4 Transformations

4.1 Translations
4.2 Reflections
4.3 Rotations
4.4 Congruence and Transformations Chapter Learning Target:
Understand transformations.
4.5 Dilations
Chapter Success Criteria:
4.6 Similarity and Transformations ■ I can identify transformations.
■ I can perform translations, reflections,
rotations, and dilations.
■ I can describe congruence and similarity
transformations.
■ I can solve problems involving
transformations.

Magnification (p. 213)

Photo Stickers (p. 211)

Kaleidoscope (p. 196)

SEE the Big Idea

Revolving
R l i Door
D ((p. 195)
Chess (p.
(p 179)

Book 1.indb 170 4/10/18 3:33 PM

 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
Identifying Transformations
Example 1 Tell whether the red figure is a translation, reflection, rotation, or dilation
of the blue figure.
a. The blue figure b. The red figure is a
turns to form mirror image of the
the red figure, blue figure, so it is
so it is a rotation. a reflection.

Tell whether the red figure is a translation, reflection, rotation,

or dilation of the blue figure.
1. 2. 3. 4.

Identifying Similar Figures

Example 2 Which rectangle is similar to Rectangle A?
Rectangle A
Rectangle C
Rectangle B
4 1 3
4
6
8
Each figure is a rectangle, so corresponding angles are congruent.
Check to see whether corresponding side lengths are proportional.

Rectangle A and Rectangle B Rectangle A and Rectangle C

Length of A 8 Width of A 4 Length of A 8 4 Width of A 4
—=—=2 —=—=4 —=—=— —=—
Length of B 4 Width of B 1 Length of C 6 3 Width of C 3
not proportional proportional

So, Rectangle C is similar to Rectangle A.

Tell whether the two figures are similar. Explain your reasoning.
5. 6. 9 7.

5 14 10 5
10 15 12
12 8 3
7 6
6

8. ABSTRACT REASONING Can you draw two squares that are not similar? Explain your reasoning.

Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

171

Book 1.indb 171 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 Mathematical Mathematically proficient students use dynamic geometry software

Practices strategically.

Using Dynamic Geometry Software

Core Concept
Using Dynamic Geometry Software
Dynamic geometry software allows you to create geometric drawings, including:
• drawing a point • measuring an angle • drawing a perpendicular line
• drawing a line • measuring a line segment • drawing a polygon
• drawing a line segment • drawing a circle • copying and sliding an object
• drawing an angle • drawing an ellipse • reflecting an object in a line

Finding Side Lengths and Angle Measures

Use dynamic geometry software to draw a triangle with vertices at A(−2, 1), B(2, 1), and
C(2, −2). Find the side lengths and angle measures of the triangle.

SOLUTION
Using dynamic geometry software, you can create △ABC, as shown.
Sample
2
Points
A B A(−2, 1)
1
B(2, 1)
C(2, −2)
0
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 Segments
AB = 4
−1
BC = 3
AC = 5
−2
C Angles
m∠A = 36.87°
−3
m∠B = 90°
m∠C = 53.13°

From the display, the side lengths are AB = 4 units, BC = 3 units, and AC = 5 units.
The angle measures, rounded to two decimal places, are m∠A ≈ 36.87°, m∠B = 90°,
and m∠C ≈ 53.13°.

Monitoring Progress
Use dynamic geometry software to draw the polygon with the given vertices. Use the
software to find the side lengths and angle measures of the polygon. Round your answers
to the nearest hundredth.
1. A(0, 2), B(3, −1), C(4, 3) 2. A(−2, 1), B(−2, −1), C(3, 2)
3. A(1, 1), B(−3, 1), C(−3, −2), D(1, −2) 4. A(1, 1), B(−3, 1), C(−2, −2), D(2, −2)
5. A(−3, 0), B(0, 3), C(3, 0), D(0, −3) 6. A(0, 0), B(4, 0), C(1, 1), D(0, 3)

172 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 172 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 4.1 Translations

FLORIDA
DA
Essential Question How can you translate a figure in a
coordinate plane?
ARDS
STANDARDS
MAFS.912.G-CO.1.2
2 G CO 1 2 Translating a Triangle in a Coordinate Plane
MAFS.912.G-CO.1.4
MAFS.912.G-CO.1.5 Work with a partner.
MAFS.912.G-CO.2.6
a. Use dynamic geometry software to draw any triangle and label it △ABC.
b. Copy the triangle and translate (or slide) it to form a new figure, called an image,
USING TOOLS △A′B′C′ (read as “triangle A prime, B prime, C prime”).
STRATEGICALLY c. What is the relationship between the coordinates of the vertices of △ABC and
To be proficient in those of △A′B′C′?
math, you need to d. What do you observe about the side lengths and angle measures of
use appropriate tools the two triangles?
strategically, including Sample
dynamic geometry
4 Points
software.
A′ B′
A(−1, 2)
3
B(3, 2)
A B C(2, −1)
2
Segments
1 AB = 4
0 C′ BC = 3.16
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 AC = 4.24
−1 C
Angles
m∠A = 45°
−2 m∠B = 71.57°
m∠C = 63.43°

Translating a Triangle in a Coordinate Plane

y B Work with a partner.
4 a. The point (x, y) is translated a units horizontally and b units vertically. Write a rule
A to determine the coordinates of the image of (x, y).
2 (x, y) → ( , )
b. Use the rule you wrote in part (a) to translate △ABC 4 units left and 3 units down.
−4 −2 4 x
What are the coordinates of the vertices of the image, △A′B′C′?
−2
c. Draw △A′B′C′. Are its side lengths the same as those of △ABC ? Justify
−4
C your answer.

Comparing Angles of Translations

Work with a partner.
a. In Exploration 2, is △ABC a right triangle? Justify your answer.
b. In Exploration 2, is △A′B′C′ a right triangle? Justify your answer.
c. Do you think translations always preserve angle measures? Explain your reasoning.

Communicate Your Answer

4. How can you translate a figure in a coordinate plane?
5. In Exploration 2, translate △A′B′C ′ 3 units right and 4 units up. What are the
coordinates of the vertices of the image, △A″B ″C ″? How are these coordinates
related to the coordinates of the vertices of the original triangle, △ABC ?
Section 4.1 Translations 173

Book 1.indb 173 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 4.1 Lesson What You Will Learn
Perform translations.
Perform compositions.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Solve real-life problems involving compositions.
vector, p. 174
initial point, p. 174
Performing Translations
terminal point, p. 174
horizontal component, p. 174 A vector is a quantity that has both direction and magnitude, or size, and is
represented in the coordinate plane by an arrow drawn from one point to another.
vertical component, p. 174
component form, p. 174
transformation, p. 174 Core Concept
image, p. 174
preimage, p. 174
Vectors
translation, p. 174 The diagram shows a vector. The initial point,
or starting point, of the vector is P, and the Q
rigid motion, p. 176
composition of terminal point, or ending point, is Q. The vector 3 units
transformations, p. 176 ⃑
is named PQ , which is read as “vector PQ.” The up
⃑
horizontal component of PQ is 5, and the vertical P 5 units right
component is 3. The component form of a vector
combines the horizontal and vertical components.
⃑
So, the component form of PQ is 〈5, 3〉.

Identifying Vector Components

In the diagram, name the vector and write its component form.
K
SOLUTION
⃑
The vector is JK . To move from the initial point J to the terminal point K, you move
3 units right and 4 units up. So, the component form is 〈3, 4〉.
J
A transformation is a function that moves or changes a figure in some way to
produce a new figure called an image. Another name for the original figure is the
preimage. The points on the preimage are the inputs for the transformation, and the
points on the image are the outputs.

Core Concept
Translations
A translation moves every point of y
a figure the same distance in the P′(x1 + a, y1 + b)
same direction. More specifically, P(x1, y1)
a translation maps, or moves, the
points P and Q of a plane figure along Q′(x2 + a, y2 + b)
a vector 〈a, b〉 to the points P′ and Q′,
so that one of the following Q(x2, y2)
STUDY TIP
statements is true. x
You can use prime
notation to name an • — QQ′
PP′ = QQ′ and PP′ —, or
image. For example, if the •
— — are collinear.
PP′ = QQ′ and PP′ and QQ′
preimage is point P, then
its image is point P′, read
as “point P prime.” Translations map lines to parallel lines and segments to parallel segments. For
— —
instance, in the figure above, PQ P′Q′ .

174 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 174 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 Translating a Figure Using a Vector

The vertices of △ABC are A(0, 3), B(2, 4), and C(1, 0). Translate △ABC using the
vector 〈5, −1〉.

SOLUTION
First, graph △ABC. Use 〈5, −1〉 to move each y B
vertex 5 units right and 1 unit down. Label the A B′(7, 3)
image vertices. Draw △A′B′C′. Notice that the
2
vectors drawn from preimage vertices to image A′(5, 2)
vertices are parallel.
C 8 x
C′(6, −1)

You can also express a translation along the vector 〈a, b〉 using a rule, which has the
notation (x, y) → (x + a, y + b).

Writing a Translation Rule

y Write a rule for the translation of △ABC to △A′B′C′.

A′
A
SOLUTION
3
To go from A to A′, you move 4 units left and 1 unit up, so you move along the
C′ B′ vector 〈−4, 1〉.
C B
2 4 6 8 x
So, a rule for the translation is (x, y) → (x − 4, y + 1).

Translating a Figure in the Coordinate Plane

Graph quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A(−1, 2), B(−1, 5), C(4, 6), and D(4, 2)
and its image after the translation (x, y) → (x + 3, y − 1).

SOLUTION
y C Graph quadrilateral ABCD. To find the coordinates of the vertices of the image, add
6 3 to the x-coordinates and subtract 1 from the y-coordinates of the vertices of the
B C′
B′
preimage. Then graph the image, as shown at the left.
4
(x, y) → (x + 3, y − 1)

A D A(−1, 2) → A′(2, 1)
A′ D′ B(−1, 5) → B′(2, 4)
2 4 6 x C(4, 6) → C′(7, 5)
D(4, 2) → D′(7, 1)

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

1. Name the vector and write its component form.

K 2. The vertices of △LMN are L(2, 2), M(5, 3), and N(9, 1). Translate △LMN using
the vector 〈−2, 6〉.
B 3. In Example 3, write a rule to translate △A′B′C′ back to △ABC.
4. Graph △RST with vertices R(2, 2), S(5, 2), and T(3, 5) and its image after the
translation (x, y) → (x + 1, y + 2).

Section 4.1 Translations 175

Book 1.indb 175 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 Performing Compositions
A rigid motion is a transformation that preserves length and angle measure. Another
name for a rigid motion is an isometry. A rigid motion maps lines to lines, rays to rays,
and segments to segments.

Postulate
Postulate 4.1 Translation Postulate
A translation is a rigid motion.

Because a translation is a rigid motion, and a rigid motion preserves length and angle
measure, the following statements are true for the translation shown.
E′
• DE = D′E′, EF = E′F′, FD = F′D′
E
D′ F′ • m∠D = m∠D′, m∠E = m∠E′, m∠F = m∠F′
D F When two or more transformations are combined to form a single transformation, the
result is a composition of transformations.

Theorem
Theorem 4.1 Composition Theorem
The composition of two (or more) rigid motions is a rigid motion.
Proof Ex. 35, p. 180

Q″

The theorem above is important because P″

tra
ns
it states that no matter how many rigid

lat
ion
n
motions you perform, lengths and angle
io

2
sit

measures will be preserved in the final

po
m

image. For instance, the composition of Q′

co

two or more translations is a translation,

P′
as shown. Q lation 1
trans
P

Performing a Composition
—
Graph RS with endpoints R(−8, 5) and S(−6, 8) and its image after the composition.
Translation: (x, y) → (x + 5, y − 2)
Translation: (x, y) → (x − 4, y − 2)

SOLUTION
—.
Step 1 Graph RS
S(−6, 8)
8
y

— 5 units right and

Step 2 Translate RS
S′(−1, 6)
6
— has endpoints
2 units down. R′S′
R(−8, 5) S″(−5, 4)
R′(−3, 3) and S′(−1, 6). 4

— 4 units left and

Step 3 Translate R′S′
R′(−3, 3)
2
— has endpoints
2 units down. R″S″
R″(−7, 1)
R″(−7, 1) and S″(−5, 4).
−8 −6 −4 −2 x

176 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 176 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 Solving Real-Life Problems

Modeling with Mathematics

You are designing a favicon for a y

golf website. In an image-editing 14
program, you move the red rectangle
2 units left and 3 units down. Then 12
you move the red rectangle 1 unit
10
right and 1 unit up. Rewrite the
composition as a single translation. 8

6
SOLUTION
4
1. Understand the Problem You are
given two translations. You need to 2
rewrite the result of the composition
of the two translations as a 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x
single translation.
2. Make a Plan You can choose an arbitrary point (x, y) in the red rectangle and
determine the horizontal and vertical shift in the coordinates of the point after both
translations. This tells you how much you need to shift each coordinate to map the
original figure to the final image.
3. Solve the Problem Let A(x, y) be an arbitrary point in the red rectangle. After the
first translation, the coordinates of its image are
A′(x − 2, y − 3).
The second translation maps A′(x − 2, y − 3) to
A″(x − 2 + 1, y − 3 + 1) = A″(x − 1, y − 2).
The composition of translations uses the original point (x, y) as the input and
returns the point (x − 1, y − 2) as the output.

