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The Synoptic Problem Spanish

1. The synoptic problem examines which gospel came first and what sources they used. The internal evidence favors Markan priority, as Matthew and Luke copied much of Mark's content and order. 2. Arguments for Markan priority include that 90% of Mark is found in Matthew and 50% in Luke, and they often agree with Mark's wording and order over their own when they differ. Mark uses unique literary devices like "immediately" and intercalated stories that Matthew and Luke retain. 3. Alternative views propose Matthew or multiple sources came first, but most scholars accept Markan priority as best explaining the literary relationships between the gospels.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
218 views12 pages

The Synoptic Problem Spanish

1. The synoptic problem examines which gospel came first and what sources they used. The internal evidence favors Markan priority, as Matthew and Luke copied much of Mark's content and order. 2. Arguments for Markan priority include that 90% of Mark is found in Matthew and 50% in Luke, and they often agree with Mark's wording and order over their own when they differ. Mark uses unique literary devices like "immediately" and intercalated stories that Matthew and Luke retain. 3. Alternative views propose Matthew or multiple sources came first, but most scholars accept Markan priority as best explaining the literary relationships between the gospels.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

The Synoptic Problem

(Bilingual English Spanish, see Spanish version below)

The synoptic problem (which gospel came first and what sources they used) is
best addressed by looking at the internal and external evidence. The internal evidence is a
better measure of the priority of the Gospels and favors Mark for the following reasons:

Markan Priority

1. Ninety percent of Mark is included in Matthew and fifty percent in Luke.


2. When the same subject is covered in Matthew and Mark, fifty percent of one or both
of them will be found in Mark.
3. Matthew and Luke usually agree in sentence structure and collocation of words in
Mark, but hardly ever do they agree against Mark.
4. Usually all the Gospels agree with the order of Mark, but when they disagree, the
other always follows Mark’s order.1
5. When Matthew and Luke change the wording in Mark, they change it stylistically, or
they may change it to clarify his meaning (Mk 2:15 and Lk 8:24), but they do not
change the content (Mk 2:7 and Lk 5:21). 2
6. Mark uses the word “immediately” as a rhetorical tool to show cause-effect
relationships. Mark uses immediately far more than any other gospel writer (40x vs.
17x in Matt, but Matt only preserves one original not found in Mk).3
7. When Matthew uses Mark he leaves the word “immediately” in place.
8. Mark uses five clear intercalations (sandwich stories) as a rhetorical tool to emphasis
a point in the story. Mark is a master of intercalation stories and uses them more than
the other Gospel writers. When Matthew uses these stories, most of the time, he
breaks up the intercalation and changes the emphasis of the story, but preserves a few
intact showing Mark’s rhetorical originality (Mk 5 and Matt 9; Jairus’ Daughter and
hemorrhaging woman; Mk 14 and Matt 26; Mary anoints Jesus and the betrayal of
Judas).
9. Certain key passages in Mark always follow the same order (Mk 12 and Matt 21?).
10. Mark’s bread motif appears to be original to his Gospel as it is more complete and has
an obvious repeating structure of feeding miracle, misunderstanding of bread, re-
teaching from the physical to the spiritual, and an example of faith illustrated.
Matthew uses the same bread motif with a looser structure.
1
C. E. B. Cranfield, The Gospel According to Saint Mark (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1959), 6-7. See Cranfield for a more detailed explanation.

John D. Grassmick, “Mark,” in The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament, ed.
2

John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck (No City: Victor Books, 1983), 98. See Grassmick for a more detailed
explanation.
3
For a more thorough discussion see Daniel B. Wallace, The Synoptic Problem,
http://bible.org/article/synoptic-problem (accessed Oct., 2009).

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2

11. Luke uses Matthew’s main discourses (Sermon on the Mount caps. 5-7; Parable of the
Seed and Sower, chp 13; missionary Instructions cap. 10; lesson on forgiveness, chp
18; Olivet Discourse, chp 24 and mixes them up in his travelogue (9:51–19:28) to
teach discipleship and attack the Pharisees.
12. Luke’s use of chapters 3–9:50 and 19:52–24??? follow Mark more than Matthew.
Luke does like to expand his stories when possible.
13. Luke favors a Gentile audience like Mark by leaving out explicit Jewish quotations
and Jewish customs.

