Arab Academy for Science, Technology

and Maritime Transportation

Marine Hydrodynamics I – MM 346
Dr. Ahmed Khalifa Mehanna
Associate Professor
[email protected]
[email protected]
Room No: 223
Course Assistance Lecturer:
Eng. Mohamed Osama
[email protected]
Marine Hydrodynamics I – MM 346

Lecture 11:
Control Volume Approach
Continuity Equation
 Recall Continuity of Fluid Flow
 Matter cannot be created or destroyed - (it is simply changed in
to a different form of matter).
 This principle is know as the conservation of mass and we use it
in the analysis of flowing fluids.
The principle is applied to fixed volumes, known as control
volumes.
 Recall Continuity of Fluid Flow
The continuity equation is based upon the conservation of mass as it
applies to the flow of fluids.

 For any control volume the principle of conservation of mass

is:
Mass entering per unit time = Mass leaving per unit time +
Increase of mass in the control volume per unit time

 For steady flow there is no increase in the mass within the

control volume, so
Mass entering per unit time = Mass leaving per unit time

The Equation of Continuity are used are pipes, tubes and ducts
with flowing fluids or gases, rivers, overall processes as power
plants, ...... etc.
 Recall Mass Flow Rate
The mass flow rate past a section would be given by:

m•   Q
Substitute :

Q 
A
V . dA dA V

Hence :

m•  V .
A
dA
 Control Volume Approach
Definitions
System:
Is defined as a given quantity of matter having a constant mass.

System Properties:
Extensive Properties (B)
Properties related to the total mass of the system (e.g. mass and
weight).

Intensive Properties (b)

Properties independent of the amount of fluid (e.g. density and
pressure).
 Control Volume Approach
System
Definition:
Is defined as a given
quantity of matter
having a constant
mass.
Control Volume Approach
Control Volume (Open System)

CV region in space can be (Fixed or Deforming)

1. Fixed CV: (Volume constant with time)
2. Deforming CV: (Volume changes with time)
Control Volume Approach
Control Volume (Open System)

1. Fixed CV: (Volume constant with time) – (a)

2. Deforming CV: (Volume changes with time) – (b)
Detailed Report on the Reynolds Transport Theorem
 Volume Flow Rate
Evaluation of the volume flow rate Q passing through a surface
defined in the flow as below.
Typically V may pass through dA at an angle θ off the
normal. Let n be defined as the unit vector normal to dA.

Unit normal n

θ
V
dA
 Volume Flow Rate
Velocity is not normal to the Area

For flow velocity V at an angle  to x axis, what is the

volume flow rate passing the area dA?

 
V  ui  vj
 
V  V cosi  V sinj
 Volume & Mass Flow Rate
dQ  (V cos θ ) dt dA
dQ  (V . n ) dA dt
The Total flow rate Q through the surface S After the integral of dQ is:

Q   (V . n) dA
S

Q   Vn dA
S

Also we can get the mass flow rate as:

mº  ρ (V . n) dA
S

mº  ρ Vn dA
S
 Control Volume Approach
Let B be any property of the fluid (energy, momentum, enthalpy, etc.)
and
Let β = dB/dm be the intensive value, or the amount of B per unit
mass in any small element of the fluid.

Intensive Property b Symbol Extensive Property B

(M/M) = 1 M Mass
(MV/M) = V MV Linear Momentum
(MV * r/M) = V * r MV * r Angular Momentum
(E/M) = e E Energy

B   b dm B   b  dV
 Control Volume Approach

Control Volume:
is an arbitrary region
in space that is used
to solve a flow
problem.

Control Surface:
is the surface
surrounding control
volume.
 Control Volume Approach

Control Volume:
is an arbitrary region
in space that is used
to solve a flow
problem.