So, the single translation rule for the composition is (x, y) → (x − 1, y − 2).
4. Look Back Check that the rule is correct by testing a point. For instance, (10, 12)
is a point in the red rectangle. Apply the two translations to (10, 12).
(10, 12) → (8, 9) → (9, 10)
Does the final result match the rule you found in Step 3?
(10, 12) → (10 − 1, 12 − 2) = (9, 10) ✓
Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

5. — with endpoints T(1, 2) and U(4, 6) and its image after the composition.
Graph TU
Translation: (x, y) → (x − 2, y − 3)
Translation: (x, y) → (x − 4, y + 5)
— with endpoints V(−6, −4) and W(−3, 1) and its image after the
6. Graph VW
composition.
Translation: (x, y) → (x + 3, y + 1)
Translation: (x, y) → (x − 6, y − 4)
7. In Example 6, you move the gray square 2 units right and 3 units up. Then you
move the gray square 1 unit left and 1 unit down. Rewrite the composition as a
single transformation.

Section 4.1 Translations 177

Book 1.indb 177 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 4.1 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY Name the preimage and image of the transformation △ABC → △A′B′C ′.

2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE A ______ moves every point of a figure the same distance in the
same direction.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3 and 4, name the vector and write its 12. y
1
component form. (See Example 1.) M′
−7 M −3 1 3 x
3.
C L′ N′
L N
−5
D

In Exercises 13–16, use the translation.

4. (x, y) → (x − 8, y + 4)
S
13. What is the image of A(2, 6)?

14. What is the image of B(−1, 5)?

T
15. What is the preimage of C ′(−3, −10)?

16. What is the preimage of D′(4, −3)?

In Exercises 5–8, the vertices of △DEF are D(2, 5),
E(6, 3), and F(4, 0). Translate △DEF using the given In Exercises 17–20, graph △PQR with vertices
vector. Graph △DEF and its image. (See Example 2.) P(−2, 3), Q(1, 2), and R(3, −1) and its image after the
5. 〈6, 0〉 6. 〈5, −1〉 translation. (See Example 4.)
17. (x, y) → (x + 4, y + 6)
7. 〈−3, −7〉 8. 〈−2, −4〉
18. (x, y) → (x + 9, y − 2)
In Exercises 9 and 10, find the component form of the
vector that translates P(−3, 6) to P′. 19. (x, y) → (x − 2, y − 5)
9. P′(0, 1) 10. P′(−4, 8)
20. (x, y) → (x − 1, y + 3)
In Exercises 11 and 12, write a rule for the translation
of △LMN to △L′M′N ′. (See Example 3.) In Exercises 21 and 22, graph △XYZ with vertices
X(2, 4), Y(6, 0), and Z(7, 2) and its image after the
11. y
4 composition. (See Example 5.)
M′
21. Translation: (x, y) → (x + 12, y + 4)
M
L′ N′ Translation: (x, y) → (x − 5, y − 9)
−4 −2 6x
−2
L N 22. Translation: (x, y) → (x − 6, y)
Translation: (x, y) → (x + 2, y + 7)

178 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 178 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 In Exercises 23 and 24, describe the composition of 27. PROBLEM SOLVING You are studying an amoeba
translations. through a microscope. Suppose the amoeba moves on
a grid-indexed microscope slide in a straight line from
23. y
4 square B3 to square G7.
A′
A
2 ABCDEFGH
C′ B′ 1
C B 2
3
−4 −2 2 4 x 4
5
A″ −2
6
7 X
8
C″ B″

a. Describe the translation.

24. y b. The side length of each grid square is

D E 2 millimeters. How far does the amoeba travel?
3
c. The amoeba moves from square B3 to square G7
in 24.5 seconds. What is its speed in millimeters
G F per second?
D″ E″ −1 D′ E′ 5 x

−2 28. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Translation A maps

(x, y) to (x + n, y + t). Translation B maps (x, y) to
G″ F″ G′ F′ (x + s, y + m).
a. Translate a point using Translation A, followed by
Translation B. Write an algebraic rule for the final
25. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in image of the point after this composition.
graphing the image of quadrilateral EFGH after the
translation (x, y) → (x − 1, y − 2). b. Translate a point using Translation B, followed by
Translation A. Write an algebraic rule for the final

✗
image of the point after this composition.
y F′
5 c. Compare the rules you wrote for parts (a) and
E′
H′ F (b). Does it matter which translation you do first?
3
E Explain your reasoning.
1
G′
H
MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS In Exercises 29 and 30,
1 3 5 G 9x
a translation maps the blue figure to the red figure. Find
the value of each variable.
26. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS In chess, the 29.
3w°
knight (the piece shaped like a horse) moves in an
8
L pattern. The board shows two consecutive moves 162° 100°
of a black knight during a game. Write a composition s 2t
r°
of translations for the moves. Then rewrite the 10
composition as a single translation that moves
the knight from its original position to its ending
30.
position. (See Example 6.)
20
a°
b+6 55°
4c − 6
14

Section 4.1 Translations 179

Book 1.indb 179 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 31. USING STRUCTURE Quadrilateral DEFG has vertices 35. PROVING A THEOREM Prove the Composition
D(−1, 2), E(−2, 0), F(−1, −1), and G(1, 3). A Theorem (Theorem 4.1).
translation maps quadrilateral DEFG to quadrilateral
D′E′F′G′. The image of D is D′(−2, −2). What are 36. PROVING A THEOREM Use properties of translations
the coordinates of E′, F′, and G′? to prove each theorem.
a. Corresponding Angles Theorem (Theorem 3.1)
32. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Which two figures represent b. Corresponding Angles Converse (Theorem 3.5)
a translation? Describe the translation.
37. WRITING Explain how to use translations to draw
a rectangular prism.

38. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS The vector

7 PQ = 〈4, 1〉 describes the translation of A(−1, w)
1 onto A′(2x + 1, 4) and B(8y − 1, 1) onto B′(3, 3z).
4 Find the values of w, x, y, and z.
6
8 — to
39. MAKING AN ARGUMENT A translation maps GH
2
—. Your friend claims that if you draw segments
G′H′
connecting G to G′ and H to H′, then the resulting
5 quadrilateral is a parallelogram. Is your friend
3
9 correct? Explain your reasoning.

40. THOUGHT PROVOKING You are a graphic designer

for a company that manufactures floor tiles. Design a
floor tile in a coordinate plane. Then use translations
33. REASONING The translation (x, y) → (x + m, y + n)
— to P′Q′
maps PQ —. Write a rule for the translation of to show how the tiles cover an entire floor. Describe
the translations that map the original tile to four
— to PQ
P′Q′ —. Explain your reasoning. other tiles.

34. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS The vertices of a rectangle

are Q(2, −3), R(2, 4), S(5, 4), and T(5, −3). 41. REASONING The vertices of △ABC are A(2, 2),
B(4, 2), and C(3, 4). Graph the image of △ABC
a. Translate rectangle QRST 3 units left and 3 units after the transformation (x, y) → (x + y, y). Is this
down to produce rectangle Q′R′S′T ′. Find the transformation a translation? Explain your reasoning.
area of rectangle QRST and the area of
rectangle Q′R′S′T ′. — is perpendicular to lineℓ. M′N′
42. PROOF MN — is the
— 2 units to the left. Prove that M′N′
translation of MN —
b. Compare the areas. Make a conjecture about
the areas of a preimage and its image after is perpendicular toℓ.
a translation.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Tell whether the figure can be folded in half so that one side matches the other.
(Skills Review Handbook)
43. 44. 45. 46.

Simplify the expression. (Skills Review Handbook)

47. −(−x) 48. −(x + 3) 49. x − (12 − 5x) 50. x − (−2x + 4)

180 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 180 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 4.2 Reflections
Essential Question How can you reflect a figure in a
coordinate plane?

FLORIDA
DA Reflecting a Triangle Using a Reflective Device
STANDARDS
ARDS
Work with a partner. Use a straightedge to draw any triangle on paper. Label
MAFS.912.G-CO.1.2
2 G CO 1 2 it △ABC.
MAFS.912.G-CO.1.3
MAFS.912.G-CO.1.4 a. Use the straightedge to draw a line that does not pass through the triangle.
MAFS.912.G-CO.1.5 Label it m.
MAFS.912.G-CO.2.6
MAFS.912.G-MG.1.3 b. Place a reflective device on line m.
c. Use the reflective device to plot the images of the vertices of △ABC. Label the
images of vertices A, B, and C as A′, B′, and C′, respectively.
d. Use a straightedge to draw △A′B′C′ by connecting the vertices.

LOOKING FOR
Reflecting a Triangle in a Coordinate Plane
STRUCTURE
To be proficient in math, Work with a partner. Use dynamic geometry software to draw any triangle and label
you need to look closely it △ABC.
to discern a pattern or
a. Reflect △ABC in the y-axis to form △A′B′C′.
structure.
b. What is the relationship between the coordinates of the vertices of △ABC and
those of △A′B′C′?
c. What do you observe about the side lengths and angle measures of the two triangles?
d. Reflect △ABC in the x-axis to form △A′B′C′. Then repeat parts (b) and (c).
Sample
C C′
4 Points
A(−3, 3)
A A′
3 B(−2, −1)
C(−1, 4)
2
Segments
AB = 4.12
1
BC = 5.10
0 AC = 2.24
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 Angles
−1 m∠A = 102.53°
B B′ m∠B = 25.35°
m∠C = 52.13°

Communicate Your Answer

3. How can you reflect a figure in a coordinate plane?

Section 4.2 Reflections 181

Book 1.indb 181 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 4.2 Lesson What You Will Learn
Perform reflections.
Perform glide reflections.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Identify lines of symmetry.
reflection, p. 182 Solve real-life problems involving reflections.
line of reflection, p. 182
glide reflection, p. 184
line symmetry, p. 185 Performing Reflections
line of symmetry, p. 185
Core Concept
Reflections
A reflection is a transformation that uses a line like a mirror to reflect a figure.
The mirror line is called the line of reflection.
A reflection in a line m maps every point
P in the plane to a point P′, so that for P
each point one of the following properties P
P′
is true. P′
• If P is not on m, then m is the
—, or
perpendicular bisector of PP′ m m
• If P is on m, then P = P′. point P not on m point P on m

Reflecting in Horizontal and Vertical Lines

Graph △ABC with vertices A(1, 3), B(5, 2), and C(2, 1) and its image after the
reflection described.
a. In the line n: x = 3 b. In the line m: y = 1

SOLUTION
a. Point A is 2 units left of line n, so its b. Point A is 2 units above line m, so
reflection A′ is 2 units right of line n A′ is 2 units below line m at (1, −1).
at (5, 3). Also, B′ is 2 units left of Also, B′ is 1 unit below line m at
line n at (1, 2), and C′ is 1 unit right (5, 0). Because point C is on line m,
of line n at (4, 1). you know that C = C′.

y n y
4 4
A A′ A
B 2
B
2
B′ C m
C C′ C′ B′
2 4 6 x 6 x
A′

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Graph △ABC from Example 1 and its image after a reflection in the given line.

1. x = 4 2. x = −3

3. y = 2 4. y = −1

182 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 182 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 Reflecting in the Line y = x
— with endpoints F(−1, 2) and G(1, 2) and its image after a reflection in the
Graph FG
line y = x.

REMEMBER SOLUTION
The slope of y = x is 1. The segment from F to y y=x
The product of the slopes —, is perpendicular to the line of
its image, FF′
4
of perpendicular lines — will be −1
reflection y = x, so the slope of FF′ F G
is −1.
(because 1(−1) = −1). From F, move 1.5 units G′
right and 1.5 units down to y = x. From that point,
move 1.5 units right and 1.5 units down to −2 4 x
locate F′(2, −1). F′
−2
— will also be −1. From G, move
The slope of GG′
0.5 unit right and 0.5 unit down to y = x. Then move
0.5 unit right and 0.5 unit down to locate G′(2, 1).

You can use coordinate rules to find the images of points reflected in four special lines.

Core Concept
Coordinate Rules for Reflections
• If (a, b) is reflected in the x-axis, then its image is the point (a, −b).
• If (a, b) is reflected in the y-axis, then its image is the point (−a, b).
• If (a, b) is reflected in the line y = x, then its image is the point (b, a).
• If (a, b) is reflected in the line y = −x, then its image is the point (−b, −a).

Reflecting in the Line y = −x

— from Example 2 and its image after a reflection in the line y = −x.
Graph FG

SOLUTION
Use the coordinate rule for reflecting in the line y
y = −x to find the coordinates of the endpoints
— and its image.
of the image. Then graph FG
F G
F′
(a, b) → (−b, −a)
2 x
F(−1, 2) → F′(−2, 1) G′ y = −x
−2
G(1, 2) → G′(−2, −1)

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

The vertices of △JKL are J(1, 3), K(4, 4), and L(3, 1).

5. Graph △JKL and its image after a reflection in the x-axis.

6. Graph △JKL and its image after a reflection in the y-axis.
7. Graph △JKL and its image after a reflection in the line y = x.
8. Graph △JKL and its image after a reflection in the line y = −x.
— is perpendicular to y = −x.
9. In Example 3, verify that FF′

Section 4.2 Reflections 183

Book 1.indb 183 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 Performing Glide Reflections

Postulate
Postulate 4.2 Reflection Postulate
A reflection is a rigid motion.

m
E E′ Because a reflection is a rigid motion, and a rigid motion preserves length and angle
measure, the following statements are true for the reflection shown.
D F F′ D′
• DE = D′E′, EF = E′F′, FD = F′D′
• m∠D = m∠D′, m∠E = m∠E′, m∠F = m∠F′
Because a reflection is a rigid motion, the Composition Theorem (Theorem 4.1)
guarantees that any composition of reflections and translations is a rigid motion.

STUDY TIP A glide reflection is a transformation involving a

The line of reflection must translation followed by a reflection in which every Q′
P′ Q″
be parallel to the direction point P is mapped to a point P ″ by the following steps.
of the translation to be a P″
Step 1 First, a translation maps P to P′.
glide reflection.
Step 2 Then, a reflection in a line k parallel to the
direction of the translation maps P′ to P ″. P Q

Performing a Glide Reflection

Graph △ABC with vertices A(3, 2), B(6, 3), and C(7, 1) and its image after the
glide reflection.
Translation: (x, y) → (x − 12, y)
Reflection: in the x-axis

SOLUTION
Begin by graphing △ABC. Then graph △A′B′C′ after a translation 12 units left.
Finally, graph △A″B″C″ after a reflection in the x-axis.

