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Roots of Quadratic & Cubic Equations

The document discusses: 1) Using the quadratic formula to find the roots (values of x) that satisfy a quadratic equation. 2) Investigating the relationships between the roots and coefficients of quadratic equations, including that the sum of the roots equals -b/a and the product of the roots equals c/a. 3) Properties of polynomial equations including that for a cubic equation, the sum of the roots equals -b/a, the sum of pairs of products of roots equals c/a, and the product of all three roots equals -d/a.

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Emily Zheng
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132 views

Roots of Quadratic & Cubic Equations

The document discusses: 1) Using the quadratic formula to find the roots (values of x) that satisfy a quadratic equation. 2) Investigating the relationships between the roots and coefficients of quadratic equations, including that the sum of the roots equals -b/a and the product of the roots equals c/a. 3) Properties of polynomial equations including that for a cubic equation, the sum of the roots equals -b/a, the sum of pairs of products of roots equals c/a, and the product of all three roots equals -d/a.

Uploaded by

Emily Zheng
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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& Cubic

Roots of Quadratic
Equations
Investigating the relationships
between the roots and the coefficients
of quadratic equations etc.
QUADRATIC FORMULA

Using the quadratic formula will allow us to


find the values of x of quadratic equation.
These values are called the roots of the
equation
INVESTIGATING ROOTS
 Solve for the roots of each of the
following quadratic equations using
the quadratic formula

a) x2 – 5x + 6 = 0

b) 3x2 + 2x – 7 = 0

c) 2x2 – 5x – 3 = 0

Write down the sum of the roots and the


product of the roots of each the questions.
INVESTIGATING ROOTS

Is there a relationship between


the sum of the roots and the
product of the roots and the
quadratic equation?
THE ROOTS
 Roots of polynomial equations are
usually denoted by Greek letters.
 For a quadratic equation we use alpha
(α) & beta (β)
Look back on your answers for the sum of
product of the roots of each of the equation
you worked previously. Is it true that if the
roots are α and β then
α + β = -b/a
αβ = c/a
PROPERTIES OF THE ROOTS OF
POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
 Given ax2 + bx + c = 0 and since “a” is non-zero, then if we divide
throughout by “a” we get
x2 + (b/a) x + (c/a) = 0 (1)

If the roots are and then


(x - )(x - ) = 0

 Multiplying out
(x - )(x - ) = x2 – ( + )x + α = 0 (2)

Equating coefficients using (1) and (2) we see that


+ = -b/a
= c/a
Knowing the sum and product of the roots
of a quadratic can lead to actually
knowing the eqn. The quadratic
equation is written as

x     x     0
2
PROPERTIES OF THE ROOTS OF
POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
Example: Find a quadratic equation with roots 2 & -5

Solution

-b/a = α + β c/a = αβ

-b/a = 2 + -5 c/a = -5 × 2

-b/a = -3 c/a = -10

So x2 + 3x – 10 = 0
USING ROOTS OF ONE EQUATION TO FIND
ANOTHER EQUATION WITH OTHER ROOTS
 Given that the roots of the equation 3x2 – 10x – 8 = 0 are & β.

a) Find the quadratic equation with roots 3α and 3β.

1 – Find the values of α + β and αβ.

+ β = -b/a = 10/3

β = c/a = -8/3

2 –The sum of the new roots is

3 + 3β = 3( + β) = 3 × 10/3 = 10

The product of the new roots is 9 β = -24 From this we get


that 10 = -b/a & -24 = c/a

So the equation is x2 – 10x – 24 = 0


b) Find the quadratic equation with roots + 2 and β + 2
The sum of the new roots is +β+4=
10/3 + 4 = 22/3
The product of the new roots is (+
2)(β + 2) = β + 2 + 2β + 4 = β + 2( + β) +
4 = -8/3 + 2(10/3) + 4
=8
So 22/3 = -b/a & 8 = c/a
To get rid of the fraction multiply the equation
throughout by 3 therefore the equation is
3x2 – 22x + 24 = 0
PROPERTIES OF THE ROOTS OF
POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
Example 2:

The roots of the equation x2 – 7x + 15 = 0 are α and β.


 Find the quadratic equation with roots α2 and β2

+β=7 & β = 15

( + β)2 = 49 & β2 = 225


2

2
+ β2 + 2 β = 49
2
+ β = 49 – 30
2 Note that α2 + β2
is not the same
2
+ β2 = 19 as (α + β)2
 So the equation is x2 – 19x + 225 = 0
SECTION 2: ROOTS OF CUBIC
EQUATIONS
CONSIDER THE CUBIC EQUATION
3 2 .
ax  bx  cx  d  0
Suppose that its roots are denoted α, β and γ.
𝑏
 the sum of the roots is 𝛼+ 𝛽+𝛾 =−
𝑎
 the sum of pairs of products of roots is
c
     
a
d
 the product of all 3 roots is   
a
CUBIC EQUATIONS
If we are given the values of
 the sums of the roots,
 the sum of pairs of products and
 the product of all the roots, then we can
form the corresponding cubic equation:

x3 -(sum of roots)x 2  (sum of products of pairs)x  (product of roots)  0


QUESTION
The cubic equation
x3  px 2  qx  r  0

where p, q and r are real, has roots ,  and γ.


Given that
     4 and  2   2   2  20

find the values of p and q.


QUESTION
SOLUTION
QUESTION
QUESTION
QUESTION
SOLUTION
QUESTION
QUESTION

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