KALKULUS 2 : PERTEMUAN 2

I. The Definite Integral

Perhatikan ilustrasi berikut,
The assumtions needed in this section are :
(i). A function f is defined on [a,b]
(ii). P is a set partition points of [a,b], that is
P={a=x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , ... xi−1 , x i , ..., x n−1 , x n=b }
Where,
a=x 0 < x1 < x 2 <...< x i−1< x i <...< x n−1< x n =b .
With the partition points x i not necessarily equally spaced.
¿
(iii). Let x i is any point in [ x i−1 , x i] we say a sample point, and ∆ x i=x i−x i−1 the length of
the ith subinterval.
(iv). Define the norm of P denoted by │ P │, as the length of the longest subinterval in the
partition. (look at figure 1 below)

● ● ● ● ... ● ● .... ● ●
a=x o x 1 x2 x3 x i−1 xi x n−1 x n=b

Basicly the assumptions above, we have the following definition which is central to study of
calculus.

Definition 2 : (The definite integral)

Let a< b and suppose that │ Plim

│→0
¿ exist and independent of the way in which the interval [a,b]

is partitioned and the way in which the numbers x i* are chosen. Then the definite integral of
b
f ( x ) on the interval [a,b], written ∫ f ( x ) dx is defined by
a

∫ f ( x ) dx=¿ │ lim
P │→ 0
¿¿
a

n
= lim
│P│→0
∑ f (¿ x ¿i ) ∆ x i ¿ ............................................... (i)
i=1

│ P │→ 0 ⟹ n(the number of partition points) ⟶ ∞, so that the equation (i) to be

 b

∫ f ( x ) dx=¿ nlim
→∞
¿¿
a

n
= lim ∑ f (¿ xi )∆ x i ¿................................................ (ii)
¿

n → ∞ i=1

n
the term Rs=∑ f ( x ¿i ) ∆ x i we say the Reimann ∑ ¿
i=1

Example 8:
3

Calculate the ∫ ( x +3 ) dx
−2

a. By geometry
b. By definition and use the right hand end point as a sample point
c. By definition and use the left hand end point as a sample point
Solution:
a. Try by your self
b. The right hand end point as a sample point
Partition [-2,3] into n subintervals of equal length. The length of each subintervals is
5
∆ x= , in each subintervals [ xi−1 , x i ] use x i (the right hand end point) as a sample point.
n
Then
5
x o=−2 ; x 1=−2+ ∆ x=−2+
n
5
x 2=−2+2 ∆ x=−2+2 ¿ ) ; x 3=−2+3 ∆ x=−2+ 3( ) ...
n

x i=−2+i ∆ x=−2+i ( 5n ) ;… x =−2+n ∆ x =−2+n( 5n )=3

n

So, f ( x ) =x +3=−2+i ( ) +3=1+i ( ), so that the Reimann Sum is

5 5
i i
n n

∑ f ( x )∆ x =∑ f ( x )∆ x=∑ ¿ 1+i ( 5n ) } 5n =5+ 25

n n n
¿ n(n+1)
i i i ( )¿
i=1 i=1 i=1n 2 2

[ 252 1n ] 352
3

Finally, ∫ ( x +3 ) dx=lim 5+ ( 1+ ) =
−2 n→∞

c. the left hand end point as a sample point

 5
x o=−2 ; x 1=−2+ ∆ x=−2+
n
5
x 2=−2+2 ∆ x=−2+2 ¿ ) ; x 3=−2+3 ∆ x=−2+ 3( ) ...
n

x i−1=−2+ ( i−1 ) ∆ x=−2+(i−1) ( 5n ); x =−2+n ∆ x=−2+n ( 5n )=3

n

+3=−2+ ( i−1 ) ( ) +3=1+(i−1) ( ),

5 5
So, f ( x i−1 )=x i−1
n n
so that the Reimann Sum is

( 5n ) } 5n ¿
n n n

∑ f ( x ¿i ) ∆ x i=∑ f ( x i) ∆ x =∑ ¿ 1+(i−1)
i=1 i=1 i=1

( )
n n n
5 25 5 25
¿ ∑ ¿ +(i−1) 2 }=∑ + 2 ∑ (i−1)¿
i=1 n n i=1 n n i =1
25 25 25 25 n(n+1)
¿ 5− n+ 2 ( 1+2+…+n )=5− + 2
n
2
n n n 2
25 25 (n+1)
¿ 5− +
n 2 n

