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Bs 6651

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Bs 6651

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dorra
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BRITISH STANDARD Code of practice for Protection of structures against lightning Protection des constructions contre la Leitfaden far den Schutz von Bauwerken foudre — Code de bonne pratique gegen Blitaschlag SULT BS 6651: 1992 a Ss —_ —s nw eT BE \ ‘This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the General Electrotechnical Standards Policy Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and ‘comes into effect on 16 December 1992 © BSI 1992 First published November 1985 Second edition July 1990 ‘Third edition December 1902 ‘The following BSI references relate to the work on this, standard: Committee reference GEL/106 Draft for comment 91/28736 DC ISBN 0 680 21322 6 Committees responsible for this British Standard ‘The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the General Electrotechnical Standards Policy Committee (GEL/-) to Technical Committee GEL/106, upon which the following bodies were represented: AEA Technology ‘Association of Consulting Engineers ‘Association of Manufacturers Allied to the Electrical and Electronic Industry (BEAMA Ltd.) British Broadcasting Corporation British Gas ple British Telecommunications ple Cathedrals Advisory Commission for England Council for the Care of Churches Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency) ERA ‘Technology Ltd. Electricity Association Engineering Equipment and Materials Users’ Association Home Office Institution of Electrical Engineers National Federation of Master Steeplejacks and Lightning Conductor Engineers National Radiological Protection Board National Transcommunications Ltd. Amendments issued since publication ‘Amd. No. [Date * ‘Text affected Contents Committees responsible Foreword Code of practice Section.one, General 0 Introduction 1 Scope 2 Definitions and abbreviations 3 Technical aspects of lightning 4 Effects of lightning strike 5 Function of a lightning conductor 6 Materials 7 Dimensions considerations Section two. Ba 8 General 9 Need for protection 10 Zone of protection Section three, System design 11. General considerations 12 Consultation 13 Component parts 14 Air terminations 18 Down conductors 16 Earth termination network 17 Earth electrodes 18 Metal in or on a structure 19 Structures exceeding 20 m in height 20 Structures with roofs of high flammability 21 Buildings with explosive or highly flammable contents 22 Dwelling houses 23 Fences 24 Trees and structures near trees 25 Structures with radio and television aerials. 26 Miscellaneous structures 27 Corrosion Section four. Construction sites 28 Structures 29 Overhead power lines Section five, Inspection, testing and records 30 Inspection 31 Testing 32 Records Section six, Maintenance 33. Maintenance and upkeep Appendices A Explanatory notes on some of the recommendations of this code B Guidance on the application of BS 6651 € General advice on protection of electronic equipment ithin or on Page Inside front cover 3 Bomvvaae 6 6 70 70 70 n 2 n a BS 6651 : 1992 Tables 1. Recommended fixing centres for conductors 2 Recommended materials for the manufacture of lightning protection components ‘3. Some characteristics of typical materials listed in table 2 4 Minimum dimensions of component parts 5 Minimum thicknesses of sheet metal used for roofing and forming part of the air termination network 6 Relationship between thunderstorm days per ‘year and lightning flashes per km? per year 7 Comparative probability of death for an ividual per year of exposure ighting factor A (use of structure) ting factor B (type of construction) ing factor C (contents or consequential s) 11 Weighting factor D (degree of isol 12 Weighting factor E (type of terrain) 13 Examples of cal:!stions for evaluating the need for protection 14 Relationship hetwesin diameter and mass of electrodes 18 Effective collection area of m 16 Etfective collection area of da 17 Weighting factor F (type of construction) 18 Weighting factor G (degree of isolation) 19 Weighting factor H (type of terrain) 20 Classification of structures and contents 21 Classification of exposure level 22 Location category A (mains) 23 Location category B (mains) 24 Location category C (nisins) 25 Location category C (data lines) 28 Definitions of the waveshape paremeters 1.2/50ps ion) igur 1. Number of lightning flashes to the ground per km?" per year for the UK 2 Typical designs for lightning conductor fixings 3. Map showing thunderstorm days per year throughout the world 4 Details of structures and collection areas 5 Examples of lightning protection systems for brick chimneys 6 Protective angles and zones of protection for various forms of air termination 7 Examples of air terminations and down conductors using handrails, metal copings and reinforcing bars 8 Test joints 9 Typical forms of vertical air terminations 10 Air terminations for a flat roof 11 Air terminations for flat roofs at different levels 12. Air terminations for large areas of roof of various profiles Page 10 " 12 3 