citation (Footnoting) is also available
from the LSU. If you are studying a law course and are required to use footnotes, please
ask your LSU tutor for the additional guide.

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 HARVARD AUTHOR-DATE SYSTEM
Most courses at this university follow the Harvard Author-Date system of referencing. It is a very simple way
to acknowledge the materials you have used and can be done by following these simple rules:

Where does it appear? Why? What details must be included?

Stage 1 In the body of the assignment To acknowledge the Indirect quote-
(as you refer to the ideas). work of the original • Family name of Author/s
source or author • Year of publication
IN- TEXT
This is done any time you
quote directly or indirectly as Direct quote-
often as is necessary.
• Family name of Author/s
• Year of publication
• page number
• single quotation marks around the ‘copied
words’.

See additional examples of direct and indirect

quotes on p. 18 of this document

Stage 2 At the end of the assignment. This is done to provide Full citation. Note that the details included in
The list should be written on the full bibliographical the full citation will vary from source to source
a separate page. details of each source, depending on what type of source it is.
REFERENCE
which helps the reader
LIST
to identify and locate To ensure you are including the correct details
the correct source. in the right order, check the models listed in the
following pages or the Guides below.

The following pages (10 - 16) include direct extracts from pages 25-45 of:

Academic Learning Support Division of Teaching and Learning Services 2008, Harvard (author-date)
Referencing guide Central Queensland University Rockhampton, Queensland.

This is available online at: http://facultysite.cqu.edu.au/FCWViewer/getFile.do?id=5763

They provide models for in-text referencing and full-citation for commonly used resource types.
For a full list of resource types and their relevant models, please refer to the guide itself.

All models shown in this guide are also followed by LSU explanations to assist you in
identifying key referencing elements and are numbered for your convenience.

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The following pages (10 - 16) include direct extracts from pages 25-45 of:

Academic Learning Support Division of Teaching and Learning Services 2008, Harvard (author-date) Referencing guide Central
Queensland University Rockhampton, Queensland. This is available online at:
http://facultysite.cqu.edu.au/FCWViewer/getFile.do?id=5763
They provide models for in-text referencing and full-citation for commonly used resource types. For a full list of resource types and their
relevant models, please refer to the guide itself.

All models shown in this guide are also followed by LSU explanations to assist you in identifying key referencing elements and are
numbered for your convenience.

BOOKS IN-TEXT REFERENCING MODEL TO FOLLOW IN THE REFERENCE LIST

Also known as embedded referencing or citing work Always indicate new entries in the reference list by inserting line spacing
between entries. (Be consistent.)
One author A recent study (Unterhalter 2007) found that gender… Unterhalter, E 2007, Gender, schooling and global social justice,
or RoutledgeFalmer, London.
Unterhalter (2007, p.10) claims that ‘…’.
Note: When an author has two or more initials, the entry would look
like this:

Example 1.0 Hinchy, RD 2007, The Australian legal system: history, institutions and
method, Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs Forest.
LSU Author’s family name and the year of publication. Author’s family name, Author’s initials Year, Book title, edition number (if
EXPLANATION Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. relevant), Publisher, City of publication.
1.0
A comprehensive study of organizational behaviour Robbins, SP, Millett, B, Cacioppe, R & Waters-Marsh, T 2001,
Four or more conducted… (Robbins et al. 2001) Organisational behaviour, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall Aust, Frenchs Forest.
authors or
Robbins et al. (2001, p.34) suggested in their
comprehensive study that ‘…’.

Note: If there is another reference starting with Note: Use et al. in all in-text entries. Include all of the authors in the
Example 2.0 Robbins and three or more other authors, the reference list.
names of all the authors should be given in both
cases to avoid confusion.

LSU Family name of the first author (as listed on the book) List family name and initials of all authors, separated by commas and ampersand
EXPLANATION followed by ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’) followed by the (&). The rest of the reference should follow the pattern as per example 2-11.
year. Include quotation marks and page number if a direct
2.0 quote.

