Discrete Mathematics

Chapter 1: The Foundations: Logic and Proofs

Department of Mathematics
The FPT university

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0. Course Introduciton

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0. Course Introduciton

Course name: Discrete Mathematics (MAD101)

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0. Course Introduciton

Course name: Discrete Mathematics (MAD101)

Textbook: Discrete Mathematics and its applications, 6th edition,

K. Rosen

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0. Course Introduciton

Course name: Discrete Mathematics (MAD101)

Textbook: Discrete Mathematics and its applications, 6th edition,

K. Rosen

Topics covered:

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0. Course Introduciton

Course name: Discrete Mathematics (MAD101)

Textbook: Discrete Mathematics and its applications, 6th edition,

K. Rosen

Topics covered:

Chapter 1: Logic and Proofs

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0. Course Introduciton

Course name: Discrete Mathematics (MAD101)

Textbook: Discrete Mathematics and its applications, 6th edition,

K. Rosen

Topics covered:

Chapter 1: Logic and Proofs

Chapter 2: Sets, Functions, Sequences, and Sums

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 2 / 26

0. Course Introduciton

Course name: Discrete Mathematics (MAD101)

Textbook: Discrete Mathematics and its applications, 6th edition,

K. Rosen

Topics covered:

Chapter 1: Logic and Proofs

Chapter 2: Sets, Functions, Sequences, and Sums
Chapter 3: Algorithms and the Integers

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 2 / 26

0. Course Introduciton

Course name: Discrete Mathematics (MAD101)

Textbook: Discrete Mathematics and its applications, 6th edition,

K. Rosen

Topics covered:

Chapter 1: Logic and Proofs

Chapter 2: Sets, Functions, Sequences, and Sums
Chapter 3: Algorithms and the Integers
Chapter 4: Induction and Recursion

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 2 / 26

0. Course Introduciton

Course name: Discrete Mathematics (MAD101)

Textbook: Discrete Mathematics and its applications, 6th edition,

K. Rosen

Topics covered:

Chapter 1: Logic and Proofs

Chapter 2: Sets, Functions, Sequences, and Sums
Chapter 3: Algorithms and the Integers
Chapter 4: Induction and Recursion
Chapter 5 + 7: Counting

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0. Course Introduciton

Course name: Discrete Mathematics (MAD101)

Textbook: Discrete Mathematics and its applications, 6th edition,

K. Rosen

Topics covered:

Chapter 1: Logic and Proofs

Chapter 2: Sets, Functions, Sequences, and Sums
Chapter 3: Algorithms and the Integers
Chapter 4: Induction and Recursion
Chapter 5 + 7: Counting
Chapter 9: Graphs

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0. Course Introduciton

Course name: Discrete Mathematics (MAD101)

Textbook: Discrete Mathematics and its applications, 6th edition,

K. Rosen

Topics covered:

Chapter 1: Logic and Proofs

Chapter 2: Sets, Functions, Sequences, and Sums
Chapter 3: Algorithms and the Integers
Chapter 4: Induction and Recursion
Chapter 5 + 7: Counting
Chapter 9: Graphs
Chapter 10: Trees

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Chapter 1: Introduction

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Topics covered:

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Topics covered:

1.1 Propositional Logic

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Topics covered:

1.1 Propositional Logic

1.2 Propositional Equivalences

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Topics covered:

1.1 Propositional Logic

1.2 Propositional Equivalences
1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Topics covered:

1.1 Propositional Logic

1.2 Propositional Equivalences
1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers
1.4 Nested Quantifiers

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Topics covered:

1.1 Propositional Logic

1.2 Propositional Equivalences
1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers
1.4 Nested Quantifiers
1.5 Rules of Inference

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Topics covered:

1.1 Propositional Logic

1.2 Propositional Equivalences
1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers
1.4 Nested Quantifiers
1.5 Rules of Inference
1.6 Introduction to Proofs

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Topics covered:

1.1 Propositional Logic

1.2 Propositional Equivalences
1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers
1.4 Nested Quantifiers
1.5 Rules of Inference
1.6 Introduction to Proofs
1.7 Proof Methods and Strategy

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1.1 Propositional Logic

A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false.

