Arcio, Cherrilyn

Barba, Edelquinne S.

Dulag, Carol T.

COMPREHENSIVE LAW ON FIREARMS AND AMMUTIONS (R.A 10591) IN TABUK CITY

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The literature reviewed is divided into that produced at the turn of the century, from 1910 to
1940, from 1940 to 1960, and from 1960 to the present. In toolmark examinations, the tool used
in the commission of a crime is identified and used to link the suspect to the scene of the crime.
The identification of the tool is based on the scratches, depressions, and other marks that the
tool leaves on the object with which it comes into contact. The combination of these various
marks has been termed toolmarks, and the claim is that every instrument can impart a
distinctive mark. The literature suggests that the early 1990's shows much promise for the
advancement of objective toolmark comparisons. According to the Association of Firearms and
Toolmarks Examiners' Criteria for Identification Committee, the interpretation of toolmark
individualization and identification is still considered to be subjective, based on one's training
and experience. Commercial comparison systems have already been reported, although they
have not yet gained widespread use. Continued promising studies reported by Uchiyama,
advances in the science of surface topography measurement, and the law enforcement
community's needs seem to show that by the end of this decade, the puzzling problem of
objective toolmark striation comparisons will be solved. The challenge is not only to develop a
solution but to do it in a way that will enable most of the forensic laboratories to acquire and
operate such systems.

In an effort to reduce firearm mortality rates in the USA, US states have enacted a range of
firearm laws to either strengthen or deregulate the existing main federal gun control law, the
Brady Law. We set out to determine the independent association of different firearm laws with
overall firearm mortality, homicide firearm mortality, and suicide firearm mortality across all US
states. We also projected the potential reduction of firearm mortality if the three most strongly
associated firearm laws were enacted at the federal level.Findings31 672 firearm-related deaths
occurred in 2010 in the USA (10·1 per 100 000 people; mean state-specific count 631·5 [SD
629·1]). Of 25 firearm laws, nine were associated with reduced firearm mortality, nine were
associated with increased firearm mortality, and seven had an inconclusive association. After
adjustment for relevant covariates, the three state laws most strongly associated with reduced
overall firearm mortality were universal background checks for firearm purchase (multivariable
IRR 0·39 [95% CI 0·23–0·67]; p=0·001), ammunition background checks (0·18 [0·09–0·36];
p<0·0001), and identification requirement for firearms (0·16 [0·09–0·29]; p<0·0001). Projected
federal-level implementation of universal background checks for firearm purchase could reduce
national firearm mortality from 10·35 to 4·46 deaths per 100 000 people, background checks for
ammunition purchase could reduce it to 1·99 per 100 000, and firearm identification to 1·81 per
100 000.

Gelatin is a popular tissue simulant in biomedical applications. The behavior of a bullet and
the effects of penetrating a simulant are similar in biological tissue. In order to accurately
describe the interaction between a rifle bullet and muscle tissue, this paper discusses the
wounding mechanism and the difference between the Bo Janzon (B-J) model, the Karl Sellier
(K-S) model, and a three-degree of freedom (DOF) rigid-body motion model previously
established by us based on the properties of gelatin. In addition, experiments conducted into
rifle bullet penetration into gelatin, with bullet sizes 7.62 × 54 mm and 5.8 × 42 mm, and
acquisition of the corresponding motion law are discussed. Numerical calculations reveal that
the motion model has a better fit with experimental values than the B-J and K-S models.
Further, it more accurately describes the motion of a rifle bullet penetrating gelatin than the
other models and also has good generality. Thus, it can provide a theoretical reference for small
arms ammunition design and wound treatment.

The NSPOF used a list-assisted random-digit-dial sampling method in which each

telephone household has essentially equal likelihood of being selected; a total of 2,568 adults
were interviewed. Since those who refused to participate in the survey may be different from
participants, the authors urge caution in the interpretation of results based on NSPOF data.
Findings show that approximately 192 million working firearms are in private possession, about
one-third of which are handguns. About one-quarter of American adults personally own a
firearm (42 percent for men and 9 percent for women); gun ownership is most prevalent among
middle-aged, middle-class whites from rural areas. Gun owners with four or more guns,
approximately 10 percent of the Nation's adults, own about 77 percent of the total stock of
firearms. Most handgun owners have a handgun primarily for self-defense; nevertheless, two-
thirds of all handgun owners also own at least one rifle or shotgun, suggesting some experience
and interest in the sporting uses of guns. Overall, 46 percent of gun owners own some kind of
gun primarily for protection against crime. Most guns were acquired through cash purchases
from a federally licensed firearms dealer. Survey findings suggest that 1.5 million gun owners
use their guns defensively in 4.7 million defensive gun uses each year. The discussion of these
survey findings on defensive uses of guns provides evidence that these estimates of the
number of defensive gun uses, along with the number of firearms accidents, are too high by an
order of magnitude or more. Extensive tables are provided
 This study examines the Comprehensive Anti-Gang Initiative (CAGI) implemented across
12 U.S. jurisdictions. MethodsAnnual firearm homicide trends are examined in a balanced panel
regression framework in order to test whether CAGI cities experienced changes in gun homicide
(i.e., a gang violence proxy) between pre- and post-intervention, and accounting for cross-city
program dosage, relative to shifts in comparable non-CAGI cities Results CAGI cities
experienced a significant decline in gun homicide rates post-intervention. Inclusion of CAGI
dosage measures suggested a modest though specific effect of law enforcement on gun
homicide rates relative to comparable US cities. However, there was no indication of sustained

law enforcement or target city impact, which suggests several limitations with the CAGI
framework as applied in practice.Conclusions.The evidence of limited impact suggests several
points. First, comprehensive gang funding should be prioritized for jurisdictions at the highest
risk of gang violence. Second, given difficulties in implementation, efforts like CAGI would
benefit from a planning period that would allow for the establishment of intensive and timely
prevention and re-entry programs to run in conjunction with suppression activities. Third, much
greater investment and attention to building reliable and valid measures of gang crime are
needed.