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Multiple works – Recent research (Simpson 2000, 2003) has indicated Simpson, O 2000, Supporting students in open and distance learning, Kogan
same author that… Page, London.
or
Recent literature (Smith 2005a, 2005b) suggests Simpson, O 2003, Student retention in online, open, and distance learning,
that… Kogan Page, London.

Note: When using two studies by the same author

Example 3.0 in different years, paraphrasing is essential. Place Smith, C 2005a, How to do everything with Photoshop CS2, McGraw-Hill,
in chronological order - oldest first. New York.
Ideas by Smith (2005b) were implemented…
Note: you may use direct quotes when using the Smith, C 2005b, Photoshop and Dreamweaver integration: creating high-
sources separately. impact web pages, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Add a, b, c, etc. to differentiate between works in

the same year by using the alphabetical order of
the article title.

LSU The references are differentiated by the year of publication. Each reference is listed separately in the reference list. The sources should be
EXPLANATION Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. placed in order of publication from earliest, to latest.
3.0
Works by A recent report (Brown 2004) shows that… Brown ER 2000, Cooloola Coast: Noosa to Fraser Island: the Aboriginal and
different authors or settlers histories of a unique environment, University of Queensland Press, St
– same family It was recently found that ‘…’(Brown 2000, pp. 47-48) Lucia.
name

Example 4.0 Note: The year of publication will differentiate Brown, B 2004, Memo for a saner world, Penguin, Camberwell.
between the two authors.

LSU In-text, the date will show the reader which source is which. In the reference list, be sure to place these sources in alphabetical order according
EXPLANATION Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. to their family name, and then according to their first initial.

4.0
Works by B Smith (2007) pointed out the importance of Smith, B 2007, Superannuation handbook 2007 – 2008, John Wiley & Sons,
different authors superannuation in the management of business funds. Australia.
– same family Managers of these funds must be careful to avoid
name – same year any… (Smith, R. 2007). Smith, RF 2007, Business process management and the balanced scorecard, John Wiley
Note: As a general rule, it is advisable to & Sons, Hoboken.
Example 5.0 paraphrase in this instance.

LSU In text, ensure that you include the authors’ first initials to In the reference list reference the sources as per the requirements of their source
EXPLANATION help differentiate them. Not example 5.0 refers to Smith B type (e.g. book, website, journal article etc). They will again be differentiated by
5.0 ,(2007) and later to Smith, R (2007) the author’s first initial.

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Referring to an Garnaut, writing in 2006 (cited in Healey 2007) Healey, J 2007, Issues in society: immigration and citizenship, vol 261, Spinney
author (primary claims… Press, Balmain.
source) read about or
in another Immigration figures…(Garnaut 2006, cited in Healey
publication 2007) Kamler, B 2001, Relocating the personal: a critical writing pedagogy, State
(secondary or University of New York Press, Albany.
source) Kamler (2001, p.91), in referring to Murray’s 1982 Note: Try to locate the primary source if possible.
metaphor…
Example 6.0
LSU In text, you must first reference the original source of the In the reference list, you only need to include the referencing details for the
EXPLANATION idea (primary reference) and follow this with the source secondary source (that is the one you actually read). If you have referenced it
6.0 from which you read it (secondary source). In such correctly in text, your reader should be able to easily locate the primary
references you must always include a page reference, even if information.
it is an indirect quote. Note: the word ‘cited’ simply means
‘referred to’.

SPECIALISED SOURCES
Study Guide The historians of the West…Webster (2005). Webster, B 2005, HIST11025 Survey history of the West: study guide, Central
(author known) Queensland University, Rockhampton.
or
Example 7.0 Similarly, Webster (2005, p.1-2) noted that ‘…’.

LSU A study guide can be treated as any other book. Use the Author’s family name, author’s initial, Course code and title: Study Guide,
EXPLANATION author(s) family name and the year of publication. publisher, place f publication.
7.0
Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote.