B′(−6, 3) y B(6, 3)
2
A′(−9, 2) A(3, 2)
C′(−5, 1) C(7, 1)
−12 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 x
C″(−5, −1)
−2
A″(−9, −2)
B″(−6, −3)

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

10. WHAT IF? In Example 4, △ABC is translated 4 units down and then reflected in
the y-axis. Graph △ABC and its image after the glide reflection.
11. In Example 4, describe a glide reflection from △A″B″C ″ to △ABC.

184 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 184 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 Identifying Lines of Symmetry
A figure in the plane has line symmetry when the figure can be mapped onto itself by
a reflection in a line. This line of reflection is a line of symmetry, such as line m at the
left. A figure can have more than one line of symmetry.

Identifying Lines of Symmetry

m
How many lines of symmetry does each hexagon have?

a. b. c.

SOLUTION
a. b. c.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Determine the number of lines of symmetry for the figure.

12. 13. 14.

15. Draw a hexagon with no lines of symmetry.

Solving Real-Life Problems

Finding a Minimum Distance

You are going to buy books. Your friend

is going to buy CDs. Where should you
park to minimize the distance you
both will walk?
B A
m
SOLUTION
Reflect B in line m to obtain B′. Then
draw— — B A
AB′ . Label the intersection of AB′
and m as C. Because AB′ is the shortest C m
distance between A and B′ and BC = B′C, B′
park at point C to minimize the combined
distance, AC + BC, you both have to walk.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

16. Look back at Example 6. Answer the question by using a reflection of point A
instead of point B.

Section 4.2 Reflections 185

Book 1.indb 185 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 4.2 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY A glide reflection is a combination of which two transformations?

2. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which transformation does not belong with the other three? Explain
your reasoning.

y y y y
6
2 2 2
4
2 4 x −4 −2 x −4 −2 x
2
−2 −2

−2 2 x

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–6, determine whether the coordinate 10. J(1, −1), K(3, 0), L(0, −4); x = 2
plane shows a reflection in the x-axis, y-axis, or neither.
11. J(2, 4), K(−4, −2), L(−1, 0); y = 1
3. 4.
y
2
y
4 12. J(3, −5), K(4, −1), L(0, −3); y = −3
C
B In Exercises 13–16, graph the polygon and its image
−4 A B E D 4x
D after a reflection in the given line. (See Examples 2
−4 A 4x and 3.)
E
−4 −2
13. y = x 14. y = x
C F −4
F
−6
y y
4
2 C
5. 6. C B D
y C y
4 4 4 6 x
B
−2 4 x
2 2 −2
B −2
A
B A A C −4
A
−4 −2 E 2 4x D 4 F x
−2
D 15. y = −x 16. y = −x
F −4
E
y y
4 4
In Exercises 7–12, graph △JKL and its image after a
A 2 2 A B
reflection in the given line. (See Example 1.)
7. J(2, −4), K(3, 7), L(6, −1); x-axis 2x −2 4 6x
D B −2
8. J(5, 3), K(1, −2), L(−3, 4); y-axis C C
−4 −4
9. J(2, −1), K(4, −5), L(3, 1); x = −1

186 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 186 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 In Exercises 17–20, graph △RST with vertices R(4, 1), 27. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS You park at some
S(7, 3), and T(6, 4) and its image after the glide point K on line n. You deliver a pizza to House H,
reflection. (See Example 4.) go back to your car, and deliver a pizza to House J.
Assuming that you can cut across both lawns, how
17. Translation: (x, y) → (x, y − 1)
can you determine the parking location K that
Reflection: in the y-axis minimizes the distance HK + KJ ? (See Example 6.)

18. Translation: (x, y) → (x − 3, y)

Reflection: in the line y = −1

19. Translation: (x, y) → (x, y + 4)

H J
Reflection: in the line x = 3
n
20. Translation: (x, y) → (x + 2, y + 2)
Reflection: in the line y = x
28. ATTENDING TO PRECISION Use the numbers and
In Exercises 21–24, determine the number of lines of symbols to create the glide reflection resulting in the
symmetry for the figure. (See Example 5.) image shown.
21. 22. y A″(5, 6)
6
C″(−1, 5)
4

2 B″(4, 2)
B(−1, 1)
A(3, 2)
−4 −2 2 4 6 8x

23. 24. −2

−4
C(2, −4)

Translation: (x, y) → ( , )
Reflection: in y = x

25. USING STRUCTURE Identify the line symmetry

(if any) of each word. 1 2 3
a. LOOK
b. MOM
x y + −
c. OX
d. DAD In Exercises 29–32, find point C on the x-axis so
AC + BC is a minimum.
26. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
describing the transformation. 29. A(1, 4), B(6, 1)

y
30. A(4, −5), B(12, 3)
A″ A′
2

B″ B′ 31. A(−8, 4), B(−1, 3)

−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8x
−2
A 32. A(−1, 7), B(5, −4)
B
33. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS The line y = 3x + 2

✗
is reflected in the line y = −1. What is the equation of
— to A″B″
AB — is a glide reflection. the image?

Section 4.2 Reflections 187

Book 1.indb 187 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 34. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use Figure A. 35. CONSTRUCTION Follow these steps to construct a
reflection of △ABC in line m. Use a compass
y and straightedge.
Step 1 Draw △ABC and line m. m

Step 2 Use one compass setting A

to find two points that are
equidistant from A on line
m. Use the same compass C
x setting to find a point on
B
Figure A the other side of m that is
the same distance from
y y these two points. Label
that point as A′.
Step 3 Repeat Step 2 to find points B′ and C′.
Draw △A′B′C′.

36. USING TOOLS Use a reflective device to verify your

construction in Exercise 35.
x x

Figure 1 Figure 2 37. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Reflect △MNQ in

the line y = −2x.
y y
y
4
y = −2x M

Q
−5 1x
N
x x −3
Figure 3 Figure 4
a. Which figure is a reflection of Figure A in the
line x = a? Explain. 38. THOUGHT PROVOKING Is the composition of a
translation and a reflection commutative? (In other
b. Which figure is a reflection of Figure A in the words, do you obtain the same image regardless of
line y = b? Explain. the order in which you perform the transformations?)
c. Which figure is a reflection of Figure A in the Justify your answer.
line y = x? Explain.
d. Is there a figure that represents a glide reflection? 39. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Point B′(1, 4) is the
Explain your reasoning. image of B(3, 2) after a reflection in line c. Write an
equation for line c.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Use the diagram to find the angle measure. (Section 1.5)

40. m∠AOC 41. m∠AOD
80 90 10 0
70 10 0 90 80 110 1
60 0 110 70 20
60 13
42. m∠BOE 43. m∠AOE 0
5 0 12
50 0
13
14 0
01 0
15 0 4
40

0 30
4

C D
15
180 170 1 20 3

44. m∠COD 45. m∠EOD

0 1 20 10 0

E
60

60
170 180
0 10

46. m∠COE 47. m∠AOB

A O B
48. m∠COB 49. m∠BOD

188 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 188 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 4.3 Rotations
Essential Question How can you rotate a figure in a
coordinate plane?

FLORIDA
DA Rotating a Triangle in a Coordinate Plane
STANDARDS
ARDS
Work with a partner.
MAFS.912.G-CO.1.2
2 G CO 1 2 a. Use dynamic geometry software to draw any triangle and label it △ABC.
MAFS.912.G-CO.1.3
MAFS.912.G-CO.1.4 b. Rotate the triangle 90° counterclockwise about the origin to form △A′B′C′.
MAFS.912.G-CO.1.5 c. What is the relationship between the coordinates of the vertices of △ABC and
MAFS.912.G-CO.2.6
those of △A′B′C′?
d. What do you observe about the side lengths
Sample
and angle measures of the two triangles?
Points
A(1, 3)
B′ C′ 4 B(4, 3)
A B C(4, 1)
3
D(0, 0)
Segments
2
AB = 3
1
BC = 2
A′ C AC = 3.61
0 D Angles
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
m∠A = 33.69°
CONSTRUCTING −1 m∠B = 90°
VIABLE ARGUMENTS m∠C = 56.31°
To be proficient in math,
you need to use previously Rotating a Triangle in a Coordinate Plane
established results in
Work with a partner.
constructing arguments.
a. The point (x, y) is rotated 90° counterclockwise about the origin. Write a rule to
determine the coordinates of the image of (x, y).
b. Use the rule you wrote in part (a) to rotate △ABC 90° counterclockwise about
the origin. What are the coordinates of the vertices of the image, △A′B′C′?
y B
5 c. Draw △A′B′C′. Are its side lengths the same as those of △ABC? Justify
your answer.
A

1 Rotating a Triangle in a Coordinate Plane

−5 −3 −1 1 5x Work with a partner.
a. The point (x, y) is rotated 180° counterclockwise about the origin. Write a rule to
−3 determine the coordinates of the image of (x, y). Explain how you found the rule.
C
−5 b. Use the rule you wrote in part (a) to rotate △ABC (from Exploration 2) 180°
counterclockwise about the origin. What are the coordinates of the vertices of the
image, △A′B′C′?

Communicate Your Answer

4. How can you rotate a figure in a coordinate plane?
5. In Exploration 3, rotate △A′B′C′ 180° counterclockwise about the origin.
What are the coordinates of the vertices of the image, △A″B″C″? How are
these coordinates related to the coordinates of the vertices of the original
triangle, △ABC?

Section 4.3 Rotations 189

Book 1.indb 189 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 4.3 Lesson What You Will Learn
Perform rotations.
Perform compositions with rotations.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Identify rotational symmetry.
rotation, p. 190
center of rotation, p. 190
Performing Rotations
angle of rotation, p. 190
rotational symmetry, p. 193
center of symmetry, p. 193 Core Concept
Rotations
A rotation is a transformation in which a figure is turned about a fixed point
called the center of rotation. Rays drawn from the center of rotation to a point
and its image form the angle of rotation.
R′ R
A rotation about a point P through an angle
of x° maps every point Q in the plane to
a point Q′ so that one of the following
properties is true.
40° Q
• If Q is not the center of rotation P, Q′ angle of
then QP = Q′P and m∠QPQ′ = x°, or rotation
• If Q is the center of rotation P, then center of
P
Q = Q′. rotation

Direction of rotation The figure above shows a 40° counterclockwise rotation. Rotations can be clockwise
or counterclockwise. In this chapter, all rotations are counterclockwise unless
otherwise noted.

clockwise Drawing a Rotation

Draw a 120° rotation of △ABC about point P. A

counterclockwise C B
P
SOLUTION
Step 1 Draw a segment from P to A. Step 2 Draw a ray to form a 120° angle
—.
with PA

A A
140 15
120 130 0
110 60 50 40 30 160
0 20 17
10 0 70
8 10 0
90 0
18 0

9
0

B
0 1 80
00

C B
20 150 140 130 120 70
11

C
50 60

P
30 40

P
0
10 0 16
0 0 17
18

Step 3 Draw A′ so that PA′ = PA. Step 4 Repeat Steps 1–3 for each vertex.
Draw △A′B′C′.

B′
A A

120° C′ C
A′ C B A′ B
P P

190 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 190 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 You can rotate a figure more than 180°. The diagram y
shows rotations of point A 130°, 220°, and 310°
about the origin. Notice that point A and its images A
all lie on the same circle. A rotation of 360° maps A′ 130°
a figure onto itself.
USING x
ROTATIONS You can use coordinate rules to find the coordinates 220°
of a point after a rotation of 90°, 180°, or 270° A‴
You can rotate a figure 310°
more than 360°. The about the origin.
A″
effect, however, is the

Core Concept
same as rotating the
figure by the angle
minus 360°.
Coordinate Rules for Rotations about the Origin
When a point (a, b) is rotated counterclockwise
y
about the origin, the following are true.
(−b, a)
• For a rotation of 90°, (a, b)
(a, b) → (−b, a).
180° 90°
• For a rotation of 180°,
x
(a, b) → (−a, −b).
• For a rotation of 270°, (−a, −b) 270°
(a, b) → (b, −a). (b, −a)

Rotating a Figure in the Coordinate Plane

Graph quadrilateral RSTU with vertices R(3, 1), S(5, 1), T(5, −3), and U(2, −1) and
its image after a 270° rotation about the origin.

SOLUTION
Use the coordinate rule for a 270° rotation to y
2
find the coordinates of the vertices of the image. R S
Then graph quadrilateral RSTU and its image.
−4 −2 6 x
(a, b) → (b, −a)
U′ U
R(3, 1) → R′(1, −3) R′
S(5, 1) → S′(1, −5) T

T(5, −3) → T′(−3, −5) T′ S′

−6
U(2, −1) → U′(−1, −2)

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

1. Trace △DEF and point P. Then draw a 50° rotation of △DEF about point P.

P
D F

2. Graph △JKL with vertices J(3, 0), K(4, 3), and L(6, 0) and its image after
a 90° rotation about the origin.

Section 4.3 Rotations 191

Book 1.indb 191 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 Performing Compositions with Rotations

Postulate
Postulate 4.3 Rotation Postulate
A rotation is a rigid motion.

Because a rotation is a rigid motion, and a rigid motion preserves length and angle
D
measure, the following statements are true for the rotation shown.
E F′ D′
• DE = D′E′, EF = E′F′, FD = F′D′
E′ • m∠D = m∠D′, m∠E = m∠E′, m∠F = m∠F′
F
Because a rotation is a rigid motion, the Composition Theorem (Theorem 4.1)
guarantees that compositions of rotations and other rigid motions, such as translations
and reflections, are rigid motions.