Control Surface:
is the surface
surrounding control
volume.
 Mass Flow Rate
Referring to the control volume approach; Mass Flow Rate for any
system can be:

  dV    V .
d d
( M system )  A
dt dt CV CS
By definition of a system its mass is constant (Fixed Control Volume);

M system = Constant
Zero

  dV    V .
d d
( M system )  A
dt dt CV CS

 V .
d

dt CV 
 dV 
CS
A
 Continuity Equation

Which is the : Continuity Equation for a control volume

 V .
d

dt CV 
 dV 
CS
A
 Continuity Equation

Continuity Equation for a control volume for steady flow

Zero

 V .
d

dt CV 
 dV 
CS
A

 V .
CS
A 0
 Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation for a control volume for steady flow

Zero
d
   dV  V . A CS1
dt CV CS

CV
CS2

 V .
CS
A 0
 Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation for a control volume for steady flow
Incompressible flow (𝝆 = zero)

V .
CS
A 0

V1 A1  V2 A2
 Continuity Equation
It is required to see how the continuity equation would
look like when the control volume gets infinitesimally
small. A V
2 2

CS2
CV
A1

V1
CS1
 V .
d

dt 
CV
dV 
CS
A
 Continuity Equation
The Equation of Continuity can be expressed as:
m = ρi1 Ai1 Vi1 + ρi2 Ai2 Vi2 + …. + ρin Ain Vin
m = ρo1 Ao1 Vo1 + ρo2 Ao2 Vo2 + …. + ρon Aon Von

  A V )
i
i i i in    i AiVi )out
i
With uniform density the above equation can be modified to:
Q = Ai1 Vi1 + Ai2 Vi2 + …. + Ain Vin
Q = Ao1 Vo1 + Ao2 Vo2 + …. + Aon Von
Where:
m = The mass flow rate at any section (kg/s)
ρ = density (kg/m3)
V = mean velocity (m/s) or sometimes it called u
A = cross sectional area (m2)
Q = Flow rate (m3/s)
 Application of Continuity

 Total mass flow into the junction = Total mass flow out
of the junction
1 Q1 = 2 Q2 + 3 Q3
 When the flow is incompressible (e.g. if it is water)
1 = 2 = 3

Q1  Q2  Q3
A1V1  A2V2  A3V3
 Continuity Equation

CV CV
CV CV
CV

Point

 V .
d

dt 
CV
dV 
CS
A
???
 Continuity Equation

CV
CV CV
CV
CV

Point

 V .
d

dt 
CV
dV 
CS
A
???
 Continuity Equation
Assume we have a cubed shape control volume as shown
below
The cube has 3 inlet control surfaces and 3 exit control
surfaces
CV

S/L
 Continuity Equation at a Point
y
Use Cartesian Coordinate System x, y, z
Cube sides are Dx, Dy, and Dz
x
The cube center Point C with (xc, yc, zc) z
CV
Velocity Components at
Point C are u, v, and w along Dz
v
x , y, and z respectively.
Dy
u
C
Dy
w

Dz
Dx
 Continuity Equation at a Point
Consider the flow in the x-y plane
 Continuity Equation at a Point
To make things easier let
us assume the flow is
steady and
incompressible; then

V .
CS
A 0
 Continuity Equation at a Point
Reduce the previous equation; So:
u v w
DxDyDz  DxDyDz  DxDyDz 0
x y z

Dividing the above equation by Dx Dy Dz

u v w
  0
x y z

Which is the: Continuity Equation at a

point for a steady, and incompressible flow
Continuity Equation at a Point (Vector Form)
Implement the dot product . V
Where   
 i j k
x y z
V  ui  vj  wk
We get:

u v w
. V   
x y z
Continuity Equation at a Point (Vector Form)
Recall:

u v w
  0
x y z

So we can rewritten the Continuity Equation at a point

for a steady, and incompressible flow in Vector form as
follows:

. V  0
 Assignment
1. If the velocity field is given by:


V  x  y 2 2
)i  2 xyj  4 xzk
Does the flow satisfy the continuity equation

2. From the below expression

V  10 xi  10 yj
Is said to represent the velocity of a 2D incompressible
flow. Check it to see if it satisfies continuity Equation.