Study Guide A recent report (Central Queensland University Central Queensland University (CQU) 2000, EDE48201 Development and
(author unknown) [CQU] 2000) has suggested that… disability: study guide, Author, Rockhampton.
or
Example 8.0 Findings from a 1990 study indicate that ‘…’ (Central
Queensland University [CQU] 200, p.5).

LSU If no specific person is listed as the author, the university is University name, year of publications, Course code and course name: Study
EXPLANATION considered the author. Simply use the university name Guide, publisher, place of publication
8.0 followed by the year.
Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote.

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Text reprinted in In a review of the situation, Wood (2004, p.11) Wood, J 2004, A first look at interpersonal communication, pp.10-14, in
a University indicates that ‘…’. Central Queensland University (CQU) 2007, NURS11145 Indigenous and
Resource or cross cultural health care: resource materials, Author, Rockhampton.
readings Indigenous health care in Australia in the 1900s did
not take into account…(Wood 2004).
Example 9.0
LSU Use the author(s) family name(s) followed by the year of In the reference list, you must first include the referencing details as provided
EXPLANATION publication. within your resource materials (including the page references). Then add a
comma followed by ‘in’, University name, year, course code and course title, the
9.0 type of resource (e.g. resource materials), the author of the publication and the
Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote. place of publication.

Course Resources How to tax gains made by non-residents…(Watkins Watkins, D & Langford, J 2007, A new phase in Australia’s double tax
Online (CQU & Langford 2007) agreements’ Taxation in Australia, vol. 42, no.2, pp.30-35, Central
Library) or Queensland University Course Resources Online LAWS19034.
Watkins and Langford (2007, P.30) indicate that
Example 10.0 ‘taxation of gains made by non-residents…’.
LSU Use the author(s) family name(s) followed by the year of In the reference list, you must first include the referencing details of the original
EXPLANATION publication. source (including relevant volume, issue and page numbers. Then add a comma
followed by University name, ‘Course Resources Online’ followed by the course
10.0 code.
Include quotation marks and page number if a direct quote.

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Other documents on the World Wide Web (WWW)
Indicate page numbers by using, for example, p. 3 of 4 in in-text referencing. To see the page numbers, click on File then Print Preview while in
Internet Explorer. When referencing documents from the WWW apply this principle: Author and date, Name of document, viewed date, URL.
Examples of model referencing: electronic sources
WARNING:
Be very careful when using materials from the World Wide Web. You are marked on your ability to do good research and you should only use
sources that are reliable and trustworthy. If the site you find provides no information regarding authorship or publication date, you are advised
not to use it.
Remember- if you don’t know who wrote it or how current the information is- how do you know the information is correct?

Electronic sources In-text referencing Model to follow in the reference list

Document on the Brown (1994) noted that … Brown, H 1994, Citing computer references, viewed 3 April 1995,
World OR http://neal.ctstateu.edu/history/cite.html.
Wide Web (dated and Referencing electronic sources needs further
author or sponsor attention (Brown 1994).
given) Queensland Pineapple Growers Corporation 1998, ‘Growing pineapples’,
(Example taken from The idea was highlighted by the Queensland Gardenbed special, viewed 4 December 1999,
Faculty Business & Pineapple Growers Corporation (1998). http://www.gardenbed.com/plant/gbd_p_apl1.cfm.
Informatics, 2006)
Example 11.0
LSU EXPLANATION A website must be referenced like any other source, Author’s family name, author’s initial, Year of publication, Website Title, date
using author and publication year. Remember all viewed, URL (web address).
websites have authors; the author simply may not be
a person. It could be an organization, a government, Name of organization, Year of publication, ‘Article Title’ Website Title, date viewed,
a government department, etc. URL (web address).

