Princess Daffodelle O.

Cabardo Date Performed: 02-14-22

BSA – 3 Date Submitted: 02-15-22

Assignment 2
1. Draw (or pic and print) and know the functions of the Animal and plant Cell

Figure 1 Anatomy of Animal Cell Source: https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html

Centrioles - Centrioles are self-replicating organelles made up of nine bundles of
microtubules and are found only in animal cells. They appear to help in organizing cell
division, but aren't essential to the process.
Cilia and Flagella - For single-celled eukaryotes, cilia and flagella are essential for the
locomotion of individual organisms. In multicellular organisms, cilia function to move fluid
or materials past an immobile cell as well as moving a cell or group of cells.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of sacs that manufactures,
processes, and transports chemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell. It is
connected to the double-layered nuclear envelope, providing a pipeline between the nucleus
and the cytoplasm.
Endosomes and Endocytosis - Endosomes are membrane-bound vesicles, formed via a
complex family of processes collectively known as endocytosis, and found in the cytoplasm
of virtually every animal cell. The basic mechanism of endocytosis is the reverse of what
occurs during exocytosis or cellular secretion. It involves the invagination (folding inward)
of a cell's plasma membrane to surround macromolecules or other matter diffusing through
the extracellular fluid.
Golgi Apparatus - The Golgi apparatus is the distribution and shipping department for the
cell's chemical products. It modifies proteins and fats built in the endoplasmic reticulum and
prepares them for export to the outside of the cell.
Intermediate Filaments - Intermediate filaments are a very broad class of fibrous proteins
that play an important role as both structural and functional elements of the cytoskeleton.
Ranging in size from 8 to 12 nanometers, intermediate filaments function as tension-bearing
elements to help maintain cell shape and rigidity.
Lysosomes - The main function of these microbodies is digestion. Lysosomes break down
cellular waste products and debris from outside the cell into simple compounds, which are
transferred to the cytoplasm as new cell-building materials.
Microfilaments - Microfilaments are solid rods made of globular proteins called actin. These
filaments are primarily structural in function and are an important component of the
cytoskeleton.
Microtubules - These straight, hollow cylinders are found throughout the cytoplasm of all
eukaryotic cells (prokaryotes don't have them) and carry out a variety of functions, ranging
from transport to structural support.
Mitochondria - Mitochondria are oblong shaped organelles that are found in the cytoplasm
of every eukaryotic cell. In the animal cell, they are the main power generators, converting
oxygen and nutrients into energy.
Nucleus - The nucleus is a highly specialized organelle that serves as the information
processing and administrative center of the cell. This organelle has two major functions: it
stores the cell's hereditary material, or DNA, and it coordinates the cell's activities, which
include growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division).
Peroxisomes - Microbodies are a diverse group of organelles that are found in the
cytoplasm, roughly spherical and bound by a single membrane. There are several types of
microbodies but peroxisomes are the most common.
Plasma Membrane - All living cells have a plasma membrane that encloses their contents. In
prokaryotes, the membrane is the inner layer of protection surrounded by a rigid cell wall.
Eukaryotic animal cells have only the membrane to contain and protect their contents. These
membranes also regulate the passage of molecules in and out of the cells.
Ribosomes - All living cells contain ribosomes, tiny organelles composed of approximately
60 percent RNA and 40 percent protein. In eukaryotes, ribosomes are made of four strands
of RNA. In prokaryotes, they consist of three strands of RNA.
Figure 2 Anatomy of Plant Cell Source: https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plantcell.html
Cell Wall - Like their prokaryotic ancestors, plant cells have a rigid wall surrounding the
plasma membrane. It is a far more complex structure, however, and serves a variety of
functions, from protecting the cell to regulating the life cycle of the plant organism.

Chloroplasts - The most important characteristic of plants is their ability to photosynthesize,

in effect, to make their own food by converting light energy into chemical energy. This
process is carried out in specialized organelles called chloroplasts.

Endoplasmic Reticulum - The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of sacs that manufactures,

processes, and transports chemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell. It is
connected to the double-layered nuclear envelope, providing a pipeline between the nucleus
and the cytoplasm. In plants, the endoplasmic reticulum also connects between cells via the
plasmodesmata.

Golgi Apparatus - The Golgi apparatus is the distribution and shipping department for the
cell's chemical products. It modifies proteins and fats built in the endoplasmic reticulum and
prepares them for export as outside of the cell.

Microfilaments - Microfilaments are solid rods made of globular proteins called actin. These
filaments are primarily structural in function and are an important component of the
cytoskeleton.
 Microtubules - These straight, hollow cylinders are found throughout the cytoplasm of all
eukaryotic cells (prokaryotes don't have them) and carry out a variety of functions, ranging
from transport to structural support.

Mitochondria - Mitochondria are oblong shaped organelles found in the cytoplasm of all
eukaryotic cells. In plant cells, they break down carbohydrate and sugar molecules to
provide energy, particularly when light isn't available for the chloroplasts to produce energy.