Other arguments for Markan Priority:

14. The sources used for Mark would have been Peter’s testimony, teaching, and
preaching, which Mark had access to as Peter’s associate and interpreter.
15. Mark also had access to Paul and Barnabas in their first missionary journey and
towards the end of Paul’s life.
16. If Mark was present at the betrayal of Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane (Mk 15:51-
52), then He may have had access to all the eyewitness accounts of the disciples and
believers as well.
17. Mark may have had access to partial written sources of the passion or certain
teachings that were written down and passed around to the believers. A complete
“written source” material that pre-dated Mark was probably not available. Mark’s
Gospel is original in that regard as he compiled his various sources and wrote the first
gospel. The other gospel writers did the same thing in writing their gospels, but
included their specific purposes and sources in writing their gospels.

Arguments against Markan Priority:

1. Matthew and Luke agree against Mark in some passages (6%).


2. Luke omits the bread motif in Mark 6:45–8:26 which seems unusual since it is an
important pericope in Mark.
3. Mark has some unique information not found in the other Synoptics (Mk 14:72, cock
crowing twice).
4. Early church fathers proposed Matthew was written first.
5. Markan priority assumes that Mark wrote his Gospel about A.D. 64-68 during or after
Peter’s death, thus pushing the other dates of the Gospel past the destruction of the
temple.

Matthean Priority

1. The external evidence points to Matthew being written first as the church father
Clement of Alexandria states that the Gospels with the genealogies were written first.4

4
Robert B. Hughes and Carl J. Laney, New Bible Companion (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House
Publishers, 1990), 491.

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3

(However, this may be a reference to the priority placed in Matthew canonically as it


nicely transitions from the old to the new dispensation).5
2. Eusebius makes a particularly puzzling statement when he says, “Matthew compiled
the logia in the Hebrew language, and each one interpreted them as best he could”
(Church History III, 39. 16). Logia here could refer to an oracle in Greek.6 What
Eusebius means is unclear. What he appears to be saying is that the Gospels were
translated from this Hebrew (Aramaic) original.7
3. The phrase “according to Matthew” may than refer to the translation that was
according to Matthew’s logia.8
4. Another possibility is that Matthew wrote an uninspired version in Aramaic that was
lost, and another inspired one in Greek.9

Arguments against Matthean Priority10


The Oxford Hypothesis or the Two (or Four) Document Hypothesis (William
Sanday)11 Proponents: Bock, Wallace, Stein, Grassmick

The explanation of the literary connections is presented by three main


hypotheses and variations of them. First is the two or four document hypothesis in which
Markan priority is assumed. In 1861, H. J. Holtzman proposed the Q document (Quelle,
source) which assumes that Luke and Matthew did not use one another as a source, but
used another secondary source called “Q” (two document hypothesis). This was
5
Grassmick, “Mark,” 98.
6
John H. Peterson, “Gospel of Matthew,” in Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, ed. Merrill
C. Tenney, vol. 4 (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1980), 123.
7
The church fathers may have been using the terms Hebrew and Aramaic synonymously.

The oldest Greek manuscripts preserve this short form, “According to Matthew”. The long
8

form says “The Gospel according to Matthew”.


9
Stanley D. Toussaint, Behold the King: A Study in Matthew (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1980),
332-3.
10
These are the same as the arguments for Markan priority.
11
W. Sanday, ed. Studies in the Synoptic Problem by Members of the University of Oxford
(Oxford: Clarendon, 1911).