11.0 Include quotation marks and page number if a direct

quote. Refer to the relevant ‘print page’.
Document on the According to Greenpeace (n.d), genetically Greenpeace n.d., The Future is GE free, viewed 28 September 2005,
WWW modified foods are… http://www.greenpeace.org.au/ge/farming/canola.html
(author/sponsor given Or
but not dated) Greenpeace (n.d, p.1 of 2) recommends that Note: the title of a web page is treated like the title of a book. It is
fewer genetically…’. written in italics in the reference list.
Example 12.0
LSU EXPLANATION In-text references should be as per example 2-70. Name of organization/author, n.d., Website Title, date viewed, URL (web address).
‘n.d.’ should be used in place of the publication year.

12.0 Include quotation marks and page number if a direct

quote.

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Document on the As stated in ‘Harvard style’ (2003)… ‘Harvard Style’ 2003, Citing or referencing electronic sources of
WWW (no information, viewed 3 June 2003,
author/sponsor) Note: Always check the validity of a site that http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/learningconnections/students/Lguides/
has no author or sponsor. The use of such harvard-referencing.pdf
sites is discouraged.
Example 13.0 Note: Sometimes, there may be an editor’s name given on the page –
reference this like you would an edited work.
LSU EXPLANATION Use the article title in place of the author, followed ‘Title of article’, year of publication, Website title, date viewed, URL (web address)
by the year of publication.
13.0 Include quotation marks and page number if a direct
quote.
Newspaper article with The economic agenda…(Kelly 2007). Kelly, P 2007, ‘If government changes so does the nation’, Australian, 21
an author (online or November, p.1 of 2, viewed 21 November 2007,
newspaper) ‘It demands a huge financial…’ (Kelly 2007, p.1 http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22793429-
of 2). 7583,00.html
Example 14.0
LSU EXPLANATION In-text, simply use the Author’s family name and Author’s family name, author’s initial, year ‘Article title’, name of newspaper, specific
the year of publication as you would for a book. publication date, view date, URL.

14.0 Include quotation marks and page number if a direct

quote

Newspaper article with no In the Advertiser (30 September 2005, p.21)… Advertiser 2005, ‘23m won but no prize claimed’. 30 September, p.21, viewed 30
author (online newspaper) September 2007.
Note: Always check the validity of a site that has http://www.theadvertiser.news.com.au/sectionindex1/0.5934.national%20news%
Example 15.0 no author or sponsor. The use of such sites is ENATIONAL%5ETEXT %5Etheadvertiser.00html
discouraged.
LSU EXPLANATION In-text, use the name of the newspaper and the Name of newspaper, ‘Title’, Specific date of publication, view date, URL
specific date of publication.

15.0 Include quotation marks and page number if a direct

quote.

Government report Recruitment of nursing staff is the main… Queensland Health 2007, Annual report 2006-2007, viewed 12 November 2007,
(Queensland Health 2007) http://www.health.qld.gov.au/publications/corporate/annual_reports/annualrepo
Or rt2007/default.asp
‘Queensland Health’s strong commitment…’
Example 16.0
(Queensland Health 2007, p.7 of 18).
LSU EXPLANATION In-text, simply use the name of the author (family Name of person/group responsible for the report, Year of publication, Title of
name or group/committee name) and the year of report, version, date viewed, URL (web address).
publication as you would for a book.
16.0 Include quotation marks and page number if a direct
quote.

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Encyclopaedia entry on Harrison suggests that (1996), … Harrison, A 1996, ‘Global warming’, Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopaedia,
CD-ROM (with an (CD-ROM).
author)
(Example taken from NOTE: Treat sections within the CD-ROM like chapters in a book.
Faculty Business &
Informatics, 2006)
Example 17.0
LSU EXPLANATION In-text, simply use the family name of the specific Author’s family name, author’s initial, year ‘section title’, Title of CD, (CD-ROM).
author and the year of publication as you would for
17.0 a book.
Include quotation marks and page number if a direct
quote.
Journal article from a Recommendations on how to identify Sutton-Spence, R & Kaneko, M 2007, ‘Symmetry in sign language poetry’,
database symmetry when it is embedded in Sign Language Studies, vol. 7, no. 3, pp 284-318, (online ProQuest).
poetry…(Sutton-Spence & Kaneko 2007)