SSSSFVeeesan £ eo 15 20 21 22 24 28 a 28 29 30 BS 6651 : 1992 13 14 15 16 v7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 a 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Air terminations and concealed conductors for buildings less than 20 m high with stoping roots Air terminations and down conductors for flat roof buildings where the air termination conductors have a PVC oversheath Air terminations for tall conducting structures Air termination network with horizontal conductors for structure with explosive or highly flammable contents Air termination for a flat roof showing , ‘connection to standing seam joint when a Air termination and zone of protection for simple structure with explosive or highly flammable contents Patterns of down conductors (natural or not) for various forms of tall building Voltage gradients along ground surface near to masts, towers and columns with single and multiple earth electrodes (see 15.2 and A.1.2) Down conductor in internal duct Re-entrant loops Lightning protection system for tall buildings {over 20 m high) showing air terminations, down conductors and bonds to projections above roof Example of an earth electrode seal for use within a tanked structure Earth terminations: arrangement of rod earth electrodes Curve for determining the probable maximum ‘current in the lightning flash from the ratio PIP, ‘Transfer inductance in simple loop Curve for determination of the flashover voltage in air 2¢ a function of spacing Plan of collection area Diagram showing bonding to services (of and electricity) Church towers and spires Air termination with twin suspended horizontal conductors and zone of protection for structure ‘with explosive or highly flammable contents Vertical air termination for protection of explosives stores Exceptional protection against overvoltages induced by lightning in incoming supplies to buildings with explosive or highly flammable contents water Page 39 40 a 43 45 48 48 49 50 50 52 54 56 «35 Lightning protection for domestic properties 36 Lightning protection for tents 37 Lightning protection (low cost installation} for isolated farm buildings of brick and tile construction 38 Lightning protection system for sports stadium (football ground) 39 Typical arrangement for prote 40 Bridges 41 Example of use of Rolling Sphere method for assessing @ tall complex building for regions where air terminations are needed Strike location points to industri tallations which could affect electronic systems . Configurations involving electronic equipment Lightning current distribution in a fifteen stanchion ouilding Plan view of fifteen stanchion building showing resulting field line plot (transfer inductance contours) for a lightning pulse Collection area of structure and adjacent associated structure 47 Cables entering a building separated from a ‘transmitter mast 48 Bonding of cables and ‘to buildings 49 Methods of reducing induced voltages 50 Hybrid earth system applied to equipment in multi-floor building 51 Earth connection from zero voltage reference ‘of equipment to earth of surge protection devices 82 Direct injection into exposed electrical systems ‘53 Protection from direct injection 84 Protection of cables located alongside tall vessels and bonding at roof level 6 Locations where high, medium or tow lightning ‘current can be expected to flow through cables associated with a reaction vessel ightning current characteristics for sever negative ground strike 57 Strike points on plant 8 Inductance 69 Simplified circuit diagram of the combination ‘wave generator 60 Waveshape of short circuit current (1.2/50 ps) 61 Waveshape of short circuit current (8/20 ps) 9 of windmills 42 88 45 48 sat entry and exit Page 59 62 66 67 76 95. 96 97 100 101 102 103 104 105 105 108 107 108 109 110 110 Wt m BS 6651 : 1992 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the General Electrotechnical Standards Policy ‘Committee and supersedes BS 6651 : 1990, which is withdrawn, It is recommended that the materials, extent and dimensions of the air terminations, down conductors, earth termina: tions, bonding, components, etc. as laid down in this standard should be adhered to in full, irrespective of any devices or systems employed which are claimed to provide enhanced protection. This standard is intended to give guidance on the principles and practice that experience has shown to be important in protecting structures against damage from lightning. It examines the characteristics of the lightning phenomenon and indicates the statistical nature of the evidence on which ‘assessments for protection are based. It also provides ‘guidance on the need for protection and makes recom mendations on the protection to be provided for structures in general and for specific structures that are considered to ‘be most at risk, these recommendations being an economic compromise between absolute protection and the cost of the installation, Guidance on protection of electronic equipment against. lightning Is being developed internationally. However, until the result of this work is available for publication as 2 British Standard, the Technical Committee have produced general advice on the subject and this is given in appendix C. Itis emphasized that appendix C is included for information only, and that compliance with appendix C Is not necessery for compliance with BS 6651 as # whole unless invoked in a contract. Warning, Attention is drawn to the danger of installing or carrying out maintenancy work on lightning protection systems or surge protection devices during a storm. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. BS 6651 : 1992 Code of practice. Section one Section one. General 0 Introduction Lightning is @ natural hazard, being the discharge of static electricity generated in parts, called ‘cells’, of storm clouds, In the UK, sbout one million flashes strike the ground each decade. Some of then damage buildings and a few kill or injure people and animals, either directly or indirectly by causing fire and explosions. Statistics for deaths by lightning show the risk to be very low, being one in two million per year (see 9.3). This British Standard outlines the general technical espects of lightning, illustrating its principal electrical, thermal and mechanical effects. Guidance is given on how to assess the risk of being struck and it offers a method of compiling ‘an index figure as an aid in deciding if a particuler structure is in need of protection. ‘The guidance givan is of a general nature and its application t0.a specific lightning protection installation takes Into ‘sccount the particular conditions pertaining to th installation. In cases of difficulty, specialist advice should be sought. tt it can never be completely effective in eliminating risk of damage to the structure. [NOTE 1. Consideration Is beng sven to the protection of ‘lectricelinetalleions with particular reference to structures Containing veaitiveeactronie equipment. NOTE 2. Some explanatory Information about the recommends tions of this standard is given in appendix A. NOTE 3. All structures shown In figure ar typical’ only and are ‘ot intended oe dations. NOTE 4. Guidance on the pplication of the standard I given in sopendix 8, NOTE 6. Ganeral advice on protection of eactronic equloment sasint lightning agian i appendix 1 Scope ‘This British Standard gives guidance on the design of systems for the protection of structures ageinst lightning and on the selection of materials, Recommendations are made for special cases such as explosives stores and ‘temporary structures, e.g. cranes and spectator stands constructed of metal scaffolding. Offshore oil and gas installations a not included. current-carrying conductors are directly ructures coming within the scope of this code, listed on the inside beck cover. 2 Definitions and abbreviations 2.1 Definitions For the purposes of this Brit definitions apply. ish Standard, the following a 21.1 lightning flash. An electrical discharge between cloud and earth, of atmospheric origin, comprising one or more impulses of many kiloamps. 2.1.2 lightning stroke. One of the single distinguishable ‘current impulses of a lightning flash, 2.1.3 lightning strike, A lightning flash attaching to @ structure. ‘ 2.1.4 lightning protection system. The whole system of conductors used to protect a structure from the effects of lightning. 2.1.5 sir termination or air termination network. That part of a lightning protection system which is intended to inter- ‘cept lightning discharges. 2.1.6 down conductor. A conductor that connects an air termination with an earth termination (see 2.1.10). 2.1.7 bond. A conductor intended to provide electrical connection between the lightning protection system and ‘other metalwork and betwaen various portions of the latter. 2.1.8 Joint. A mechanical and/or electrical junction ‘between two or more portions of a lightning protection system, test joint. A joint designed and situated so a8 to ‘enable resistance or continuity measurements to be made, 2.1.10 ear.. carmination or earth termination network. ‘That part of a lightning protection system which is intanded to discharge lightning currents into the general mass of the earth. NOTE, Al points below th tet point in down conductor art Incuded in hie tr. 2.1.11 earth electrode. A conductive part which is. intended to conduct lightning current or @ group of conductive parts in intimate contact with and providing an electrical contact with the earth. NOTE. t may comprie for example, one or more driven rods, horaontal conductor oF reinforced concrete foundetlone. (2.1.12 ring earth electrode. An earth electrode forming a closed loop round the structure below or on the surface: of the earth, or within or under the foundations. NOTE. 1 may be ued for interconnecting other erth electrode. 2.1.13 indicating plate. A plate detailing the number and Position of earth electrodes. 2.1.16 referans earth electrode. An earth electrode capable of being completely iolated from an earth termina- tion network for use in periodic testing. 2.1.18 isolation. The positioning of metal in and on structure relative to the lightning protection system 20 that the metal is not required to carry any part of the lightning curcent. 2.1.16 10g book. A record'of tests and inspections of a ightning conductor installation. 