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supplemented by Streeter who added source “M” (Matthew’s unique source material) and
“L” (Luke’s unique source material) which is called the four document hypothesis.12
“Q” is based on the assumption that Luke did not copy Matthew and that they
contain similar literary sources, thus “Q” (225 verses; about one-fourth of Matthew and
one-fifth of Luke).13 This is based on the observations that Luke does not use Matthew’s
expanded triple sayings (the divorce narrative and the Peter’s confession), he does not use
Matthew’s infancy or passion narrative, he does not use Matthew’s Sermon on the
Mount, but rather spreads the material of the Sermon in the travelogue. The premise is
that if Luke had Matthew’s Gospel he would have not omitted such important details.
The other major premise that Luke did not use Matthew was that he did not follow
Matthew’s order, but always follows Mark.14

The Griesbach Hypothesis or the Two Gospel Hypothesis15

The second is the Griesbach hypothesis which defends a Matthean priority


and eliminates the need for “Q”.16 This view is based on the Patristic testimony on
Matthean priority and purports that Mark abridges rather than having Matthew and Luke
expanding their sources. It is named after J. J. Griesbach who advanced and advocated
the view.17 W. R. Farmer is its main advocate today.18

Matthew

Luke

Mark

12
B. H. Streeter, The Four Gospels: A Study of Origins (London: Macmillan, 1924).

Darrell L. Bock, “Questions about Q,” in Rethinking the Synoptic Problem, ed. David Alan
13

Black and David R. Beck (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2001), 47.
14
See Bock for an excellent visual table illustrating this fact. Ibid., 50-51.
15
Craig L. Bloomberg, “The Synoptic Problem: Where We Stand and the Start of a New
Century,” in Rethinking the Synoptic Problem, ed. David Alan Black and David R. Beck (Grand Rapids:
Baker Academic, 2001), 31-34.
16
William R. Farmer, The Gospel of Jesus: The Pastoral Relevance of the Synoptic Problem
(Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1994).

Robert H. Stein, “Synoptic Problem,” in Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, ed. Joel B.
17

Green, Scot Mcknight, and I. Howard Marshall (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1992), 786. First
proposed by H. Owen in 1764.
18
Farmer, The Gospel of Jesus: The Pastoral Relevance of the Synoptic Problem.

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5

The Farrar Hypothesis

Presented by the Oxford scholar Austin Farrer, it proposes Markan priority,


but without a “Q” source.19 Mark was used as a source by Matthew, and then Luke used
both Mark and Matthew. “Q” is no longer necessary because Matthew serves as the
secondary source for Luke. The Farrer Hypothesis questions and undermines the
existence of a “Q” document and the basis for its existence.20 “Q” can be explained away
by literary rhetorical devices and Luke’s purpose for writing his Gospel. For example,
Luke used many of Matthew’s discourses (Q) in his travelogue and used them in a
context that expanded their meaning; whereas, Matthew presented his sermon in short
abbreviated pericopes moving quickly from subject to subject. Also, there is evidence
that Luke used Matthew and not Mark in some instances. These are rare, and are often
counted as scribal glosses by proponents of “Q” (Parable of the Mustard Seed, Mt 13:31-
32; Mk 4:30-32; Lk 13:18-19).21

Mark

Matthew

Luke

19
Austin Farrer, “On Dispensing with Q,” in Studies in the Gospels: Essays in Memory of
R. H. Lightfoot, ed. D. E. Nineham (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1955), 55-88.
20
See Ibid. Also available at http://NTGateway.com/Q
21
See Mark Goodacre, The Synoptic Problem: A Way through the Maze, The Biblical
Seminar, vol. 80 (London: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001), 122-161.