Performing a Composition
— with endpoints R(1, −3) and S(2, −6) and its image after the composition.
Graph RS
Reflection: in the y-axis
COMMON ERROR Rotation: 90° about the origin
Unless you are told
otherwise, perform the SOLUTION
transformations in the  —.
Step 1 Graph RS y
order given.
— in the y-axis.
Step 2 Reflect RS −4 −2 R″(3, −1) 8 x
—
R′S′ has endpoints
R′(−1, −3) and S′(−2, −6). R′(−1, −3) R(1, −3) S″(6, −2)
— 90° about the
Step 3 Rotate R′S′
— has endpoints
origin. R″S″
−6
R″(3, −1) and S″(6, −2). S′(−2, −6) S(2, −6)

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

3.
— from Example 3. Perform the rotation first, followed by the reflection.
Graph RS
Does the order of the transformations matter? Explain.
—
4. WHAT IF? In Example 3, RS is reflected in the x-axis and rotated 180° about
—
the origin. Graph RS and its image after the composition.
5. Graph AB— with endpoints A(−4, 4) and B(−1, 7) and its image after
the composition.
Translation: (x, y) → (x − 2, y − 1)
Rotation: 90° about the origin
6. Graph △TUV with vertices T(1, 2), U(3, 5), and V(6, 3) and its image after
the composition.
Rotation: 180° about the origin
Reflection: in the x-axis

192 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 192 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 Identifying Rotational Symmetry
A figure in the plane has rotational symmetry when the figure can be mapped
onto itself by a rotation of 180° or less about the center of the figure. This point
is the center of symmetry. Note that the rotation can be either clockwise or
counterclockwise.
For example, the figure below has rotational symmetry, because a rotation of either
90° or 180° maps the figure onto itself (although a rotation of 45° does not).
45°
0° 90°
180°

The figure above also has point symmetry, which is 180° rotational symmetry.

Identifying Rotational Symmetry

Does the figure have rotational symmetry? If so, describe any rotations that map the
figure onto itself.

a. parallelogram b. regular octagon c. trapezoid

SOLUTION
a. The parallelogram has rotational symmetry.
The center is the intersection of the diagonals.
A 180° rotation about the center maps the
parallelogram onto itself.

b. The regular octagon has rotational symmetry.

The center is the intersection of the diagonals.
Rotations of 45°, 90°, 135°, or 180° about the
center all map the octagon onto itself.

c. The trapezoid does not have rotational

symmetry because no rotation of 180° or
less maps the trapezoid onto itself.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Determine whether the figure has rotational symmetry. If so, describe any
rotations that map the figure onto itself.

7. rhombus 8. octagon 9. right triangle

Section 4.3 Rotations 193

Book 1.indb 193 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 4.3 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE When a point (a, b) is rotated counterclockwise about the origin,
(a, b) → (b, −a) is the result of a rotation of ______.

2. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What are the coordinates of the vertices of the image after a y B

4
90° counterclockwise rotation about the origin?
2
What are the coordinates of the vertices of the image after a A C
270° clockwise rotation about the origin?
−4 −2 2 4 x
What are the coordinates of the vertices of the image after
−2
turning the figure 90° to the left about the origin?
−4
What are the coordinates of the vertices of the image after a
270° counterclockwise rotation about the origin?

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–6, trace the polygon and point P. Then 8. 180° y
draw a rotation of the polygon about point P using the E
given number of degrees. (See Example 1.)
3. 30° 4. 80° 4x
D −2
B D P F
E
C 9. 180° 10. 270°
A
P G F y y
K
J R S
4
5. 150° 6. 130° −6 x

2 −2
G R M L
P Q T
F 2 4 6 x

P
J
— with endpoints X(−3, 1)
In Exercises 11–14, graph XY
Q and Y(4, −5) and its image after the composition.
(See Example 3.)
In Exercises 7–10, graph the polygon and its image after
11. Translation: (x, y) → (x, y + 2)
a rotation of the given number of degrees about the
Rotation: 90° about the origin
origin. (See Example 2.)
7. 90° 12. Rotation: 180° about the origin
y
B Translation: (x, y) → (x − 1, y + 1)
4
13. Rotation: 270° about the origin
A Reflection: in the y-axis
C
−4 −2 2 4x 14. Reflection: in the line y = x
Rotation: 180° about the origin
194 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 194 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 ✗
In Exercises 15 and 16, graph △LMN with vertices 26.
L(1, 6), M(−2, 4), and N(3, 2) and its image after the C (−1, 1) → C ′ (1, −1)
composition. (See Example 3.) D (2, 3) → D ′ (3, 2)

15. Rotation: 90° about the origin

Translation: (x, y) → (x − 3, y + 2) 27. CONSTRUCTION Follow these steps to construct a
rotation of △ABC by angle D around a point O. Use
16. Reflection: in the x-axis a compass and straightedge.
Rotation: 270° about the origin
A′
In Exercises 17–20, determine whether the figure has B
rotational symmetry. If so, describe any rotations that A
map the figure onto itself. (See Example 4.) D
C
17. 18. O

Step 1 Draw △ABC, ∠D, and O, the center

of rotation.
—. Use the construction for copying
Step 2 Draw OA
an angle to copy ∠D at O, as shown. Then
19. 20. use distance OA and center O to find A′.
Step 3 Repeat Step 2 to find points B′ and C′. Draw
△A′B′C′.
28. REASONING You enter the revolving door at a hotel.
a. You rotate the door 180°.
REPEATED REASONING In Exercises 21–24, select the What does this mean in the
angles of rotational symmetry for the regular polygon. context of the situation?
Select all that apply. Explain.
b. You rotate the door 360°.
○
A 30° ○
B 45° ○
C 60° ○
D 72°
What does this mean in the
○
E 90° ○
F 120° ○
G 144° ○
H 180° context of the situation?
Explain.
21. 22.

29. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Use the graph of

y = 2x − 3.
a. Rotate the line 90°, 180°, y
23. 24. 270°, and 360° about the
origin. Write the equation −2 2 x
of the line for each image. −2
Describe the relationship
between the equation of the
preimage and the equation
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 25 and 26, the endpoints of each image.
— are C(−1, 1) and D(2, 3). Describe and correct
of CD b. Do you think that the relationships you described
the error in finding the coordinates of the vertices of the in part (a) are true for any line that is not vertical
image after a rotation of 270° about the origin. or horizontal? Explain your reasoning.

✗
25.
30. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims that
C (−1, 1) → C ′ (−1, −1)
rotating a figure by 180° is the same as reflecting a
D (2, 3) → D ′ (2, −3)
figure in the y-axis and then reflecting it in the x-axis.
Is your friend correct? Explain your reasoning.

Section 4.3 Rotations 195

Book 1.indb 195 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 31. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS A figure only has point 38. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? You are finishing the puzzle.
symmetry. How many rotations that map the figure onto The remaining two pieces both have rotational
itself can be performed before it is back where it started? symmetry.

32. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Is it possible for a

figure to have 90° rotational symmetry but not 180°
rotational symmetry? Explain your reasoning.
1 2
33. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Is it possible for a
figure to have 180° rotational symmetry but not 90°
rotational symmetry? Explain your reasoning.

34. THOUGHT PROVOKING Can rotations of 90°, 180°,

a. Describe the rotational symmetry of Piece 1 and
270°, and 360° be written as the composition of of Piece 2.
two reflections? Justify your answer.
b. You pick up Piece 1. How many different ways
can it fit in the puzzle?
35. USING AN EQUATION Inside a kaleidoscope, two
mirrors are placed next to each other to form a V. The c. Before putting Piece 1 into the puzzle, you
angle between the mirrors determines the number of connect it to Piece 2. Now how many ways can
lines of symmetry in the it fit in the puzzle? Explain.
mirror
image. Use the formula 1
n(m∠1) = 180° to find the
measure of ∠1, the angle 39. USING STRUCTURE A polar coordinate system locates
between the mirrors, for the black glass a point in a plane by its distance from the origin O
number n of lines of symmetry. and by the measure of an angle with its vertex at the
origin. For example, the point A(2, 30°) is 2 units
a. b. from the origin and m∠XOA = 30°. What are the
polar coordinates of the image of point A after a 90°
rotation? a 180° rotation? a 270° rotation? Explain.

90°
120° 60°

150° 30°
A
36. REASONING Use the coordinate rules for X 0°
180°
counterclockwise rotations about the origin to write O 1 2 3
coordinate rules for clockwise rotations of 90°, 180°,
or 270° about the origin. 210° 330°

37. USING STRUCTURE △XYZ has vertices X(2, 5), 240° 300°
Y(3, 1), and Z(0, 2). Rotate △XYZ 90° about the point 270°
P(−2, −1).

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

The figures are congruent. Name the corresponding angles and the corresponding sides.
(Skills Review Handbook)
40. P W 41. A B
Q V
J K
D C
T X

S R Z Y M L

196 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 196 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 4.1–4.3 What Did You Learn?

Core Vocabulary
vector, p. 174 preimage, p. 174 line symmetry, p. 185
initial point, p. 174 translation, p. 174 line of symmetry, p. 185
terminal point, p. 174 rigid motion, p. 176 rotation, p. 190
horizontal component, p. 174 composition of transformations, center of rotation, p. 190
vertical component, p. 174 p. 176 angle of rotation, p. 190
component form, p. 174 reflection, p. 182 rotational symmetry, p. 193
transformation, p. 174 line of reflection, p. 182 center of symmetry, p. 193
image, p. 174 glide reflection, p. 184

Core Concepts
Section 4.1
Vectors, p. 174 Postulate 4.1 Translation Postulate, p. 176
Translations, p. 174 Theorem 4.1 Composition Theorem, p. 176

Section 4.2
Reflections, p. 182 Postulate 4.2 Reflection Postulate, p. 184
Coordinate Rules for Reflections, p. 183 Line Symmetry, p. 185

Section 4.3
Rotations, p. 190 Postulate 4.3 Rotation Postulate, p. 192
Coordinate Rules for Rotations Rotational Symmetry, p. 193
about the Origin, p. 191

Mathematical Practices
1. How could you determine whether your results make sense in Exercise 26 on page 179?
2. State the meaning of the numbers and symbols you chose in Exercise 28 on page 187.
3. Describe the steps you would take to arrive at the answer to Exercise 29 part (a) on page 195.

Study Skills
Keeping a
Positive Attitude
Ever feel frustrated or overwhelmed by math? You’re not alone.
Just take a deep breath and assess the situation. Try to find a
productive study environment, review your notes and examples
in the textbook, and ask your teacher or peers for help.

197

Book 1.indb 197 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 4.1–4.3 Quiz

Graph quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A(−4, 1), B(−3, 3), C(0, 1), and D(−2, 0) and its
image after the translation. (Section 4.1)
1. (x, y) → (x + 4, y − 2) 2. (x, y) → (x − 1, y − 5) 3. (x, y) → (x + 3, y + 6)

Graph the polygon with the given vertices and its image after a reflection in the
given line. (Section 4.2)
4. A(−5, 6), B(−7, 8), C(−3, 11); x-axis 5. D(−5, −1), E(−2, 1), F(−1, −3); y = x
6. J(−1, 4), K(2, 5), L(5, 2), M(4, −1); x = 3 7. P(2, −4), Q(6, −1), R(9, −4), S(6, −6); y = −2

Graph △ABC with vertices A(2, −1), B(5, 2), and C(8, −2) and its image after the
glide reflection. (Section 4.2)
8. Translation: (x, y) → (x, y + 6) 9. Translation: (x, y) → (x − 9, y)
Reflection: in the y-axis Reflection: in the line y = 1

Determine the number of lines of symmetry for the figure. (Section 4.2)
10. 11. 12. 13.

Graph the polygon and its image after a rotation of the given number of degrees
about the origin. (Section 4.3)
14. 90° y B 15. 270° E y 16. 180° y
4 4

D F I 2
2
H
A C
−4 −2 2 4x −4 −2 2 4x 2 4x

−2
G J
−2

−4 −4 −4
K

Graph △LMN with vertices L(−3, −2), M(−1, 1), and N(2, −3) and its image after
the composition. (Sections 4.1– 4.3)
17. Translation: (x, y) → (x − 4, y + 3)
Rotation: 180° about the origin y

18. Rotation: 90° about the origin

Reflection: in the y-axis

19. The figure shows a game in which the object is to create solid rows
x
using the pieces given. Using only translations and rotations, describe the
transformations for each piece at the top that will form two solid rows at
the bottom. (Section 4.1 and Section 4.3)

198 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 198 4/10/18 3:34 PM

 4.4 Congruence and Transformations
Essential Question What conjectures can you make about a figure
reflected in two lines?

FLORIDA
DA Reflections in Parallel Lines
STANDARDS
ARDS Work with a partner. Use dynamic geometry software to draw any scalene triangle
MAFS.912.G-CO.1.5
2 G CO 1 5 and label it △ABC.
MAFS.912.G-CO.2.6
a. Draw any line ⃖⃗
DE. Reflect △ABC Sample
in ⃖⃗
DE to form △A′B′C′. D
b. Draw a line parallel to ⃖⃗
DE. Reflect
△A′B′C′ in the new line to form A
△A″B″C″. A′
c. Draw the line through point A that B A″
C
B′
is perpendicular to ⃖⃗
DE. What do
you notice? C′ B″
C″
d. Find the distance between points A
CONSTRUCTING and A″. Find the distance between E
VIABLE ARGUMENTS the two parallel lines. What do F
To be proficient in math, you notice?
you need to make e. Hide △A′B′C′. Is there a single transformation that maps △ABC to △A″B″C″?
conjectures and justify Explain.
your conclusions.
f. Make conjectures based on your answers in parts (c)–(e). Test your conjectures
by changing △ABC and the parallel lines.