Nucleus - The nucleus is a highly specialized organelle that serves as the information
processing and administrative center of the cell. This organelle has two major functions: it
stores the cell's hereditary material, or DNA, and it coordinates the cell's activities, which
include growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division).

Peroxisomes - Microbodies are a diverse group of organelles that are found in the
cytoplasm, roughly spherical and bound by a single membrane. There are several types of
microbodies but peroxisomes are the most common.

Plasmodesmata - Plasmodesmata are small tubes that connect plant cells to each other,
providing living bridges between cells.

Plasma Membrane - All living cells have a plasma membrane that encloses their contents. In
prokaryotes and plants, the membrane is the inner layer of protection surrounded by a rigid
cell wall. These membranes also regulate the passage of molecules in and out of the cells.

Ribosomes - All living cells contain ribosomes, tiny organelles composed of approximately
60 percent RNA and 40 percent protein. In eukaryotes, ribosomes are made of four strands
of RNA. In prokaryotes, they consist of three strands of RNA.

Vacuole - Each plant cell has a large, single vacuole that stores compounds, helps in plant
growth, and plays an important structural role for the plant.

2. What can you see in the animal cell that is not on the plant cell (vice versa)?
Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts but animals cells do not. Cell walls provide
support and give shape to plants. Likewise, Chloroplasts enable plants to perform
photosynthesis to make food. Plant cells usually have one or more large vacuole(s), while
animal cells have smaller vacuoles, if any are present. Large vacuoles help provide shape and
allow the plant to store water and food for future use. The storage function plays a lesser role
in animal cells, therefore the vacuoles are smaller. Plasmodesmata are tiny channels that lie
between the cell walls of plant cells. They allow molecules, nutrients, and water to move
between cells – known as intercellular communication. Plasmodesmata are only present in
plant and algae cells and are not present in animal cells.
 Lysosomes are membrane bound organelles that are found within cells. Their main role is
to break down proteins, acids, large molecules, and unwanted materials. They are present
within animal cells but are very rarely found within plant cells. This is because plants have
tough cell walls which are strong enough to keep any of the unwanted substances out of the
cell that a lysosome would usually break down. Centrioles are cylindrical organelles which
are found in the cytoplasm of animal cells. They are found near the nucleus and are made up
of nine microtubles arranged in a circle. Their main role is to arrange the microtubles during
cell division. Centrioles are found in animal cells, but are not typically found in plant cells.
However, plant cells still contain microtubles.

3. Draw Chromosome Structure

Figure 3 Structure of Chromosome Source: https://microbenotes.com/chromosome-structure-types-and-functions/

A chromosome has generally 8 parts; Centromere or primary constriction or kinetochore,

chromatids, chromatin, secondary constriction, telomere, chromomere, chromonema, and matrix.
• Centromere or Kinetochore: It is the primary constriction at the center to which the
chromatids or spindle fibers are attached. Its function is to enable movement of the
chromosome during the anaphase stage of cell division.
• Chromatid: During cell division, a chromosome is divided into 2 identical half strands
joined by a centromere. A chromatid is each half of the chromosome joined. Each
chromatid contains DNA and separates at Anaphase to form a separate chromosome.
Both chromatids are attached to each other by the centromere.
• Chromatin: It is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the
nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Nuclear DNA is highly condensed and wrapped around
nuclear proteins in order to fit inside the nucleus. In other words, it is not present as free
linear strands. The chromatin consists of DNA, RNA, and protein.
 • Secondary Constriction: It is generally present for the nucleolar organization.
• Telomere: Telomere is the terminal region of each side of the chromosome. Ach
chromosome has 2
• Chromonema: It is a threadlike coiled filamentous structure along which chromomeres
are arranged. Chromonema controls the size of the chromosome and it acts as a site of
gene bearing.
• Chromomeres: These are the bead-like structures present on threads or chromonema.
These are arranged in a row along the length of chromonema. The number of
chromosomes is constant and it is responsible for carrying the genes during cell division
to the next generation.
• Matrix: Pellicle is the membrane surrounding each of the chromosomes. Matrix is the
jelly-like substance present inside pellicle. It is formed of non-genetic materials.

References:
Aryal, S. (2021, July 26). Chromosome- Structure, Types and Functions. Microbe Notes.

https://microbenotes.com/chromosome-structure-types-and-functions/

Davidson, M. (2015a, November 13). Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: Animal Cell

Structure. Cell Biology and Microscopy Structure and Function of Cells & Virus.

https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html

Davidson, M. (2015b, November 13). Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: Plant Cell Structure.

Cell Biology and Microscopy Structure and Function of Cells & Virus.

https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plantcell.html

Toppr. (n.d.). Chromosome – Definition, Structure, Function, Examples. Molecular Genetics.

https://www.toppr.com/guides/molecular-genetics/chromosome/

Ward, H. (2022, January 29). Plant Cells vs Animal Cells: 10 Key Differences Explained. AZ

Animals. https://a-z-animals.com/blog/plant-cells-vs-animal-cells-10-key-differences-

explained/