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6

Bibliography

Black, David Alan. Why Four Gospels? The Historical Origins of the Gospel. Grand
Rapids: Kregel Publications, 2001.
Black, David Alan, and David R. Beck, eds. Rethinking the Synoptic Problem. Grand
Rapids: Baker Academic, 2001.
Bloomberg, Craig L. “The Synoptic Problem: Where We Stand and the Start of a New
Century.” In Rethinking the Synoptic Problem, ed. David Alan Black and David
R. Beck, 17-40. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2001.
Bock, Darrell L. “Questions about Q.” In Rethinking the Synoptic Problem, ed. David
Alan Black and David R. Beck, 41-64. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2001.
Cranfield, C. E. B. The Gospel According to Saint Mark. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1959.
Farmer, William R. The Gospel of Jesus: The Pastoral Relevance of the Synoptic
Problem. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1994.
Farrer, Austin. “On Dispensing with Q.” In Studies in the Gospels: Essays in Memory of
R. H. Lightfoot, ed. D. E. Nineham, 55-88. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1955.
Goodacre, Mark. The Synoptic Problem: A Way through the Maze. The Biblical Seminar,
vol. 80. London: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001.
Grassmick, John D. “Mark.” In The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament, ed.
John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck, 95-197. No City: Victor Books, 1983.
Hughes, Robert B., and Carl J. Laney. New Bible Companion. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale
House Publishers, 1990.
Peterson, John H. “Gospel of Matthew.” In Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, ed.
Merrill C. Tenney, vol. 4, 120-139. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House,
1980.
Sanday, W., ed. Studies in the Synoptic Problem by Members of the University of Oxford.
Oxford: Clarendon, 1911.
Stein, Robert H. “Synoptic Problem.” In Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, ed. Joel B.
Green, Scot Mcknight, and I. Howard Marshall. Downers Grove: InterVarsity
Press, 1992.
Streeter, B. H. The Four Gospels: A Study of Origins. London: Macmillan, 1924.
Toussaint, Stanley D. Behold the King: A Study in Matthew. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1980.

http://virtualreligion.net/primer/Repute/identity.html
http://virtualreligion.net/primer/outlines/backgrnd.html

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7

El problema sinóptico

 
El problema sinóptico (Cual Evangelio vino primero y qué fuentes utilizaron)
se contesta mejor mirando la evidencia interna y externa. La evidencia interna es la
medida mejor de decidir la prioridad de los Evangelios y favorece el Evangelio de
Marcos por las siguientes razones:

Prioridad de Marcos

1. Noventa por ciento de Marcos se incluye en Mateo y cincuenta por ciento en Lucas.
2. Cuando se cubre el mismo tema en Mateo y Marcos, cincuenta por ciento de uno o
ambos de ellos se encuentran en Lucas.
3. Mateo y Lucas generalmente estan de acuerdo en la estructura de las oraciones y la
colocación de las palabras en Marcos, pero casi nunca coinciden contra marca.
4. Generalmente todos los Evangelios están de acuerdo con la orden de Marcos, pero
cuando están en desacuerdo, el otro sigue siempre el orden de Marcos.1
5. Cuando Mateo y Lucas cambian la redacción de Marcos, la cambian estilísticamente, o
pueden cambiarlo para aclarar su significado (Marcos 2:15 y Lucas 8:24), pero no
cambian el contenido (Mar 2:7 y Luc 5:21).2
6. Marcos utiliza la palabra “inmediatamente” como un instrumento retórico para mostrar
relaciones de causa-efecto. Marcos utiliza “inmediatamente” más que cualquier otro
escritor (40 x vs 17x en Mateo, pero Mateo sólo conserva un original que no se
encuentra en Marcos).3
7. Cuando Mateo utiliza Marcos deje la palabra "inmediatamente" en su lugar.
8. Marcos utiliza cinco intercalaciones claras (historias del sándwich) como un recurso
retórico para enfatizar un punto en la historia. Marcos es un maestro de las historias
de intercalación y utiliza más que los otros escritores del Evangelio. Cuando Mateo
utiliza estas historias, la mayoría de las veces, se rompe la intercalación y cambia el
énfasis de la historia, pero cuando conserva algunos enseña la retórico original de
Marcos (Marcos 5 y Mat 9; Hija de Jairo y la mujer sangrante; Mar 14 y Mat 26;
María unge a Jesús y la traición de Judas).
9. Ciertos pasajes claves en Marcos siguen siempre el mismo orden (Mar 12 y Mat 21?).
10. La tema de pan en Marcos parece ser original en su Evangelio porque es más
completo y tiene una estructura de repetición obvia de la alimentación milagrosa,
incomprensión de pan, la enseña desde lo físico a lo espiritual y un ejemplo de fe
ilustrada. Mateo utiliza el mismo motivo de pan con una estructura más flexible.
11. Lucas usa los discursos principales de Mateo (Sermón del Monte caps. 5-7; Parábola
de la semilla y el sembrador, cap. 13; los instrucciones misionera. 10; lecciónes sobre
el perdón, cap. 18; Discurso de Olivet, cap. 24 y mezcla los en su diario de viaje
(9:51–19:28) para enseñar discipulado y atacar a los fariseos.
12. Uso de Lucas del capítulos 3–9:50 y 19:52:24, siga Marcos más de Mateo. Lucas le
gusta ampliar sus historias siempre que sea posible.
13. Lucas favorece una audiencia gentil como Marcos dejando explícitas citas judías y
costumbres judías.