Reflections in Intersecting Lines

Work with a partner. Use dynamic geometry software to draw any scalene triangle
and label it △ABC.
a. Draw any line ⃖⃗
DE. Reflect △ABC Sample
in ⃖⃗
DE to form △A′B′C′.
b. Draw any line ⃖⃗
DF so that angle D
EDF is less than or equal to 90°.
Reflect △A′B′C′ in ⃖⃗
DF to form B
△A″B″C″.
A
c. Find the measure of ∠ EDF.
Rotate △ABC counterclockwise C B″
B′
about point D using an angle C″
C′
twice the measure of ∠ EDF.
A′ A″
E F
d. Make a conjecture about a figure
reflected in two intersecting lines.
Test your conjecture by changing
△ABC and the lines.

Communicate Your Answer

3. What conjectures can you make about a figure reflected in two lines?
4. Point Q is reflected in two parallel lines, ⃖⃗
GH and ⃖⃗
JK , to form Q′ and Q″.
The distance from ⃖⃗
GH to ⃖⃗
JK is 3.2 inches. What is the distance QQ″?

Section 4.4 Congruence and Transformations 199

Book 1.indb 199 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 4.4 Lesson What You Will Learn
Identify congruent figures.
Describe congruence transformations.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Use theorems about congruence transformations.
congruent figures, p. 200
congruence transformation,
p. 201
Identifying Congruent Figures
Two geometric figures are congruent figures if and only if there is a rigid motion or
a composition of rigid motions that maps one of the figures onto the other. Congruent
figures have the same size and shape.

Congruent Not congruent

same size and shape different sizes or shapes

You can identify congruent figures in the coordinate plane by identifying the rigid
motion or composition of rigid motions that maps one of the figures onto the other.
Recall from Postulates 4.1– 4.3 and Theorem 4.1 that translations, reflections,
rotations, and compositions of these transformations are rigid motions.

Identifying Congruent Figures

Identify any congruent figures in the I H y C B

coordinate plane. Explain. 5

F
SOLUTION J D A
Square NPQR is a translation of square ABCD
2 units left and 6 units down. So, square ABCD G E
and square NPQR are congruent. M K Q P 5 x

△KLM is a reflection of △EFG in the x-axis. U

So, △EFG and △KLM are congruent. L R N

△STU is a 180° rotation of △HIJ. −5

S T
So, △HIJ and △STU are congruent.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

1. Identify any congruent figures in the D y

coordinate plane. Explain. E
4
B
I H
F
J G C A
−4 −2 L T 2 4 x

M
Q P K S U

R N

200 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 200 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 Congruence Transformations
Another name for a rigid motion or a combination of rigid motions is a congruence
transformation because the preimage and image are congruent. The terms “rigid
motion” and “congruence transformation” are interchangeable.

READING
You can read the notation
▱ABCD as “parallelogram Describing a Congruence Transformation
A, B, C, D.”
Describe a congruence transformation y
that maps ▱ABCD to ▱EFGH. 4
D C
2

A B
G H 2 4 x

−2

F E

SOLUTION
The two vertical sides of ▱ABCD rise from left y
4
to right, and the two vertical sides of ▱EFGH fall C′ D′ D C
from left to right. If you reflect ▱ABCD in the
y-axis, as shown, then the image, ▱A′B′C′D′,
will have the same orientation as ▱EFGH. B′ A′ A B
Then you can map ▱A′B′C′D′ to ▱EFGH G H 2 4 x

using a translation of 4 units down. −2

F E

So, a congruence transformation that maps ▱ABCD to ▱EFGH is a reflection

in the y-axis followed by a translation of 4 units down.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

2. In Example 2, describe another congruence transformation that

maps ▱ABCD to ▱EFGH.
3. Describe a congruence transformation that maps △JKL to △MNP.

K y
4

L J

−4 −2 2 4 x
P M
−2

−4
N

Section 4.4 Congruence and Transformations 201

Book 1.indb 201 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 Using Theorems about Congruence Transformations
Compositions of two reflections result in either a translation or a rotation. A
composition of two reflections in parallel lines results in a translation, as described in
the following theorem.

Theorem
Theorem 4.2 Reflections in Parallel Lines Theorem
If lines k and m are parallel, then a reflection in k m
line k followed by a reflection in line m is the B B′ B″
same as a translation.
If A″ is the image of A, then
1.
— is perpendicular to k and m, and
AA″ A A′ A″
2. AA″ = 2d, where d is the distance d
between k and m.
Proof Ex. 31, p. 206

Using the Reflections in Parallel Lines Theorem

In the diagram, a reflection in line k

— to G′H′
maps GH —. A reflection in line m H
H′ H″
— —. Also, HB = 9
maps G′H′ to G″H″
B
D
and DH″ = 4.
A
a. Name any segments congruent to G C
—, HB
each segment: GH —, and GA
—. G′
G″
k m
b. Does AC = BD? Explain.
—?
c. What is the length of GG″

SOLUTION
— ≅ G′H′
a. GH —, and GH
— ≅ G″H″
—. HB— ≅ H′B
—. GA
— ≅ G′A
—.
— and HH″
b. Yes, AC = BD because GG″ — are perpendicular to both k and m. So, BD
—
—
and AC are opposite sides of a rectangle.
c. By the properties of reflections, H′B = 9 and H′D = 4. The Reflections in Parallel
— is
⋅
Lines Theorem implies that GG″ = HH″ = 2 BD, so the length of GG″
2(9 + 4) = 26 units.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Use the figure. The distance between line k and line m is 1.6 centimeters.

4. The preimage is reflected in line k, then in k m

line m. Describe a single transformation that
maps the blue figure to the green figure.
— and
5. What is the relationship between PP′
P P′ P″
line k? Explain.
6. What is the distance between P and P ″?

202 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 202 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 A composition of two reflections in intersecting lines results in a rotation, as described
in the following theorem.

Theorem
Theorem 4.3 Reflections in Intersecting Lines Theorem
If lines k and m intersect at point P, then a m B′
B″
reflection in line k followed by a reflection
in line m is the same as a rotation about k
point P. A′
A″
The angle of rotation is 2x°, where x° is 2x°
x°
the measure of the acute or right angle B
formed by lines k and m. P A

m∠ BPB″ = 2x°
Proof Ex. 31, p. 250

Using the Reflections in Intersecting Lines

Theorem
In the diagram, the figure is reflected in line k. The image is then reflected in line m.
Describe a single transformation that maps F to F ″.

F″ F′ k
70°
F
P

SOLUTION
By the Reflections in Intersecting Lines Theorem, a reflection in line k followed by a
reflection in line m is the same as a rotation about point P. The measure of the acute
angle formed between lines k and m is 70°. So, by the Reflections in Intersecting
Lines Theorem, the angle of rotation is 2(70°) = 140°. A single transformation that
maps F to F ″ is a 140° rotation about point P.
You can check that this is correct by tracing lines k and m and point F, then
rotating the point 140°.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

7. In the diagram, the preimage is reflected in m

line k, then in line m. Describe a single
transformation that maps the blue figure
onto the green figure.
8. A rotation of 76° maps C to C′. To map C
to C′ using two reflections, what is the 80°
measure of the angle formed by the P k
intersecting lines of reflection?

Section 4.4 Congruence and Transformations 203

Book 1.indb 203 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 4.4 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE Two geometric figures are _________ if and only if there is a rigid motion
or a composition of rigid motions that moves one of the figures onto the other.

2. VOCABULARY Why is the term congruence transformation used to refer to a rigid motion?

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3 and 4, identify any congruent figures in 6. y
the coordinate plane. Explain. (See Example 1.) W X 4
3. J y Q R
4
Z Y
H K
M N 2 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6x
S R S
−2
L P
−4 −2 E 4 Fx −4
Q P
−2
B D U G
−4

A C T V In Exercises 7–10, determine whether the polygons with

the given vertices are congruent. Use transformations to
4. y S Q explain your reasoning.
P
N
7. Q(2, 4), R(5, 4), S(4, 1) and T(6, 4), U(9, 4), V(8, 1)
B U
C M R 8. W(−3, 1), X(2, 1), Y(4, −4), Z(−5, −4) and
C(−1, −3), D(−1, 2), E(4, 4), F(4, −5)
A −3 D T V x
F −2
J K
9. J(1, 1), K(3, 2), L(4, 1) and M(6, 1), N(5, 2), P(2, 1)
−4
H L 10. A(0, 0), B(1, 2), C(4, 2), D(3, 0) and
E G E(0, −5), F(−1, −3), G(−4, −3), H(−3, −5)

In Exercises 11–14, k m, △ABC is reflected in line k,

In Exercises 5 and 6, describe a congruence
and △A′B′C′ is reflected in line m. (See Example 3.)
transformation that maps the blue preimage to
the green image. (See Example 2.) 11. A translation maps k m
△ABC onto which
5. y B B′ B″
4 triangle?
A C C′ C″
2
12. Which lines are
B C —?
perpendicular to AA″
−6 −4 −2 2 4x A A′ A″
G F 13. If the distance between
k and m is 2.6 inches,
E —″ ?
what is the length of CC

14. Is the distance from B′ to m the same as the distance

from B ″ to m? Explain.

204 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 204 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 In Exercises 15 and 16, find the angle of rotation that In Exercises 19–22, find the measure of the acute or
maps A onto A″. (See Example 4.) right angle formed by intersecting lines so that C can be
mapped to C′ using two reflections.
15. m
19. A rotation of 84° maps C to C′.
A″
A′
20. A rotation of 24° maps C to C′.

k 21. The rotation (x, y) → (−x, −y) maps C to C′.

55°
22. The rotation (x, y) → (y, −x) maps C to C′.
A
23. REASONING Use the Reflections in Parallel Lines
Theorem (Theorem 4.2) to explain how you can make
16. a glide reflection using three reflections. How are the
A″ lines of reflection related?
A m
24. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS The pattern shown is
15°
called a tessellation.
k
A′

17. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in

describing the congruence transformation.

✗ B 2
y

A C
−4 −2 A″ 2 4 x a. What transformations did the artist use when
C″ creating this tessellation?
−2
B″ b. Are the individual figures in the tessellation
congruent? Explain your reasoning.

△ABC is mapped to △A″B ″C ″ by a CRITICAL THINKING In Exercises 25–28, tell whether the
translation 3 units down and a statement is always, sometimes, or never true. Explain
reflection in the y-axis. your reasoning.
25. A congruence transformation changes the size of
18. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in a figure.
using the Reflections in Intersecting Lines Theorem
(Theorem 4.3). 26. If two figures are congruent, then there is a rigid

✗
motion or a composition of rigid motions that maps
one figure onto the other.
P
27. The composition of two reflections results in the
72° same image as a rotation.

28. A translation results in the same image as the

composition of two reflections.

29. REASONING During a presentation, a marketing

A 72° rotation about point P maps representative uses a projector so everyone in the
the blue image to the green image. auditorium can view the advertisement. Is this
projection a congruence transformation? Explain
your reasoning.

Section 4.4 Congruence and Transformations 205

Book 1.indb 205 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 30. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? What type of congruence —
33. MAKING AN ARGUMENT PQ , with endpoints
transformation can be used to verify each statement P(1, 3) and Q(3, 2), is reflected in the y-axis.
about the stained glass window? — is then reflected in the x-axis to
The image P′Q′
produce the image P— ″Q ″ . One classmate says that
2
3
— —
PQ is mapped to P ″Q ″ by the translation
7
(x, y) → (x − 4, y − 5). Another classmate says that
— is mapped to P—
6
PQ ⋅
″Q ″ by a (2 90)°, or 180°, rotation
about the origin. Which classmate is correct? Explain
5 8
your reasoning.

1 4 34. CRITICAL THINKING Does the order of reflections

for a composition of two reflections in parallel lines
a. Triangle 5 is congruent to Triangle 8. matter? For example, is reflecting △XYZ in lineℓand
then its image in line m the same as reflecting △XYZ
b. Triangle 1 is congruent to Triangle 4. in line m and then its image in lineℓ?
c. Triangle 2 is congruent to Triangle 7.
m
d. Pentagon 3 is congruent to Pentagon 6.
Y
31. PROVING A THEOREM Prove the Reflections in
X Z
Parallel Lines Theorem (Theorem 4.2).
m
K K′ K″

CONSTRUCTION In Exercises 35 and 36, copy the figure.

Then use a compass and straightedge to construct
J J′ J″ two lines of reflection that produce a composition of
reflections resulting in the same image as the given
d transformation.
Given A reflection in lineℓmaps JK— to J′K′
—, 35. Translation: △ABC → △A″B ″C ″
a reflection in line m maps J′K′ to J—
— ″K″ ,
B″ B
andℓ m.
Prove —″ is perpendicular toℓand m.
a. KK
A″ C″ A C
b. KK ″ = 2d, where d is the distance
betweenℓand m. 36. Rotation about P: △XYZ → △X ″Y ″Z ″

Z″
32. THOUGHT PROVOKING A tessellation is the covering
of a plane with congruent figures so that there are no
gaps or overlaps (see Exercise 24). Draw a tessellation
that involves two or more types of transformations. X
Y″ X″
Describe the transformations that are used to create
the tessellation.
Z Y P

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Solve the equation. Check your solution. (Skills Review Handbook)

37. 5x + 16 = −3x 38. 12 + 6m = 2m 39. 4b + 8 = 6b − 4

40. 7w − 9 = 13 − 4w 41. 7(2n + 11) = 4n 42. −2(8 − y) = −6y

43. Last year, the track team’s yard sale earned $500. This year, the yard sale earned $625. What is the
percent of increase? (Skills Review Handbook)

206 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 206 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 4.5 Dilations
Essential Question What does it mean to dilate a figure?