2.1.17 electronic equipment. Communications equipment, telemetry, computer, control and instrumentation systems snd power electronic installations and similar equipment, incorporating electronic components. 2.1.18 equipment transient design level (ETDL). The level of transients to which an equipment has been satisfactorily tested. NOTE. ETDL is sometimes known as ‘enmunity level’ 2.1.19 transient control level (TCL). The maximum level of transients occurring in a protected system, achieved by design of protection (screening ete.) or by use of surge suppressors. 2.1.20 self inductance. The property of a wire or circuit which causes a back e.m-f. to be generated when a changing ‘current flows through it. NOTE 1. The aif inductance of » wire or circuit Is given by: vere a where Vie the back e.mJ.,in vol Lin the self inductance, in here w isthe rate of change of current in amperes par second, NOTE 2, Seo 2.1.21 mutual inductance, The property of a circuit whereby a voltage is induced in a loop by a changing current in a separate conductor. NOTE 1, The mutual inductance of a circuit is vem ar where Vis the induced voltage in 1o0p, in vol (Mig the mutual inductance, in henries; ot is the rate of change of current in a reperator conductor, ‘tin amperes per second. NOTE 2, See 6.9.2. 7 BS 6651 : 1992 Section one fansfer inductance. The property of a circuit whereby a voltage is induced in a loop by a changing current in another circuit, some part of which is included in the loop. NOTE 1, The transfer inductance ofa circuit is given by: o Ve my 2 Mm where LV Inthe induced voltage in 2 loop, in vol (Meg i the transfer inductance, in henries; a © in tne rato of change of current in another circu, In Aluminium bronze BS 2871 : Part 3 A102 Aluminium alloy: BS 3242 - Aluminium BS 1471 6082TF Aluminiven BS215 : Part 1 ~ Noval bras 882874 czn2 Aluminium BS 1474 6082TF Stee! ‘Steel (general use) BS 970: Part 1 All grad eaeian| bad BS 302: Part 2 - Steet for galvanizing avanize sri ‘Stainless steet ss) 85970: Pert (see note 1) BS 1449: Part 1 - igereatuse? —, | ps970:Pan1 | 2553 Stainton st austenite) eso70: Pent | 325811 NOTE 1, The recommended Finish i 8 steel in contact with alu {ee PD 6484), In these casey, it it important to ta NOTE 3, This table applies to fini NOTE 2. Stai of the air termination network. ‘adornments and projections such as crows or weath saniting in accordance with 8S 729, which has to be done after manufacture or fabrication. jum or aluminium alloys is likely to cause additional corrosion to the otective messures, 0.9. the use of inhibiters vanes on churches which are used as part BS 6651 : 1992 Section one “sm eu WqLOURL snoMUUGD 30) MORI ON B ‘want ood % 70 oH UE “Ao worn pawan vey Any 4 eC LB ‘pemoeynona ow poy 4 ‘pause @ upton} wu snsipu suo seseon qe i equmyoaa eaqoht a fo pany wh ENT “wonseoid snowy usm Hy Bn H0}0q HYBNOH Ha PION BADR AY 3 “vorep w pete hays jo 0434 evojvenuo> wun Ag uses Autanbepe ea Amuvou pynomt Pus utr Ale 0m hg sedan zisoic wl - or or{ -| -| on v 28 uf - % oc] =| ocr] oe v zor core so | oc - -| =] -] - v| iv zuz9 os0 wl] io oF ow | oc] -| 06 viv torso) 060, z| - * ox | -| om] o viv eos ‘069 af = ss oz! -| sc] o v{ ov z019 0068 af = s oz| -| se] o vi ov “019 ve | - - -| =| wz] - o| 8 2008 ve | - =| -| son} - s| a viois sz | x - -fowl =} - s| v oes porxwa | x * Jewmurns |camurn |punurn | sunwrn = 7 -[ «|< a en sane yooud xe v0 mmsnous | mo m0 nore route erwedandyosiane po oqumeu REAL ovmmnes wore one af ot oy of «] e] « s[ fi ‘Z MgRa ut pansy syeereU (e2!dAs Jo FOnsHeTDE NYS awOS “E HREL BS 6651 : 1992 Section one | 7 Dimensions ‘The component parts of lightning protection systems should have dimensions not less than those given in tables 4 and 5, except in the special case considered in 26.4. In situations where inspection or repair is likely to be unusually difficult, consideration should be given to using a size gr yf than the mit ‘The nearest standard size should be used, provided that the dimension is not smal imum given in table 4, ler than that stated, ‘Table 4, Minimum dimensions of component parts Component Dimensions [Aree | Component Dimensions | Arve mm rae? mm [mm? Fixed connections (bonds) in ‘aluminium, aluminium alloy, 20x25 | 50.0 | copper and galvanized steel ‘aluminium, aluminium alloy, external sty 500 copper, phosphor bronze and external rods 50.0 galvanized steel rods a.0dia, | 50.0 internal strip 30.0 internal rods 33.0 |_| Suspended conductor stranded aluminium 713.0 | 50.0 | Flexible or laminated connections stranded copper 19/18 | 60.0 | (bonds): stranded aluminium (steel ‘external, aluminium 20x25 | 500 inforced) 713.9 | 500 20x25 | 500 stranded galvanized steel 73.0 | 50.0 20x15 | 300 internal, annealed copper 20x15 | 300 Down conductors: ‘aluminium, copper and galvanized NOTE 1. For copper-ciad stel rods, the core should be of tow steel strip 20x 2.5 | 50.0 | cordon stet with oronaie strength of epproximatsly 600 Nimm*, ‘The cladding should be of 99.9% pure electrolytic copper s.0dia, | 50,0 | Yolwculry bonded to the ste! core, The racial thicknes of the ‘Copper should be not let then 0.25 ram. NOTE 2, Couplings for copper

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