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Otros argumentos para de prioridad:


 
14. las fuentes utilizadas por Marcos son del testimonio de Pedro, de su enseñanza, y
predicación, que Marcos tenia acceso como intérprete y asociado de Peter.
15. Mark también tenía acceso a Pablo y Bernabé en su primer viaje misionero y hacia el
final de la vida de Pablo.
16. Si Marcos estuvo presente en la traición de Jesús en el huerto de Getsemaní (Mar
15:51-52), a continuación, él pudo haber tenido acceso a los testimonios de los
discípulos y los creyentes también.
17. Marcos podría han tenido acceso a fuentes escritas parciales de la pasión o de ciertas
enseñanzas que fueron escritas y compartieron con los creyentes. Un material
completo “fuente escrita” antes de Marcos probablemente no estaba disponible. El
Evangelio de Marcos es original en ese sentido había compilado sus diversas fuentes
y escribió el primer Evangelio. Los otros escritores del Evangelio hicieron lo mismo
en escribir sus Evangelios, pero incluyeron sus propósitos y fuentes para escribir sus
Evangelios.

Argumentos en contra de la prioridad de Marcos:

1. Mateo y Lucas concuerden contra Marcos en algunos pasajes (6%).


2. Lucas omite el tema del pan en Marcos 6:45 – 8:26 que parece inusual ya que es un
importante pericope en marca.
3. Marcos tiene alguna información única no encontrada en los otros sinópticos (Mar
14:72, canto el gallo dos veces).
4. Los primeros padres de la iglesia propone Mateo fue escrito primero.
5. Prioridad de Marcos asume que Marcos escribieron su Evangelio entre A.D. 64-68
durante o después de la muerte de Peter, empujando las otras fechas del Evangelio
más allá de la destrucción del templo.

Prioridad de Mateo
 
1. La evidencia externa señala a Mateo se escriben primero como el padre de la iglesia
Clemente de Alejandría afirma que los Evangelios con las genealogías fueron escritos
primero.4 (sin embargo, esto puede ser una referencia a la prioridad a Mateo canónico
que inicia la transición muy bien de la vieja a la nueva dispensación).5
2. Eusebio hace una declaración particularmente desconcertante cuando dice: «Mateo
compiló la logia en el idioma hebreo y cada uno los interpretó lo mejor que pudo»
(Historia eclesiástica III, 39. 16). Logia aquí puede referirse a un oráculo en griego.6
Lo que quiere decir Eusebio es confuso. Lo que parece estar diciendo es que los
Evangelios fueron traducidos del este original en hebreo (arameo) o una traducción
griego.7
3. La frase “según Mateo” entonces refiere a la traducción que estaba de acuerdo con la
logia de Mateo.8

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9

4. Otra posibilidad es que Mateo escribió una versión no inspirada en arameo que se
perdió, y otra inspirada en griego.9

Argumentos en contra de prioridad de Mateo10

Son las mismas argumentos de arriba (Marcos).