FLORIDA
DA Dilating a Triangle in a Coordinate Plane
STANDARDS
ARDS Work with a partner. Use dynamic geometry software to draw any triangle and label
MAFS.912.G-CO.1.2
2 G CO 1 2 it △ABC.
MAFS.912.G-SRT.1.1a
MAFS.912.G-SRT.1.1b a. Dilate △ABC using a scale factor of 2 and a center of dilation at the origin to form
△A′B′C′. Compare the coordinates, side lengths, and angle measures of △ABC
and △A′B′C′.

B′
Sample
6
Points
5 A(2, 1)
B(1, 3)
4 C′
C(3, 2)
3
B Segments
AB = 2.24
2 C BC = 2.24
LOOKING FOR A′
AC = 1.41
STRUCTURE 1
A Angles
To be proficient in math, 0 D
m∠A = 71.57°
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
you need to look closely m∠B = 36.87°
to discern a pattern or m∠C = 71.57°
structure. b. Repeat part (a) using a scale factor of —12 .
c. What do the results of parts (a) and (b) suggest about the coordinates, side lengths,
and angle measures of the image of △ABC after a dilation with a scale factor of k?

Dilating Lines in a Coordinate Plane

Work with a partner. Use dynamic geometry software to draw ⃖⃗ AB that passes
through the origin and ⃖⃗
AC that does not pass through the origin.
a. Dilate ⃖⃗
AB using a scale factor
of 3 and a center of dilation at A
2
the origin. Describe the image.
b. Dilate ⃖⃗
AC using a scale factor 1

of 3 and a center of dilation at

the origin. Describe the image. 0 B C
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

c. Repeat parts (a) and (b) using a

scale factor of —14 . −1

d. What do you notice about −2

dilations of lines passing
through the center of dilation
and dilations of lines not passing Sample Points Lines
through the center of dilation? A(−2, 2) x+y=0
B(0, 0) x + 2y = 2

Communicate Your Answer C(2, 0)

3. What does it mean to dilate a figure?

4. Repeat Exploration 1 using a center of dilation at a point other than the origin.

Section 4.5 Dilations 207

Book 1.indb 207 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 4.5 Lesson What You Will Learn
Identify and perform dilations.
Solve real-life problems involving scale factors and dilations.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
dilation, p. 208 Identifying and Performing Dilations
center of dilation, p. 208
scale factor, p. 208
enlargement, p. 208 Core Concept
reduction, p. 208 Dilations
A dilation is a transformation in which a figure is enlarged or reduced with respect
to a fixed point C called the center of dilation and a scale factor k, which is the
ratio of the lengths of the corresponding sides of the image and the preimage.
A dilation with center of dilation C and scale factor k maps every point P in a
figure to a point P′ so that the following are true.
• If P is the center point C, then P = P′. P′
P
• If P is not the center point C, then the image C
Q
point P′ lies on ⃗
CP. The scale factor k is a
CP′ R Q′
positive number such that k = —.
CP
R′
• Angle measures are preserved.

A dilation does not change any line that passes through the center of dilation. A
dilation maps a line that does not pass through the center of dilation to a parallel line.
PR ⃖⃗
In the figure above, ⃖⃗ PQ ⃖⃗
P′R′, ⃖⃗ QR ⃖⃗
P′Q′, and ⃖⃗ Q′R′.
When the scale factor k > 1, a dilation is an enlargement. When 0 < k < 1, a dilation
is a reduction.

Identifying Dilations

Find the scale factor of the dilation. Then tell whether the dilation is a reduction or
an enlargement.
a. b.
P′ P
12 P
8 P′ 30
READING C 18
The scale factor of a
dilation can be written C
as a fraction, decimal, SOLUTION
or percent. CP′ 12 3
a. Because — = —, the scale factor is k = —. So, the dilation is an enlargement.
CP 8 2
CP′ 18 3
b. Because — = —, the scale factor is k = —. So, the dilation is a reduction.
CP 30 5

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

1. In a dilation, CP′ = 3 and CP = 12. Find the scale factor. Then tell whether the
dilation is a reduction or an enlargement.

208 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 208 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 Core Concept
Coordinate Rule for Dilations
y
If P(x, y) is the preimage of a point, then its image P′(kx, ky)
after a dilation centered at the origin (0, 0) with
READING scale factor k is the point P′(kx, ky).
DIAGRAMS P(x, y)
In this chapter, for all
x
of the dilations in the
coordinate plane, the (x, y) → (kx, ky)
center of dilation is
the origin unless
otherwise noted. Dilating a Figure in the Coordinate Plane

Graph △ABC with vertices A(2, 1), B(4, 1), and C(4, −1) and its image after a
dilation with a scale factor of 2.

SOLUTION
Use the coordinate rule for a dilation with y
k = 2 to find the coordinates of the vertices A′ B′
2
of the image. Then graph △ABC and its image. A
B
(x, y) → (2x, 2y)
2 6 x
A(2, 1) → A′(4, 2) C
−2
B(4, 1) → B′(8, 2) C′
C(4, −1) → C′(8, −2)

Notice the relationships between the lengths and slopes of the sides of the triangles in
Example 2. Each side length of △A′B′C′ is longer than its corresponding side by the
scale factor. The corresponding sides are parallel because their slopes are the same.

Dilating a Figure in the Coordinate Plane

Graph quadrilateral KLMN with vertices K(−3, 6), L(0, 6), M(3, 3), and N(−3, −3)
and its image after a dilation with a scale factor of —13 .

SOLUTION
Use the coordinate rule for a dilation with k = —13 to K L y
find the coordinates of the vertices of the image.
Then graph quadrilateral KLMN and its image.
4
M
(x, y) → ( 1 1
—3 x, —3 y ) K′ L′
K(−3, 6) → K′(−1, 2)
M′
L(0, 6) → L′(0, 2) −4 −2 2 4 x
M(3, 3) → M′(1, 1) N′
N(−3, −3) → N′(−1, −1)
N

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Graph △PQR and its image after a dilation with scale factor k.

2. P(−2, −1), Q(−1, 0), R(0, −1); k = 4

3. P(5, −5), Q(10, −5), R(10, 5); k = 0.4

Section 4.5 Dilations 209

Book 1.indb 209 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 Constructing a Dilation

Use a compass and straightedge to construct a dilation of △PQR with a scale factor
of 2. Use a point C outside the triangle as the center of dilation.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

P′ P′

P P Q′ P Q′
Q Q Q

C R C R R′ C R R′

Draw a triangle Draw △PQR and Use a compass Use a compass to Connect points Connect points
choose the center of the dilation C locate P′ on ⃗
CP so that CP′ = 2(CP). P′, Q′, and R′ to form △P′Q′R′.
outside the triangle. Draw rays from Locate Q′ and R′ using the same
C through the vertices of the triangle. method.

In the coordinate plane, you can have scale factors that are negative numbers. When
y scale factor k this occurs, the figure rotates 180°. So, when k > 0, a dilation with a scale factor of
−k is the same as the composition of a dilation with a scale factor of k followed by a
rotation of 180° about the center of dilation. Using the coordinate rules for a dilation
preimage and a rotation of 180°, you can think of the notation as
x (x, y) → (kx, ky) → (−kx, −ky).
center of
dilation
Using a Negative Scale Factor
scale factor −k
Graph △FGH with vertices F(−4, −2), G(−2, 4), and H(−2, −2) and its image
1
after a dilation with a scale factor of −—2.

SOLUTION
1
Use the coordinate rule for a dilation with k = −—2 to find the coordinates of the
vertices of the image. Then graph △FGH and its image.

( 1
(x, y) → − —12 x, − —2 y ) G
4
y

F(−4, −2) → F′(2, 1)

G(−2, 4) → G′(1, −2) 2
H′ F′
H(−2, −2) → H′(1, 1)
−4 2 4 x

−2
F H G′
−4

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

4. Graph △PQR with vertices P(1, 2), Q(3, 1), and R(1, −3) and its image after a
dilation with a scale factor of −2.
5. Suppose a figure containing the origin is dilated. Explain why the corresponding
point in the image of the figure is also the origin.

210 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 210 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 Solving Real-Life Problems
Finding a Scale Factor
4 in.
You are making your own photo stickers.
Your photo is 4 inches by 4 inches. The image
on the stickers is 1.1 inches by 1.1 inches.
READING What is the scale factor of this dilation?
Scale factors are written
SOLUTION
so that the units in
the numerator and The scale factor is the ratio of a side
denominator divide out. length of the sticker image to a side
1.1 in. 1.1 in.
length of the original photo, or —.
4 in.
11
So, in simplest form, the scale factor is —.
40

Finding the Length of an Image

You are using a magnifying glass that shows the

image of an object that is six times the object’s
actual size. Determine the length of the image
of the spider seen through the magnifying glass.

SOLUTION
image length 1.5 cm
—— = k
actual length
x
—=6
1.5
x=9

So, the image length through the magnifying glass is 9 centimeters.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

12.6 cm
6. An optometrist dilates the pupils of a patient’s eyes to get a better look at the back
of the eyes. A pupil dilates from 4.5 millimeters to 8 millimeters. What is the scale
factor of this dilation?
7. The image of a spider seen through the magnifying glass in Example 6 is shown at
the left. Find the actual length of the spider.

When a transformation, such as a dilation, changes the shape or size of a figure, the
transformation is nonrigid. In addition to dilations, there are many possible nonrigid
transformations. Two examples are shown below. It is important to pay close attention
to whether a nonrigid transformation preserves lengths and angle measures.
Horizontal Stretch Vertical Stretch

A A′

C B B′

C B

Section 4.5 Dilations 211

Book 1.indb 211 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 4.5 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE If P(x, y) is the preimage of a point, then its image after a dilation
centered at the origin (0, 0) with scale factor k is the point ___________.

2. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which scale factor does not belong with the other three? Explain
your reasoning.

5
— 60% 115% 2
4

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–6, find the scale factor of the dilation. CONSTRUCTION In Exercises 11–14, copy the diagram.
Then tell whether the dilation is a reduction or an Then use a compass and straightedge to construct a
enlargement. (See Example 1.) dilation of quadrilateral RSTU with the given center
and scale factor k.
3. 4.
14 P R
P′ C
6
C P 9
P′ 24 S
C
P
5. 6. P′

P 28
C 8 U T
9 C
15 11. Center C, k = 3 12. Center P, k = 2
P′
P
13. Center R, k = 0.25 14. Center C, k = 75%

In Exercises 15–18, graph the polygon and its image after

CONSTRUCTION In Exercises 7–10, copy the diagram. a dilation with scale factor k. (See Examples 2 and 3.)
Then use a compass and straightedge to construct
a dilation of △LMN with the given center and scale 15. X(6, −1), Y(−2, −4), Z(1, 2); k = 3
factor k.
16. A(0, 5), B(−10, −5), C(5, −5); k = 120%
C L
2
17. T(9, −3), U(6, 0), V(3, 9), W(0, 0); k = —3

P 18. J(4, 0), K(−8, 4), L(0, −4), M(12, −8); k = 0.25
M

In Exercises 19–22, graph the polygon and its image

N after a dilation with scale factor k. (See Example 4.)
7. Center C, k = 2 19. B(−5, −10), C(−10, 15), D(0, 5); k = − —5
1

8. Center P, k = 3 20. L(0, 0), M(−4, 1), N(−3, −6); k = −3

9. Center M, k = —2
1
21. R(−7, −1), S(2, 5), T(−2, −3), U(−3, −3); k = −4

10. Center C, k = 25% 22. W(8, −2), X(6, 0), Y(−6, 4), Z(−2, 2); k = −0.5

212 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 212 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 23 and 24, describe In Exercises 31–34, you are using a magnifying glass.
and correct the error in finding the scale factor of Use the length of the insect and the magnification level
the dilation. to determine the length of the image seen through the
magnifying glass. (See Example 6.)

✗
23.
12 P 31. emperor moth 32. ladybug
12
k=— Magnification: 5× Magnification: 10×
3 P′ 3
C
=4

60 mm 4.5 mm

✗
24.
y 33. dragonfly 34. carpenter ant
4
Magnification: 20× Magnification: 15×
P′(−4, 2)
P(−2, 1) 2
k=—
2 4
−6 4 x
1
1 =—
2 2 12 mm
−4 47 mm

35. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Use the given actual

and magnified lengths to determine which of the
In Exercises 25–28, the red figure is the image of the following insects were looked at using the same
blue figure after a dilation with center C. Find the magnifying glass. Explain your reasoning.
scale factor of the dilation. Then find the value of
the variable. grasshopper black beetle
Actual: 2 in. Actual: 0.6 in.
25. 26. Magnified: 15 in. Magnified: 4.2 in.
28
14
C
C 9
x 15 n
35
12

27. 28. C
honeybee monarch butterfly
Actual: —58 in. Actual: 3.9 in.
y 3 4 m 75
2 2
7 Magnified: —
16
in. Magnified: 29.25 in.
C
28

29. FINDING A SCALE FACTOR You receive wallet-sized

photos of your school picture. The photo is
2.5 inches by 3.5 inches. You decide to dilate the
photo to 5 inches by 7 inches at the store. What is the
scale factor of this dilation? (See Example 5.)
36. THOUGHT PROVOKING Draw △ABC and △A′B′C′ so
30. FINDING A SCALE FACTOR Your visually impaired
that △A′B′C′ is a dilation of △ABC. Find the center
friend asked you to enlarge your notes from class so
of dilation and explain how you found it.
he can study. You took notes on 8.5-inch by 11-inch
paper. The enlarged copy has a smaller side with a
length of 10 inches. What is the scale factor of this 37. REASONING Your friend prints a 4-inch by 6-inch
dilation? (See Example 5.) photo for you from the school dance. All you have is
an 8-inch by 10-inch frame. Can you dilate the photo
to fit the frame? Explain your reasoning.