Or

Example 18.0 Surron-Spence & Kaneko (2007, p.285)

recommended that ‘…’.
LSU EXPLANATION In-text, simply use the family name(s) of the Author’s family name, author’s initial, year ‘Article title’, Name of Journal, volume
author(s) and the year of publication as you would number, issue number, page range (‘online’ name of database)
18.0 for a book.
This includes articles from Note: volume, issue number and the page references from the journal are usually
databases such as Include quotation marks and page number if a direct printed at the top of the article, above the abstract.
‘ProQuest, Emerald, quote.
Infotrac, WebSPIRS etc)

MODELS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUOTING CAN BE FOUND ON PAGE 17 OF THIS GUIDE.
EE LSU STAFF FOR FURTHER ASSISTANCE.
For further examples of how to reference sources such as Personal Communications, TV/Radio News Broadcasts, Movies, Brochures
and Company Annual Reports, please see the Harvard (author-date) Referencing guide as published by Academic Learning Support,
Division of Teaching and Learning Services (2008).

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 SAMPLES- DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUOTING
ORIGINAL TEXT:
The following is an example of an original text from:
Cascio, W.F. 1998, Managing human resources: productivity, quality of work
life, profits, 5th edn, Irwin McGraw Hill, Sydney.

…the responsibility for strategic planning needs to involve a wide

range of people, from line managers to customers to suppliers. Top
managers must listen and be prepared to shift plans in mid-stream, if
conditions demand such a response.

DIRECT QUOTE
When quoting directly you must include single quotation marks, and in
brackets the author’s family name, year of publication and the page number.

According to Cascio (1998, p. 146) ‘…the responsibility for strategic planning needs to
involve a wide range of people, from line managers to customers to suppliers. Top
managers must listen and be prepared to shift plans in mid-stream, if conditions demand
such a response.’

INDIRECT QUOTE (PARAPHRASING)

When summarising or paraphrasing information it is important to reference the material
as an indirect quote. This requires only the author’s family name and year of publication.

It is argued by Cascio (1998) that strategic planning cannot be an isolated activity,

rather that it requires input from various internal and external stakeholders and
flexibility from senior management to allow it to adapt to change.

For more examples of paraphrasing and summarising, please see your

LSU advisor.

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 SAMPLE REFERENCE LIST
PLEASE NOTE
• Family name must be written in full and initials used to represent given
names.
(In western culture given names are usually placed in front of the family name.
If the family name has been placed first it will be indicated by a comma
directly after it.)
• Arrange list in alphabetical order according to family name or organisation
name.
• DO NOT use numbering or bullet points and be sure to leave a space between
each source.
The following is an example of how a reference list is arranged. It includes
various commonly used resources.

References
Australian Bureau of Statistics 1998, 4442.0 One in four children do not
live with both natural parents, viewed 25 July 2002,
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/e5cb0b45f4547cc4ca25697500217f47/28f203d3e10ef834ca2568
a90013628c!OpenDocument.

Beauchamp, T, Faden, R, Wallace, J & Walters, L 1982, Ethical issues in

social science research, John Hopkins Press, Baltimore.

Brown, H 1994, Citing computer references, viewed 3 April 1995, http://neal.ctstateu.edu/history/cite.html.

Carter, A 1999, Issues in Australian education, Cherokee Publications, Brisbane.

Carter, T 1999, Creativity in the classroom, Watkins and O’Hara Publishers, Darwin.

Foddy, W 1993, Constructing questions for interviews and questionnaires: theory and practice in social
research, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Greenland, H 1995, ‘On the road to prejudice’, Australian Magazine, pp. 22-27 in 53287 Working with
communities Book 2, 1999, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton.