La hipótesis de Oxford o los dos (o cuatro) documento hipótesis (William Sanday)11
Los defensores del hipótesis: Bock, Wallace, Stein, Grassmick

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
La explicación de las conexiones literarias se presenta por tres principales
hipótesis y variaciones de ellos. En primer es la dos o cuatro hipótesis en que prioridad de
Marcos asume. En 1861, H. J. Holtzman propuso el documento Q (Quelle, fuente) que se
asume que Lucas y Mateo no usaron cada uno como un fuente, pero utilizan otra fuente
secundaria llamada "Q" (dos hipótesis del documento). Esto fue suplido por Streeter que
agregaron fuente "M" (material de fuente única de San Mateo) y "L" (material de fuente
única de Lucas) que se llama la hipótesis de cuatro documentos.12
"Q" se basa en la suposición de que Lucas no copió a Mateo y que contienen
fuentes literarias similares, por lo tanto "Q" (225 versos; un cuarto de Mateo y una quinta
parte de Lucas).13 Esto se basa en las observaciones que Lucas no usan Mateo de ampliar
dichos triple (la narrativa de divorcio y la confesión de Pedro), No utiliza infancia o
narrativa de la pasión de Mateo, él no utiliza el sermón del Monte de Mateo, pero más
bien separa el material del sermón en el relato. La premisa es que si Lucas tenía el
Evangelio de Mateo no omitiría detalles tan importantes. La otra premisa principal que
Lucas no usó a Mateo fue que no cumplió con la orden de Mateo, pero sigue siempre
Marcos.14

La hipótesis de Griesbach o la hipótesis de dos documentos15


 
La segunda es la hipótesis de Griesbach, que defiende una prioridad de Mateo
y elimina la necesidad de "Q".16 Esta versión se basa en el testimonio patrístico en
prioridad de Mateo y propone que Marcos corta el texto en lugar de Mateo y Lucas
ampliando sus fuentes. Se nombre proviene de J. J. Griesbach quien lo avanzó y abogó
ello.17 W. R. Farmer es su defensora principal hoy.18
 

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10

Matthew

Luke

Mark
 

La hipótesis de Farrar

 
Presentado por el académico de Oxford Austin Farrer quien propone la
prioridad de Marcos, pero sin un "Q" como una fuente.19 Marcos fue utilizado como
fuente por Mateo y Lucas, y Lucas utilizó Marcos y Mateo. "Q" ya no es necesario
porque Mateo sirve como la fuente secundaria para Lucas. La hipótesis de Farrer
cuestiona y socava la existencia de un documento "Q" y la base de su existencia.20 “Q” se
explica por los recursos retóricos literarios y el propósito de Lucas para escribir su
evangelio. Por ejemplo, Lucas utiliza muchos de los discursos de Mateo (Q) en su
travelogue (diario de viaje) y utiliza en un contexto que amplió su significado; mientras
que Mateo presenta el sermón del monte en resúmenes abreviado (perícopas)
rápidamente moviendo a sujeto a sujeto. Además, hay pruebas que Lucas usó Mateo no
Marcos en algunos casos. Éstos son raros y a menudo se cuentan como errores escríbales
de proponentes de "Q" (parábola de la semilla de mostaza Mat 13:31-32; Mar 4:30-32;
Luc 13:18-19).21
 
Mark

Matthew

Luke
 

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11

Bibliografía

 
Black, David Alan. Why Four Gospels? The Historical Origins of the Gospel. Grand
Rapids: Kregel Publications, 2001.
Black, David Alan, and David R. Beck, eds. Rethinking the Synoptic Problem. Grand
Rapids: Baker Academic, 2001.
Bloomberg, Craig L. “The Synoptic Problem: Where We Stand and the Start of a New
Century.” In Rethinking the Synoptic Problem, ed. David Alan Black and David
R. Beck, 17-40. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2001.
Bock, Darrell L. “Questions about Q.” In Rethinking the Synoptic Problem, ed. David
Alan Black and David R. Beck, 41-64. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2001.
Cranfield, C. E. B. The Gospel According to Saint Mark. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1959.
Farmer, William R. The Gospel of Jesus: The Pastoral Relevance of the Synoptic
Problem. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1994.
Farrer, Austin. “On Dispensing with Q.” In Studies in the Gospels: Essays in Memory of
R. H. Lightfoot, ed. D. E. Nineham, 55-88. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1955.
Goodacre, Mark. The Synoptic Problem: A Way through the Maze. The Biblical Seminar,
vol. 80. London: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001.
Grassmick, John D. “Mark.” In The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament, ed.
John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck, 95-197. No City: Victor Books, 1983.
Hughes, Robert B., and Carl J. Laney. New Bible Companion. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale
House Publishers, 1990.
Peterson, John H. “Gospel of Matthew.” In Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, ed.
Merrill C. Tenney, vol. 4, 120-139. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House,
1980.
Sanday, W., ed. Studies in the Synoptic Problem by Members of the University of Oxford.
Oxford: Clarendon, 1911.
Stein, Robert H. “Synoptic Problem.” In Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, ed. Joel B.
Green, Scot Mcknight, and I. Howard Marshall. Downers Grove: InterVarsity
Press, 1992.
Streeter, B. H. The Four Gospels: A Study of Origins. London: Macmillan, 1924.
Toussaint, Stanley D. Behold the King: A Study in Matthew. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1980.