Section 4.5 Dilations 213

Book 1.indb 213 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 38. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Point C is the center of 45. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Dilate the line through
dilation of the images. The scale factor is —13 . Which O(0, 0) and A(1, 2) using a scale factor of 2.
figure is the original figure? Which figure is the —
a. What do you notice about the lengths of O′A′
dilated figure? Explain your reasoning. —
and OA ?
⃖⃗ and ⃖⃗
b. What do you notice about O′A′ OA?

46. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Dilate the line through

C A(0, 1) and B(1, 2) using a scale factor of —12 .
—
a. What do you notice about the lengths of A′B′
—
and AB ?
b. What do you notice about ⃖⃗
A′B′ and ⃖⃗
AB?

47. ATTENDING TO PRECISION You are making a

39. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS The larger triangle
blueprint of your house. You measure the lengths of
is a dilation of the smaller triangle. Find the values of the walls of your room to be 11 feet by 12 feet. When
x and y. you draw your room on the blueprint, the lengths
of the walls are 8.25 inches by 9 inches. What scale
(3y − 34)° factor dilates your room to the blueprint?

48. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims that

dilating a figure by 1 is the same as dilating a figure
2x + 8 by −1 because the original figure will not be
enlarged or reduced. Is your friend correct? Explain
(y + 16)° x+1 your reasoning.

C 49. USING STRUCTURE Rectangle WXYZ has vertices

2 W(−3, −1), X(−3, 3), Y(5, 3), and Z(5, −1).
6 a. Find the perimeter and area of the rectangle.
b. Dilate the rectangle using a scale factor of 3. Find
the perimeter and area of the dilated rectangle.
40. WRITING Explain why a scale factor of 2 is the same
Compare with the original rectangle. What do
as 200%.
you notice?
In Exercises 41– 44, determine whether the dilated c. Repeat part (b) using a scale factor of —14 .
figure or the original figure is closer to the center of
d. Make a conjecture for how the perimeter and area
dilation. Use the given location of the center of dilation
change when a figure is dilated.
and scale factor k.
41. Center of dilation: inside the figure; k = 3 50. REASONING You put a reduction of a page on the
original page. Explain why there is a point that is in
1
42. Center of dilation: inside the figure; k = —2 the same place on both pages.

43. Center of dilation: outside the figure; k = 120% 51. REASONING △ABC has vertices A(4, 2), B(4, 6), and
C(7, 2). Find the coordinates of the vertices of the
44. Center of dilation: outside the figure; k = 0.1 image after a dilation with center (4, 0) and a scale
factor of 2.

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

The vertices of △ABC are A(2, −1), B(0, 4), and C(−3, 5). Find the coordinates of the vertices of the
image after the translation. (Section 4.1)
52. (x, y) → (x, y − 4) 53. (x, y) → (x − 1, y + 3) 54. (x, y) → (x + 3, y − 1)

55. (x, y) → (x − 2, y) 56. (x, y) → (x + 1, y − 2) 57. (x, y) → (x − 3, y + 1)

214 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 214 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 4.6 Similarity and Transformations

FLORIDA
DA
Essential Question When a figure is translated, reflected, rotated,
or dilated in the plane, is the image always similar to the original figure?
ARDS
STANDARDS
MAFS.912.G-SRT.1.2
2 G SRT 1 2 A E
MAFS.912.G-CO.1.5
Two figures are similar figures
when they have the same shape
but not necessarily the same size. C
B
G
F
ATTENDING TO
Similar Triangles
PRECISION
To be proficient in math,
you need to use clear Dilations and Similarity
definitions in discussions Work with a partner.
with others and in your
own reasoning. a. Use dynamic geometry software to draw any triangle and label it △ABC.
b. Dilate the triangle using a scale factor of 3. Is the image similar to the original
triangle? Justify your answer.
Sample
A′ 3 Points
A(−2, 1)
2
B(−1, −1)
C(1, 0)
A 1
D(0, 0)
0 C C′ Segments
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 D 0 1 2 3
AB = 2.24
B
−1
BC = 2.24
AC = 3.16
−2
Angles
B′ −3 m∠A = 45°
m∠B = 90°
m∠C = 45°

Rigid Motions and Similarity

Work with a partner.
a. Use dynamic geometry software to draw any triangle.
b. Copy the triangle and translate it 3 units left and 4 units up. Is the image similar to
the original triangle? Justify your answer.
c. Reflect the triangle in the y-axis. Is the image similar to the original triangle?
Justify your answer.
d. Rotate the original triangle 90° counterclockwise about the origin. Is the image
similar to the original triangle? Justify your answer.

Communicate Your Answer

3. When a figure is translated, reflected, rotated, or dilated in the plane, is the image
always similar to the original figure? Explain your reasoning.
4. A figure undergoes a composition of transformations, which includes translations,
reflections, rotations, and dilations. Is the image similar to the original figure?
Explain your reasoning.
Section 4.6 Similarity and Transformations 215

Book 1.indb 215 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 4.6 Lesson What You Will Learn
Perform similarity transformations.
Describe similarity transformations.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Prove that figures are similar.
similarity transformation,
p. 216
Performing Similarity Transformations
similar figures, p. 216
A dilation is a transformation that preserves shape but not size. So, a dilation is a
nonrigid motion. A similarity transformation is a dilation or a composition of rigid
motions and dilations. Two geometric figures are similar figures if and only if there is
a similarity transformation that maps one of the figures onto the other. Similar figures
have the same shape but not necessarily the same size.
Congruence transformations preserve length and angle measure. When the scale factor
of the dilation(s) is not equal to 1 or −1, similarity transformations preserve angle
measure only.

Performing a Similarity Transformation

Graph △ABC with vertices A(−4, 1), B(−2, 2), and C(−2, 1) and its image after the
similarity transformation.
Translation: (x, y) → (x + 5, y + 1)
Dilation: (x, y) → (2x, 2y)

SOLUTION y
8
Step 1 Graph △ABC.
B″(6, 6)
6
A″(2, 4)
4
A(−4, 1) B′(3, 3) C″(6, 4)
B(−2, 2)
2
A′(1, 2) C′(3, 2)
C(−2, 1)
−4 −2 2 4 6 8 x

Step 2 Translate △ABC 5 units right and 1 unit up. △A′B′C′ has vertices
A′(1, 2), B′(3, 3), and C′(3, 2).
Step 3 Dilate △A′B′C′ using a scale factor of 2. △A″B″C ″ has vertices
A″(2, 4), B″(6, 6), and C ″(6, 4).

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

— with endpoints C(−2, 2) and D(2, 2) and its image after the
1. Graph CD
similarity transformation.
Rotation: 90° about the origin

(
Dilation: (x, y) → —12x, —12y )
2. Graph △FGH with vertices F(1, 2), G(4, 4), and H(2, 0) and its image after the
similarity transformation.
Reflection: in the x-axis
Dilation: (x, y) → (1.5x, 1.5y)

216 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 216 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 Describing Similarity Transformations

Describing a Similarity Transformation

Describe a similarity transformation that maps trapezoid PQRS to trapezoid WXYZ.

y
4
P Q
2
X W

−4 −2 4 6 x
Y Z

S R
−4

SOLUTION y
— falls from left to right, and XY
QR — P(−6, 3) Q(−3, 3)
4
Q′(3, 3) P′(6, 3)
rises from left to right. If you reflect
2
trapezoid PQRS in the y-axis as X
shown, then the image, trapezoid W
P′Q′R′S′, will have the same −4 −2 4 x
orientation as trapezoid WXYZ. Y Z

S(−6, −3) R(0, −3) R′(0, −3) S′(6, −3)

Trapezoid WXYZ appears to be about one-third as large as trapezoid P′Q′R′S′.

Dilate trapezoid P′Q′R′S′ using a scale factor of —13 .

(
(x, y) → —13 x, —13 y )
P′(6, 3) → P ″(2, 1)
Q′(3, 3) → Q″(1, 1)
R′(0, −3) → R ″(0, −1)
S′(6, −3) → S ″(2, −1)
The vertices of trapezoid P″Q″R″S″ match the vertices of trapezoid WXYZ.

So, a similarity transformation that maps trapezoid PQRS to trapezoid WXYZ is a

reflection in the y-axis followed by a dilation with a scale factor of —13.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

3. In Example 2, describe another similarity y E

4
transformation that maps trapezoid PQRS D
to trapezoid WXYZ.
2
4. Describe a similarity transformation that maps
quadrilateral DEFG to quadrilateral STUV. U G
−4 V 2 Fx
S
T
−4

Section 4.6 Similarity and Transformations 217

Book 1.indb 217 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 Proving Figures Are Similar
To prove that two figures are similar, you must prove that a similarity transformation
maps one of the figures onto the other.

Proving That Two Squares Are Similar

Prove that square ABCD is similar to square EFGH.

Given Square ABCD with side length r, F G
square EFGH with side length s,
— —
AD
EH
B C
s
r
Prove Square ABCD is similar to
square EFGH. A D E H

SOLUTION
Translate square ABCD so that point A maps to point E. Because translations map
—
EH
segments to parallel segments and AD —, the image of AD
— lies on EH—.
F G F G
B C B′ C′
s s
r r

A D E H E H
D′

Because translations preserve length and angle measure, the image of ABCD, EB′C′D′,
is a square with side length r. Because all the interior angles of a square are right
angles, ∠ B′ED′ ≅ ∠ FEH. When ⃗ EH, ⃗
ED′ coincides with ⃗ EB′ coincides with ⃗
EF. So,
— —
EB′ lies on EF . Next, dilate square EB′C′D′ using center of dilation E. Choose the
s
scale factor to be the ratio of the side lengths of EFGH and EB′C′D′, which is —.
r
F G F G
B′ C′
s s
r

E H E H
D′

This dilation maps ED′— to EH — and EB′— to EF— because the images of ED′— and EB′—
s —
have side length — (r) = s and the segments ED′ and EB′ — lie on lines passing through
r
the center of dilation. So, the dilation maps B′ to F and D′ to H. The image of C′ lies
s s
— (r) = s units to the right of the image of B′ and — (r) = s units above the image of D′.
r r
So, the image of C′ is G.

A similarity transformation maps square ABCD to square EFGH. So,

N square ABCD is similar to square EFGH.

v Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

K 5. Prove that △JKL is similar to △MNP.

P M Given Right isosceles △JKL with leg length t, right isosceles △MNP with leg
t —
PM
length v, LJ —
L J Prove △JKL is similar to △MNP.

218 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 218 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 4.6 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY What is the difference between similar figures and congruent figures?

2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE A transformation that produces a similar figure, such as a dilation,
is called a _________.

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–6, graph △FGH with vertices F(−2, 2), In Exercises 9–12, determine whether the polygons with
G(−2, −4), and H(−4, −4) and its image after the the given vertices are similar. Use transformations to
similarity transformation. (See Example 1.) explain your reasoning.

3. Translation: (x, y) → (x + 3, y + 1) 9. A(6, 0), B(9, 6), C(12, 6) and D(0, 3), E(1, 5), F(2, 5)
Dilation: (x, y) → (2x, 2y)
10. Q(−1, 0), R(−2, 2), S(1, 3), T(2, 1) and
W(0, 2), X(4, 4), Y(6, −2), Z(2, −4)
4. Dilation: (x, y) → —2 x, —2 y ( 1 1
)
Reflection: in the y-axis 11. G(−2, 3), H(4, 3), I(4, 0) and
J(1, 0), K(6, −2), L(1, −2)
5. Rotation: 90° about the origin
12. D(−4, 3), E(−2, 3), F(−1, 1), G(−4, 1) and
Dilation: (x, y) → (3x, 3y)
L(1, −1), M(3, −1), N(6, −3), P(1, −3)

6. Dilation: (x, y) → —4 x, —4 y ( 3 3
) In Exercises 13 and 14, prove that the figures are similar.
Reflection: in the x-axis (See Example 3.)
13. Given Right isosceles △ABC with leg length j,
In Exercises 7 and 8, describe a similarity
right isosceles △RST with leg length k,
transformation that maps the blue preimage to —
RT
CA —
the green image. (See Example 2.)
Prove △ABC is similar to △RST.
7. y
S
2
F V
B
−6 −4 x
k
j
D E
T −4
U
C A R T

14. Given Rectangle JKLM with side lengths x and y,

rectangle QRST with side lengths 2x and 2y
8. y
Prove Rectangle JKLM is similar to rectangle QRST.
L
Q R
6
K
J K
R
Q x 2x
M J M y L
P S
−2
T S
2 4 6x 2y

Section 4.6 Similarity and Transformations 219

Book 1.indb 219 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 15. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Determine whether 19. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Graph a polygon in
the regular-sized stop sign and the stop sign sticker a coordinate plane. Use a similarity transformation
are similar. Use transformations to explain involving a dilation (where k is a whole number)
your reasoning. and a translation to graph a second polygon. Then
describe a similarity transformation that maps the
12.6 in.
second polygon onto the first.
4 in.

20. THOUGHT PROVOKING Is the composition of a

rotation and a dilation commutative? (In other words,
do you obtain the same image regardless of the order
in which you perform the transformations?) Justify
16. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
your answer.
comparing the figures.