3
25 25 ( n+1 ) 35
Finally, ∫ ( x +3 ) dx=lim {5− + }=
−2 n→∞ n 2 n 2

Example 8: (use the left and righ hand end point as a sample point)
Use the definition of definite integral to calculate the area bounded by the curve y = x 2, x axis
from x = 0 to x = 1
Solution:
¿
Partition [0,1] into n subintervals of equal length and choose x i = xi−1 (the left hand end point)
of each subinterval. The length of each subinterval is 1/n and the partition points are, 0 =
2
0 1 2 i−1 n−1 n
< < <… <…< < =1 . Then for i = 1, 2, ..., n, f(x i*) = f(xi-1) = f( i−1 ¿=( i−1 ) ,
n n n n n n n n
1
and ∆ x i= . By definition of definite integral we get,
n
1 n 2
i−1
∫ x 2 dx =nlim
→∞
∑ (
n
) ∆ xi
0 i=1

¿ lim ¿ . 1 + ¿
n→∞ n
1
= lim 3
¿¿
n→∞ n
 = lim
n→∞ n3 {
1 ( n−1 ) n ( 2 n−1 )
6 } = lim
n→∞ 6{
1 ( n−1 ) ( 2n−1 )
n
2 }
{
1 ( 2n −3 n+1 )
}
2
1
¿ lim =¿
n→∞ 6 n
2 3

Now compare with this,

]
1
1 3 1 1 1
∫ x
2
=(
3
x) =
0 3
(1) - 0 =
3
0

Remember
1.
n
n(n+1)
∑ i=1+ 2+ 3+…+n= 2
i=1

2.
n
n ( n+1 ) (2 n+1)
Teorema 5 (The fundamental∑ i 2=12 +2for
2 2
theorem +…+ n2=
+3Integral)
i=1 6
Andaikan fungsi f kontinu pada [a , b], dan andaikan F sebarang anti derivatif dari f maka,
3.
b n 2
n(n+1)
∫ f ( x ) dx=¿ ¿ ∑ i3=¿13 +23 +33 + …+n3={ 2
}¿
a i=1

Bukti: 4.
n
n ( n+1 ) (6 n3 +9 n 2+ n−1)
∑ 4
i =¿
Andaikan P: a=x < x < x < x < …< x
¿
0 1 2 3 i=1 i−1< x i <… x n−2
30< x n−1 < x n=bpartisi sembarang dari [a , b],
maka dapat ditulis,

F ( b )−F ( a )=[ F ( x n ) −F ( x n−1 ) ] + [ F ( x n−1 ) −F ( x n−2 ) ] + [ F ( x n−2 ¿ ¿ ) −F ( x n−3 ) ] +¿

[ F ( x n−3 ) −F ( x n−4 ) ]+ … .+ [ F ( x 1 )−F ( x0 ) ]

n
¿ ∑ [F ( xi ) −F ( x i−1 ) ] ................................................ (i)
i=1

Berdasarkan Teorema nilai rata-rata untuk turunan yang diterapkan terhadap F pada [ xi−1 , x i ] maka

untuk sebarang x i ∈ [ x i−1 , x i ] diperoleh,

¿

F ( x i )−F ( x i−1 ) =F' ( x ¿i ) ( x i−x i−1 )=f ( x ¿i ) ∆ x i ................. (ii)

Basic on (ii), (i) can be written,

n
F ( b )−F ( a )=∑ f ( x¿i ) ∆ x i .................................................. (iii)
i=1
Take limit both sides of (iii) for n → ∞
n
lim ∑ f ( x i ) ∆ x i=¿ lim {F ( b )−F ( a ) }¿
¿

n → ∞ i=1 n →∞

b
⟺ ∫ f ( x ) dx=¿ F ( b ) −F ( a ) ¿, the theorem is proved.
a

Another proof for theorem 5

Let f be continuous on [a,b]. If F is any indefinite integral of f on [a,b], then

b

∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( b )−F (a)

a

Proof:

If F is an indefinite integral of f , then

d
dx
[ F ( x ) ]=F ' ( x)=f ( x ), for all x in (a , b). ..................... (i)

As we have known that,

x
d
G ( x ) = ∫ f ( t ) dt ⟹ [ G ( x ) ]=G' ( x ) =f ( x ) for all x in (a,b). .......(ii)
a dx

From (i) and (ii), Its clear that F and G have the same derivative, its mean they differ by a
constant, therefore ( F and G are continuous on [a , b], differentiable on (a , b)) can be written

G ( x ) =F ( x )+ c , ∀ x ∈[a,b]. ............................ (iii)

In particular

G ( a )=F ( a ) +c ................................... (iv)

But from (iv) we get, G(a ) = ∫ f ( x ) dx=0, ...........................(v)

a

Substitution (v) to (iv) we get : c=−F (a) ............................. (vi)

Substitution (vi) to (iii) we get

G ( x ) =F ( x )−F ( a ) , ∀ x ∈[a , b] .......................... (vii)

Now in (vii) for x=b we get,

G(b ) = ∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( b )−F (a), so the theorem is proved.