http://virtualreligion.net/primer/Repute/identity.html
http://virtualreligion.net/primer/outlines/backgrnd.html

[1]
C. E. B. Cranfield, el Evangelio según San Marcos (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1959), 6-7. Para una explicación más detallada vea la Cranfield.
[2]
John D. Grassmick, "marca," en el comentario de conocimiento bíblico: Nuevo Testamento,
ed. Walvoord y Roy B. Zuck (ninguna ciudad: Victor Books, 1983), 98. Para una explicación más
detallada, consulte Grassmick.

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12
[3]
para una discusión más completa ver Daniel B. Wallace, el problema sinóptico,
http://bible.org/article/synoptic-problem (consultado octubre de 2009).

Robert B. Hughes y Carl J. Laney, nuevo compañero de la Biblia (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale
[4]

House Publishers, 1990), 491.


[5]
Grassmick, "Marca," 98.

John H. Peterson, "Evangelio de Mateo," en Enciclopedia ilustrada de la Biblia, ed.


[6]

Tenney, vol. 4 (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, casa editorial, 1980), 123.


[7]
los padres de la iglesia puede han estado utilizando los términos hebreo y arameo sinónimo.
[8]
los manuscritos griegos más viejos conservan esta forma corta, "según Mateo". La forma
larga dice a "El Evangelio según San Mateo".
[9]
Stanley D. Toussaint, he aquí el rey: un estudio en Mateo (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1980),
332-3.
[10]
estos son los mismos que los argumentos para prioridad de tanque.
[11]
W. Sanday, ed. estudios en el problema sinóptico por miembros de la Universidad de
Oxford (Oxford: Clarendon, 1911).
[12]
B. H. Streeter, los cuatro Evangelios: un estudio de orígenes (Londres: Macmillan, 1924).

Darrell L. Bock, "preguntas sobre Q," en el replanteamiento del problema sinóptico, ed.
[13]

David Alan Black y David R. Beck (Rapids magnífico: Panadero académico, 2001), 47.
[14]
ver Bock para una excelente visual de tablas que ilustran este hecho. Ibíd., 50-51.
[15]
Craig L. Bloomberg, "el problema sinóptico: donde nos espera y el inicio de un nuevo
siglo," en el replanteamiento del problema sinóptico, ed. David Alan Black y David R. Beck (Rapids
magnífico: Panadero académico, 2001), 31-34.

William R. Farmer, el Evangelio de Jesús: la importancia Pastoral del problema sinóptico


[16]

(Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1994).

[17] Robert H. Stein, el "Problema sinóptico", en Diccionario de Jesús y los Evangelios, ed. I.
Howard Marshall, Joel B. Green y Scot Mcknight (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1992), 786. Primero
propuesto por H. Owen en 1764.
[18]
agricultor, el Evangelio de Jesús: la importancia Pastoral del problema sinóptico.

Austin Farrer, "En el suministro con Q," en estudios en los Evangelios: ensayos en
[19]

memoria de R. H. Lightfoot, ed. D. E. Nineham (Oxford: Albahaca Blackwell, 1955), 55-88.


[20]
ver ibídem. También disponible en http://NTGateway.com/Q
[21]
ver Mark Goodacre, el problema sinóptico: una manera a través del laberinto, el seminario
bíblico, vol. 80 (Londres: Prensa académica de Sheffield, 2001), 122-161.

Created by Alex Gonzales

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