✗ 6

4
y

A
21. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Quadrilateral
JKLM is mapped to quadrilateral J′K′L′M′ using
( )
the dilation (x, y) → —32 x, —32 y . Then quadrilateral
B J′K′L′M′ is mapped to quadrilateral J″K″L″M″ using
2
the translation (x, y) → (x + 3, y − 4). The vertices of
quadrilateral J′K′L′M′ are J′(−12, 0), K′(−12, 18),
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x
L′(−6, 18), and M′(−6, 0). Find the coordinates of
Figure A is similar to Figure B. the vertices of quadrilateral JKLM and quadrilateral
J″K″L″M″. Are quadrilateral JKLM and quadrilateral
J″K″L″M″ similar? Explain.
17. MAKING AN ARGUMENT A member of the
homecoming decorating committee gives a printing 22. REPEATED REASONING Use the diagram.
company a banner that is 3 inches by 14 inches to
enlarge. The committee member claims the banner y
6
she receives is distorted. Do you think the printing R
company distorted the image she gave it? Explain. 4

84 in. 2
Q S
18 in. 2 4 6 x

a. Connect the midpoints of the sides of △QRS

to make another triangle. Is this triangle similar
18. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Determine whether each pair
to △QRS? Use transformations to support
of figures is similar. Explain your reasoning.
your answer.
a. b.
b. Repeat part (a) for two other triangles. What
conjecture can you make?

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Classify the angle as acute, obtuse, right, or straight. (Section 1.5)

23. 24. 25. 26.

82°
113°

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Book 1.indb 220 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 4.4–4.6 What Did You Learn?

Core Vocabulary
congruent figures, p. 200 enlargement, p. 208
congruence transformation, p. 201 reduction, p. 208
dilation, p. 208 similarity transformation, p. 216
center of dilation, p. 208 similar figures, p. 216
scale factor, p. 208

Core Concepts
Section 4.4
Identifying Congruent Figures, p. 200
Describing a Congruence Transformation, p. 201
Theorem 4.2 Reflections in Parallel Lines Theorem, p. 202
Theorem 4.3 Reflections in Intersecting Lines Theorem, p. 203

Section 4.5
Dilations and Scale Factor, p. 208 Negative Scale Factors, p. 210
Coordinate Rule for Dilations, p. 209

Section 4.6
Similarity Transformations, p. 216

Mathematical Practices
1. Revisit Exercise 31 on page 206. Try to recall the process you used to reach the solution. Did you
have to change course at all? If so, how did you approach the situation?
2. Describe a real-life situation that can be modeled by Exercise 28 on page 213.

Performance Task

The Magic of Optics

Look at yourself in a shiny spoon. What happened to your
reflection? Can you describe this mathematically? Now turn
the spoon over and look at your reflection on the back of
the spoon. What happened? Why?

To explore the answers to these questions and more,

go to BigIdeasMath.com.

221

Book 1.indb 221 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 4 Chapter Review
4.1 Translations (pp. 173–180)
Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Graph quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A(1, −2), B(3, −1), C(0, 3), and D(−4, 1) and its image
after the translation (x, y) → (x + 2, y − 2).
Graph quadrilateral ABCD. To find the coordinates of the vertices of the y
4
image, add 2 to the x-coordinates and subtract 2 from the y-coordinates C
of the vertices of the preimage. Then graph the image.
D C′
(x, y) → (x + 2, y − 2)
A(1, −2) → A′(3, −4) −4 4 x
D′ B
B(3, −1) → B′(5, −3) A
C(0, 3) → C′(2, 1) −4
B′
A′
D(−4, 1) → D′(−2, −1)

Graph △XYZ with vertices X(2, 3), Y(−3, 2), and Z(−4, −3) and its image after the translation.
1. (x, y) → (x, y + 2) 2. (x, y) → (x − 3, y)
3. (x, y) → (x + 3, y − 1) 4. (x, y) → (x + 4, y + 1)

Graph △PQR with vertices P(0, −4), Q(1, 3), and R(2, −5) and its image after the composition.
5. Translation: (x, y) → (x + 1, y + 2) 6. Translation: (x, y) → (x, y + 3)
Translation: (x, y) → (x − 4, y + 1) Translation: (x, y) → (x − 1, y + 1)

4.2 Reflections (pp. 181–188)

Graph △ABC with vertices A(1, −1), B(3, 2), and C(4, −4) and its image after a reflection
in the line y = x.
Graph △ABC and the line y = x. Then use the coordinate rule for reflecting C′ y
4
in the line y = x to find the coordinates of the vertices of the image. B′
B
(a, b) → (b, a)
A(1, −1) → A′(−1, 1) A′
−4 −2 4x
B(3, 2) → B′(2, 3) y=x A
−2
C(4, −4) → C′(−4, 4)
−4
C
Graph the polygon and its image after a reflection in the given line.
7. x = 4 y 8. y = 3 y
4
B E F
4
2
2
A
C H 4 G 6x
2 4 6x

9. How many lines of symmetry does the figure have?

222 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 222 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 4.3 Rotations (pp. 189–196)

Graph △LMN with vertices L(1, −1), M(2, 3), and N(4, 0) and its image after a 270° rotation
about the origin.
y
Use the coordinate rule for a 270° rotation to find the coordinates 4
M
of the vertices of the image. Then graph △LMN and its image.
2
(a, b) → (b, −a) N
L(1, −1) → L′(−1, −1) −4 −2 L′ L 4x
M(2, 3) → M′(3, −2) M′

N(4, 0) → N′(0, −4)

N′

Graph the polygon with the given vertices and its image after a rotation of the given
number of degrees about the origin.
10. A(−3, −1), B(2, 2), C(3, −3); 90°
11. W(−2, −1), X(−1, 3), Y(3, 3), Z(3, −3); 180°
— with endpoints X(5, −2) and Y(3, −3) and its image after a reflection in
12. Graph XY
the x-axis and then a rotation of 270° about the origin.

Determine whether the figure has rotational symmetry. If so, describe any rotations
that map the figure onto itself.
13. 14.

4.4 Congruence and Transformations (pp. 199–206)

y A
Describe a congruence transformation that maps quadrilateral ABCD 4
to quadrilateral WXYZ, as shown at the right. D
— falls from left to right, and WX
AB — rises from left to right. If you reflect 2
B
Y
quadrilateral ABCD in the x-axis as shown at the bottom right, then the
X C 2 4x
image, quadrilateral A′B′C′D′, will have the same orientation as
quadrilateral WXYZ. Then you can map quadrilateral A′B′C′D′ to Z
quadrilateral WXYZ using a translation of 5 units left.
W
So, a congruence transformation that maps quadrilateral ABCD to y
4
A
quadrilateral WXYZ is a reflection in the x-axis followed by a
translation of 5 units left. D
2
B
Describe a congruence transformation that maps △DEF to △JKL. Y C
X C′ x
15. D(2, −1), E(4, 1), F(1, 2) and J(−2, −4), K(−4, −2), L(−1, −1) B′
Z D′
16. D(−3, −4), E(−5, −1), F(−1, 1) and J(1, 4), K(−1, 1), L(3, −1)
17. Which transformation is the same as reflecting an object in two W A′
parallel lines? in two intersecting lines?

Chapter 4 Chapter Review 223

Book 1.indb 223 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 4.5 Dilations (pp. 207–214)

Graph trapezoid ABCD with vertices A(1, 1), B(1, 3), C(3, 2), and D(3, 1) and its image after a
dilation with a scale factor of 2.
Use the coordinate rule for a dilation with k = 2 to find the coordinates y
of the vertices of the image. Then graph trapezoid ABCD and its image. B′
6
(x, y) → (2x, 2y)
4
C′
A(1, 1) → A′(2, 2) B
B(1, 3) → B′(2, 6) C
2
A′ D′
C(3, 2) → C′(6, 4) A D
2 4 6 x
D(3, 1) → D′(6, 2)

Graph the triangle and its image after a dilation with scale factor k.
1
18. P(2, 2), Q(4, 4), R(8, 2); k = —2
19. X(−3, 2), Y(2, 3), Z(1, −1); k = −3

20. You are using a magnifying glass that shows the image of an object that is eight times the
object’s actual size. The image length is 15.2 centimeters. Find the actual length of the object.

4.6 Similarity and Transformations (pp. 215–220)

Describe a similarity transformation that maps △FGH to y H

△LMN, as shown at the right. 6

— is horizontal, and LM
FG — is vertical. If you rotate △FGH 90°
M
about the origin as shown at the bottom right, then the image, N 2
△F′G′H′, will have the same orientation as △LMN. △LMN F G
appears to be half as large as △F′G′H′. Dilate △F′G′H′ L
−6 −4 −2
using a scale factor of —12. 2 4 6x
−2
(
(x, y) → —12 x, —12 y )
F′(−2, 2) → F ″(−1, 1) G′ 6 y H
G′(−2, 6) → G ″(−1, 3) H′
H′(−6, 4) → H ″(−3, 2) M
2
The vertices of △F ″G ″H ″ match the vertices of △LMN. N F G
F′ L
So, a similarity transformation that maps △FGH to △LMN −6 −4 −2 2 4 6x

is a rotation of 90° about the origin followed by a dilation −2

with a scale factor of —12 .

Describe a similarity transformation that maps △ABC to △RST.

21. A(1, 0), B(−2, −1), C(−1, −2) and R(−3, 0), S(6, −3), T(3, −6)
22. A(6, 4), B(−2, 0), C(−4, 2) and R(2, 3), S(0, −1), T(1, −2)
23. A(3, −2), B(0, 4), C(−1, −3) and R(−4, −6), S(8, 0), T(−6, 2)

224 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 224 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 4 Chapter Test
Graph △RST with vertices R(−4, 1), S(−2, 2), and T(3, −2) and its image after the
translation.
1. (x, y) → (x − 4, y + 1) 2. (x, y) → (x + 2, y − 2)

Graph the polygon with the given vertices and its image after a rotation of the given
number of degrees about the origin.
3. D(−1, −1), E(−3, 2), F(1, 4); 270° 4. J(−1, 1), K(3, 3), L(4, −3), M(0, −2); 90°

Determine whether the polygons with the given vertices are congruent or similar.
Use transformations to explain your reasoning.
5. Q(2, 4), R(5, 4), S(6, 2), T(1, 2) and 6. A(−6, 6), B(−6, 2), C(−2, −4) and
W(6, −12), X(15, −12), Y(18, −6), Z(3, −6) D(9, 7), E(5, 7), F(−1, 3)

Determine whether the object has line symmetry and whether it has rotational symmetry.
Identify all lines of symmetry and angles of rotation that map the figure onto itself.
7. 8. 9.

10. Draw a diagram using a coordinate plane, two parallel lines, and a parallelogram that
demonstrates the Reflections in Parallel Lines Theorem (Theorem 4.2).
11. A rectangle with vertices W(−2, 4), X(2, 4), Y(2, 2), and Z(−2, 2) is reflected in the y
y-axis. Your friend says that the image, rectangle W′X′Y′Z′, is exactly the same as the
4
preimage. Is your friend correct? Explain your reasoning.
A B
12. Write a composition of transformations that maps △ABC onto △CDB in the tesselation 2
shown. Is the composition a congruence transformation? Explain your reasoning. C D
0
0 2 4 6 8 x

y B
4
13. There is one slice of a large pizza and one slice of a
2
C small pizza in the box.
a. Describe a similarity transformation that maps pizza slice
−4 −2 A 2 4x ABC to pizza slice DEF.
D E
−2 b. What is one possible scale factor for a medium slice of pizza?
F Explain your reasoning. (Use a dilation on the large slice of pizza.)

original
14. The original photograph shown is 4 inches by 6 inches.
a. What transformations can you use to produce the new photograph?
b. You dilate the original photograph by a scale factor of —12 . What new
are the dimensions of the new photograph?
c. You have a frame that holds photos that are 8.5 inches by
11 inches. Can you dilate the original photograph to fit the
frame? Explain your reasoning.

Chapter 4 Chapter Test 225

Book 1.indb 225 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 4 Cumulative Assessment

1. Which composition of transformations maps △ABC to △DEF?

y B
4

A C

−4 −2 E 2 4 x
F

−4

○
A Rotation: 90° counterclockwise about the origin
Translation: (x, y) → (x + 4, y − 3)
B Translation: (x, y) → (x − 4, y − 3)
○
Rotation: 90° counterclockwise about the origin
C Translation: (x, y) → (x + 4, y − 3)
○
Rotation: 90° counterclockwise about the origin
○
D Rotation: 90° counterclockwise about the origin
Translation: (x, y) → (x − 4, y − 3)

2. Use the diagrams to describe the steps you would take to construct a line perpendicular
to line m through point P, which is not on line m.
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

P P P

m m m
A B A B A B
Q

3. Your friend claims that she can find the perimeter of the school crossing
sign without using the Distance Formula. Do you support your friend’s claim?
Explain your reasoning.

y
4

−2 4 x

−2

226 Chapter 4 Transformations

Book 1.indb 226 4/10/18 3:35 PM

 4. Graph the directed line segment ST with endpoints S(−3, −2) and T(4, 5). Then find
the coordinates of point P along the directed line segment ST so that the ratio of SP to
PT is 3 to 4.

5. The graph shows quadrilateral WXYZ and quadrilateral ABCD.

W y
X
Z
A D
Y
−4 C 2 4 x

−2
B
−4

a. Write a composition of transformations that maps quadrilateral WXYZ to

quadrilateral ABCD.
b. Are the quadrilaterals congruent? Explain your reasoning.

6. Which equation represents the line passing through the point (−6, 3) that is parallel to
the line y = − —13 x − 5?
A y = 3x + 21
○
1
B y = −—3 x − 5
○
C y = 3x − 15
○
1
D y = −—3 x + 1
○
— that is shorter than AB
7. Which scale factor(s) would create a dilation of AB — ? Select all
that apply.

A B

1 1 3 3 7
— — — 1 — 2 3 —
3 2 4 2 2

8. List one possible set of coordinates of the vertices of quadrilateral ABCD for
each description.

a. A reflection in the y-axis maps quadrilateral ABCD onto itself.

b. A reflection in the x-axis maps quadrilateral ABCD onto itself.
c. A rotation of 90° about the origin maps quadrilateral ABCD onto itself.
d. A rotation of 180° about the origin maps quadrilateral ABCD onto itself.

Chapter 4 Cumulative Assessment 227

Book 1.indb 227 4/10/18 3:35 PM