1 A student records the mass and volume of two irregular objects, one made of iron and the other of

copper. The student uses the equipment shown in Fig. 1.1.

cm3
100
90
80
70
60
50
measuring cylinder
350 g 40
30
20
10

Fig. 1.1

Table 1.1 shows the results obtained.

Table 1.1

mass / g volume / cm3

iron 400 51
copper 350 39

(a) Describe how to determine the volume of an irregular object with the measuring cylinder.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Calculate the density of iron.

density = ......................................................... [2]

 (c) A third object, which is also made of copper, has the same volume as the iron object.

Calculate the mass of this copper object.

mass = ......................................................... [2]

(d) State and explain what happens to the density of the iron object when it is heated.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 7]

2 There is no atmosphere on the Moon.

An astronaut on the Moon drops a feather and a hammer from the same height at the same time.
They both accelerate downwards at 1.6 m / s2 and they hit the ground at the same time.

(a) The weight of the hammer is much larger than that of the feather.

Explain, in terms of their weights and masses, why their accelerations are equal.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Both the feather and the hammer take 1.5 s to fall to the ground from rest.

(i) Calculate the speed of the objects as they hit the ground.

speed = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) On Fig. 1.1, draw the speed-time graph for the fall. At the correct position on the y-axis,
write the value of the speed at time t = 1.5 s.

speed
m/s

0
0 1.5
time / s

Fig. 1.1
[1]

(iii) Using the speed-time graph in (b)(ii), determine the height from which the objects are
dropped.

height = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

3 Fig. 31 shows part of the speed–time graph for an athlete in a race.

14.0

speed
12.0
m/s
10.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0
time / s

Fig. 3.1
 (a) During the race, the acceleration of the athlete is uniform in the first 2.0 s.

State how the graph shows that the acceleration is uniform.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Determine the distance travelled by the athlete in the first 2.0 s.

distance = ......................................................... [2]

(c) During the rest of the race:

• from 2.0 s to 5.5 s, the acceleration of the athlete decreases
• at 5.5 s, the athlete reaches a maximum speed of 12 m / s
• from 5.5 s to 8.0 s, the athlete travels at a speed of 12 m / s
• from 8.0 s to 11.0 s, the athlete decelerates, finishing the race at a speed of 10 m / s.

On Fig. 3.1, complete the speed–time graph for times between 2.0 and 11.0 s. [3]

[Total: 6]

4 Fig. 4.1 shows the thinking distance and the braking distance for a car driven at 100 km / h.

The car has old, smooth tyres.

thinking braking
distance distance

21 m 75 m

Fig. 4.1

(a) Calculate the total stopping distance for the car.

stopping distance = ......................................................... [1]

 (b) The car is now fitted with new tyres.

At a speed greater than 100 km / h, the total stopping distance is the same as in (a).

(i) State and explain the effect that the increase in speed and the use of new tyres have on
the thinking distance.

effect ..................................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) State and explain the effect that the increase in speed and the new tyres have on the
braking distance.

effect ..................................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]

5 A bus leaves a bus-stop at time t = 0 and travels along a horizontal road until it reaches a second
bus-stop. Fig. 5.1 is the distance-time graph for the bus between t = 0 and t = 60 s.

400

distance / m

300

200

100

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time / s

Fig. 5.1

The road on which the bus is travelling is straight except for a short, curved section. The bus
travels around this circular curve between t = 21 s and t = 24 s.
(a) Describe how the motion of the bus between t = 0 and t = 10 s differs from its motion between
t = 35 s and t = 40 s.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Determine:

(i) the maximum speed of the bus during these 60 s

maximum speed = ......................................................... [3]

(ii) the average speed of the bus between leaving the first bus-stop and arriving at the
second bus-stop.

average speed = ......................................................... [2]

(c) (i) State how velocity differs from speed.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) There are three periods during the 60 s when there is a non-zero resultant force acting
on the bus.

Complete the statements to indicate these three time periods and state the direction of
the resultant force in that period.

1. Betwee t = ............... and t = ............... the direction of the resultant force is

........................................................................................................................................

2. Betwee t = ............... and t = ............... the direction of the resultant force is

........................................................................................................................................

3. Betwee t = ............... and t = ............... the direction of the resultant force is

........................................................................................................................................
[4]
(d) During the journey, the air resistance acting on the bus varies.

(i) State why the air resistance changes during the journey.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) On Fig. 5.1, mark and label with an M a time when the air resistance is a maximum value.
[1]

[Total: 15]

6 Fig. 6.1 shows two engineers measuring the length of a wall made from concrete.

0.25 m

2.0 m
15 m

Fig. 6.1 (not to scale)

The wall is 2.0 m high, 15 m long and 0.25 m thick.

The weight of the wall is 180 000 N and the mass of the wall is 18 000 kg.

(a) The engineers measure the length of the wall in one single measurement.

State the name of the measuring instrument they use.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The engineers state that the density of the concrete affects the pressure exerted by the wall
on the ground but that the length of the wall does not affect this pressure.

(i) Define density.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]
 (ii) Calculate the density of the concrete.

density = .......................................................... [2]

7 Aeroplanes fly at high altitudes where the temperature is well below 0 °C. Ice that forms on an
aeroplane can fall to earth and strike the ground.

Fig. 7.1 shows a block of ice falling from an aeroplane as it approaches an airport.

block
of ice

Fig. 7.1 (not to scale)

The mass of the falling block of ice is 1.2 kg and the gravitational field strength g is 10 N / kg.

(a) Calculate the weight of the block of ice.

weight = ........................................................ [1]

 (b) Fig. 9.2 is the speed-time graph for the block of ice as it falls to the ground.

50

speed 40
m/s
30

20

10

0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
time / s

Fig. 7.2

At first, the acceleration of the block of ice is equal to the acceleration of free-fall. The
acceleration of the block then decreases to zero as the block reaches terminal velocity.

(i) As the block of ice falls, the force F of air resistance acting on the block changes.

1. State the value of F at time = 0.

F = ........................................................ [1]

2. State the value of F at time = 10.0 s.

F = ........................................................ [1]

3. Explain why F changes.

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....................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the energy change that takes place when the block is falling at terminal velocity.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]
1 Fig. 1.1 shows an archer firing an arrow at a target during a competition.

bow bow string

arrow

archer

Fig. 1.1

The arrow has a mass of 0.018 kg and is initially at rest. The arrow leaves the bow 0.011 s after the
bow string is released. When it leaves the bow, the velocity of the arrow is 95 m / s.

(a) Calculate

(i) the average acceleration of the arrow during the 0.011 s,

average acceleration = ........................................................ [2]

(ii) the average force exerted on the arrow during the 0.011 s.

average force = ........................................................ [2]

(b) In practice, the force exerted on the arrow gradually decreases to zero during firing.

On Fig. 1.2, sketch a possible speed-time graph for the arrow as it is being fired.

95

speed
m/s

0
0 0.011
time / s

Fig. 1.2

[2]