a

3
Example 13 : Calculate ∫ x dx
3

3
x4 81
is anti derivative of f ( x )=x 3, therefore ∫ x dx = F(3) – F(0) = .
3
Solution : F(x) =
4 0
4

Example 14 : Show that ∫ k dx=k ( b−a), for any constant k

a

Solution : F ( x )=kx , is anti derivative of f (x) f(x) = k, so

b

∫ k dx=F ( b )−F ( a )=kb−ka=k (b−a)

a

Example 15 :

Calculate ∫|x +1|dx

−5

Solution : We know that |x +1|= {

x +1;if x ≥−1
−( x +1 ) ; x <−1

3 −1 3

So, ∫ ⌈ x+1 ⌉ dx=¿ ∫ − ( x +1 ) dx+ ∫ ( x+ 1 ) dx =16 ¿

−5 −5 −1

Exercises 2:
A. Solve the following problems by definition of the definite integral,
3 4 4 2

1. ∫ ( 2 x −8 ) dx ;2.∫ ( 2 x+3 ) dx ; 3.∫ (¿ x + 2) dx ; 4. ∫ ( x 2−1 ) dx ¿

2 2

−1 0 0 −1

2 4 2
5. ∫ ( 2 x +1 ) dx ; 6.∫ ( x −2 x ) dx ; 7. ∫ ( x + x+1 ) dx
2 2 2

−1 0 −1

B. Solve the following problems by the theorem

 4 2 1

1. ∫ ( 2 x+ 3 ) dx ; 2. ∫ ( x + x+1 ) dx ; 3. ∫ | y|dy (hint draw a picture)

2

0 −1 −1

2 1 4
4. ∫ | y +1|dy ; 5. ∫ ( 1+ y+ y + y ) dy ; 6. ∫ 4 √ u du ;
2 3

−3 0 1

2 2

7. Which is greater ∫ w dw or ∫ √w dw (draw a picture).

1 1

Solutions
4
1. Partition [-1,3] into n subintervals of equal length, they are ∆ x= and each subintervals
n
[ x i−1 , x i ] choose xi* = xi (the right hand end point) of each subinterval as a sample points.
Then we get
4
x o=−1 ; x 1=−1+∆ x=−1+
n
4
x 2=−1+2 ∆ x=−2+2 ¿ ) ; x 3=−1+3 ∆ x=−1+3 ( ) ...
n

x i=−1+i ∆ x=−1+i ( 4n ); … , x =−1+ n ∆ x=−1+n( 4n )=3

n

()
2 2
2 4 16i 32 i
and f ( x i ) =2 x i −8=2[−1+i ] −8=−6− + 2
n n n
impact, the Reimann sum to be
n n n 2
∑ f ( x ¿i ) ∆ x i=∑ f ( x i)∆ x=∑ [−6− 16n i + 32i
n2
]
4
n
i=1 i=1 i=1

n n n
24 64 128
¿− ∑
n i=1
1− 2 ∑ i+¿ 3 ∑ i 2 ¿
n i=1 n i=1
24 64 n(n+1) 128 n (n+1)(2 n+1)
¿− ( n )− 2 + 3
n n 2 n 6

¿−24−32 1+ ( 1n )+ 1286 (2+ 3n + n1 ) 2

Finally
3 n n

∫ ( 2 x 2−8 ) dx= lim │ P │ →0 i=1

∑ f (¿ x i )∆ xi = lim
¿
∑ f ( xi )∆ x ¿
│ P │ → 0 i=1
−1

{
¿ lim −24−32 1+
n→∞
( 1n )+ 1286 (2+ 3n + n1 )}= −403 2
 4
2. Partition [0,4] into n subintervals of equal length, they are ∆ x= and each subintervals
n
[ x i−1 , x i ]choose xi* = xi (the right hand end point) of each subinterval as a sample points.
Then we get
4 8
x o=0 ; x 1=0+ ∆ x= ; x 2=0+2 ∆ x= ;
n n

x 3=0+3 ∆ x=
12
n
,..., x i=0+i ∆ x=
4i
n ( )
; … , x n =0+n ∆ x=
4
n ()
And the Reimann sum to be

n n n n

∑ f (x i)∆ x=∑ (¿ 8ni +3) 4n = 32

2 ∑
n i=1
12
i+ ∑ 1 ¿
n i=1
i=1 i=1

¿
32 n (n+1) 12
n 2
2 n
1
n ( )
+ ( n)=16 1+ +12

{( ) }
3 n
1
and finally, ∫ ( 2 x+3 ) dx= lim ∑ f ( x i )∆ x =lim 16 1+ + 12 =28
−1 │ P │ →0
i=1 n →∞ n

The numbers 3 until 7 try by your self.