Many gun laws popular among advocates have shown the capability to reduce firearm
suicide but have inherent limitations. These laws focus on firearm access; because firearms are
so lethal, individuals in the midst of a crisis with access to a firearm are at high risk for fatal
harm. 1 Laws like purchaser licensing and Extreme Risk Protection Orders can reduce firearm
suicide but rely on identifying and acting on risk. 4, 5 Purchaser licensing laws keep those with a
statutory prohibiting condition from acquiring firearms. Extreme Risk Protection Order laws are
intended to remove firearms from the home of someone at high risk for harming himself or
herself or others. Because suicide is often an impulsive act taken in response to acute
stressors, it is not always possible to preemptively identify and act on risk of suicide. 1 A person
experiencing a transient crisis may not satisfy any statutory or other legal criteria prohibiting gun
acquisition. For individuals in this scenario, the lethality of immediately available means of harm
is quite important.

The 1930s was a decade that provided impressive breakthroughs in the field of forensic
ballistics, or firearms identification. Following the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre of 1929, where
ballistic expert Calvin Goddard’s testimony brought attention to the relatively new field, several
forensic ballistic books were published. Among these were Burrard’s The Identification of
Firearms and Forensic Ballistics and Hatcher’s Textbook of Firearms Investigations,
Identification, and Evidence. Burrard introduced forensic examination to the British judicial
system; Hatcher applied his considerable knowledge of firearms and ammunition to weapons’
design, manufacture, and testing. Gunthers’ The Identification of Firearms combined the
approaches of these volumes into a new book that emphasized both the painstaking scientific
methodology vital to firearms identification, complete with ballistics photographs, and its
practical use by analyses of several legal cases where firearms identification was used. These
include the infamous Sacco-Vanzetti case, the first in American legal history where forensic
ballistics played a very prominent role in courtroom proceedings. The Gunther brothers utilized
their respective legal and military experience to provide a comprehensive reference volume that
is noteworthy for those interested in law enforcement or ballistics as well as gun enthusiasts.

In 1999, more than 150,000 firearms were submitted by law-enforcement agencies for
tracing by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF), three times as many as in
1993.'This growth in trace requests indicates the success of ATF's program to persuade state
and local agencies of the strategic value of comprehensive firearms tracing. About four dozen
cities now submit all firearms confiscated by the police for tracing, and the growing database of
trace results has provided the raw material for improved intelligence on the channels by which
guns are acquired by criminals. But the proper interpretation and use of these data remains
controversial.

Firearms tracing is nothing new. The Gun Control Act of 19682 established the regulations
that make it possible, at least in principle, to determine the chain of commerce for a firearm from
the point of import or manufacture to the first retail sale.

With the rapid increase since the mid-1980s in rates of homicide and other criminal
violence, crime has emerged as the nation's leading domestic problem. One tactic for mitigating
lethal violence is gun control-government regulation of the production, exchange, and use of
personal firearms. A number of proposals are currently being debated at the federal, state, and
local levels. Recently, Congress enacted the Brady Bill and adopted a partial ban on assault
weapons, while the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (BATF) toughened sales
procedures for gun dealers.'A central issue in debating these and other control measures is
which types of regulation are likely to be most cost-effective in reducing gun violence. This
Article concerns the secondary gun market, one of the key issues in understanding the potential
effectiveness of gun control measures. The primary objective of much of the gun control effort in
the United States is to discourage certain categories of people, including felons and those under
indictment, from obtaining and possessing guns, while preserving ready availability of guns for
everyone else.

IMPORTANCE: Violence is a significant public health problem that has become entwined with
the coronavirus pandemic. Conditions that contribute to violence--poverty, unemployment, lack
of available resources, isolation, hopelessness, and loss--have intensified and are further
compounded by the recent surge in firearm sales, which is itself a risk factor for firearm-related
harm. OBJECTIVE: To describe individuals9 worry about violence for themselves and others in
the context of the pandemic, pandemic-related unfair treatment, as well as the prevalence of
and reasons for firearm acquisition and changes in firearm storage practices due to the
pandemic. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study used data
from the California Safety and Wellbeing Survey, a statewide Internet survey of 2,870 California
adults (18 years of age and older) conducted from July 14 to July 27, 2020. Responses were
weighted to be representative of the state population of adults. MAIN OUTCOMES AND
MEASURES: Survey topics for this study included: changes in worry about violence happening
to oneself, by type of violence and location, before and during the pandemic; concern someone
else might physically hurt another person or themselves on purpose due to a pandemic-related
loss; experiences of unfair treatment related to the pandemic; firearm and ammunition
acquisition and changes in firearm storage practices due to the pandemic; and participation in
civic and political activities "in response to gun violence" during the pandemic.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major threat to women’s safety and well-being worldwide.
Firearms heighten this threat by increasing the morbidity and mortality of IPV. This paper
focuses on the United States, a nation with high rates of IPV alongside high rates of gun
ownership. The United States has implemented several policy approaches to reduce the
harmful role that firearms play in IPV by limiting access to firearms for IPV offenders. One such
law prohibits persons under Domestic Violence Restraining Orders (DVROs) from purchasing or
possessing firearms or ammunition. Although DVRO firearm prohibitions can reduce the risk of
firearm-related injury and homicide associated with IPV, implementation and enforcement of
these laws at regional and local levels is challenging and variable. We discuss implications for
DVRO research, policy, and practice as part of a comprehensive approach to prevent and
reduce firearm-related IPV.
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