Litster, J 2001, TOUR19016: Thematic tourism: Study Guide, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton.

Queensland Pineapple Growers Corporation 1998, ‘Growing pineapples’, Gardenbed special, viewed 4
December 1999, http://www.gardenbed.com/plant/gbd_p_apl1.cfm.

Rural Social and Economic Research Centre 1995, Student experience of distance education at Central
Queensland University, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton.

Shama, A 2001, ‘Private sector management: the case of Russia’, Journal of Small Business Management,
vol. 39, no. 32, pp. 183–192, (online ProQuest).

Sheridan, G 1985, ‘The lies they tell our children’, Weekend Australian, 2 February, p. 6

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 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN USING THE HARVARD (AUTHOR-
DATE) SYSTEM AND FOOTNOTES

NB: The footnoting system should only be used in assignments for Law courses

HARVARD (AUTHOR-DATE) SYSTEM FOOTNOTING SYSTEM

SAMPLE- IN-TEXT REFERENCE SAMPLE FOOTNOTE

When reading your assessment tasks, you will When reading your assessment tasks, you will
find that the marking criteria (in your course find that the marking criteria (in your course
profile) will cover points such as research, critical profile) will cover points such as research, critical
analysis and referencing. These terms may be analysis and referencing. These terms may be
quite new to you but they are extremely important. quite new to you but they are extremely important.
The Australian academic system is based on the The Australian academic system is based on the
idea of ‘critical’ research. While some cultures idea of ‘critical’ research. While some cultures
place a strong emphasis on memory in place a strong emphasis on memory in
Australia, there is a stronger focus on Australia, there is a stronger focus on
questioning (De Fazio 1999). Your questioning. 1 Your assessment tasks will often
assessment tasks will often ask you to ask you to answer/consider a series of questions
answer/consider a series of questions about one or about one or more topics. To answer these
more topics. To answer these questions requires questions requires you to consider and discuss
you to consider and discuss ideas from different ideas from different sources so you can then draw
sources so you can then draw your own your own conclusions.
conclusions.
1.
Teresa De Fazio, Studying in Australia- A Guide for
International Students (1999) 40.
Insert Author’s family name only
along with the year of publication. Insert a footnote number in-text, then
NOTE: Be sure to also include a add the detailed citation (footnote) at
page reference if quoting directly the bottom of the page.

SAMPLE- FULL CITATION IN REFERENCE LIST SAMPLE- FULL CITATION IN REFERENCE LIST
(Author-Date system) (Legal Citation)

Reference List Bibliography

De Fazio, T 1999, Studying in Australia- A Guide De Fazio, Teresa, Studying in Australia- A Guide for
for International Students, Allen & Unwin, St International Students (1999)
Leonards

Family name, First Initial, Year of Family name, First Name, Title, Year of
publication, Title, Publisher, City of publication. (use only for book)
Publication. (use only for book)
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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Academic Learning Support, Division of Teaching and Learning Services CQU

Rockhampton 2008, Harvard (author-date) Referencing guide, viewed 21st February 2008,
http://facultysite.cqu.edu.au/FCWViewer/getFile.do?id=5763

Cascio, W.F. 1998, Managing Human Resources: Productivity, Quality of Work Life,
Profits, 5th edn, Irwin McGraw Hill, Sydney.

Central Queensland University, Faculty of Business & Informatics 2006, Guide for
students, 6th edn, viewed 22nd June 2006, http://bus.cqu.edu.au/CStudent/Guide/default.htm

Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn,
rev by Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons Australia, Brisbane

Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc, 2002, Australian Guide to Legal
Citation 2nd edn, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

Queensland University of Technology 1995, The written assignment, Brisbane.

Referencing: the author-date system (also known as the Harvard referencing system) 1996,
Student Learning Support Group and Text and Editorial services, Flexible Learning Centre,
University of South Australia, Underdale.

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