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1.1 Propositional Logic

A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false.

Example.

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1.1 Propositional Logic

A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false.

Example. Which of the following sentences are propositions?

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1.1 Propositional Logic

A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false.

Example. Which of the following sentences are propositions?

Great!

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1.1 Propositional Logic

A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false.

Example. Which of the following sentences are propositions?

Great!
Tokyo is the capital of Japan

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1.1 Propositional Logic

A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false.

Example. Which of the following sentences are propositions?

Great!
Tokyo is the capital of Japan
What time is it?

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1.1 Propositional Logic

A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false.

Example. Which of the following sentences are propositions?

Great!
Tokyo is the capital of Japan
What time is it?
It is now 3pm

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1.1 Propositional Logic

A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false.

Example. Which of the following sentences are propositions?

Great!
Tokyo is the capital of Japan
What time is it?
It is now 3pm
1+7=9

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1.1 Propositional Logic

A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false.

Example. Which of the following sentences are propositions?

Great!
Tokyo is the capital of Japan
What time is it?
It is now 3pm
1+7=9
x+1=3

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Compound Propositions

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Compound Propositions

Let p, q be propositions.

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Compound Propositions

Let p, q be propositions.

Negation.

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Compound Propositions

Let p, q be propositions.

Negation.
¬p

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Compound Propositions

Let p, q be propositions.

Negation.
¬p = not p = proposition that is true if p is false, and is false if p is
true.

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Compound Propositions

Let p, q be propositions.

Negation.
¬p = not p = proposition that is true if p is false, and is false if p is
true.
Conjunction.

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Compound Propositions

Let p, q be propositions.

Negation.
¬p = not p = proposition that is true if p is false, and is false if p is
true.
Conjunction.
p∧q

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Compound Propositions

Let p, q be propositions.

Negation.
¬p = not p = proposition that is true if p is false, and is false if p is
true.
Conjunction.
p ∧ q = ”p and q”

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Compound Propositions

Let p, q be propositions.

Negation.
¬p = not p = proposition that is true if p is false, and is false if p is
true.
Conjunction.
p ∧ q = ”p and q” = proposition that is true when both p and q are
true, and is false otherwise.

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Compound Propositions

Let p, q be propositions.

Negation.
¬p = not p = proposition that is true if p is false, and is false if p is
true.
Conjunction.
p ∧ q = ”p and q” = proposition that is true when both p and q are
true, and is false otherwise.
Disjunction.

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Compound Propositions

Let p, q be propositions.

Negation.
¬p = not p = proposition that is true if p is false, and is false if p is
true.
Conjunction.
p ∧ q = ”p and q” = proposition that is true when both p and q are
true, and is false otherwise.
Disjunction.
p ∨ q = ”p or q” = proposition that is false when both p and q are
false, and is true otherwise.

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Compound Propositions

Let p, q be propositions.

Negation.
¬p = not p = proposition that is true if p is false, and is false if p is
true.
Conjunction.
p ∧ q = ”p and q” = proposition that is true when both p and q are
true, and is false otherwise.
Disjunction.
p ∨ q = ”p or q” = proposition that is false when both p and q are
false, and is true otherwise.
Exclusive or.

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Compound Propositions

Let p, q be propositions.

Negation.
¬p = not p = proposition that is true if p is false, and is false if p is
true.
Conjunction.
p ∧ q = ”p and q” = proposition that is true when both p and q are
true, and is false otherwise.
Disjunction.
p ∨ q = ”p or q” = proposition that is false when both p and q are
false, and is true otherwise.
Exclusive or.
p⊕q

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Compound Propositions

Let p, q be propositions.

Negation.
¬p = not p = proposition that is true if p is false, and is false if p is
true.
Conjunction.
p ∧ q = ”p and q” = proposition that is true when both p and q are
true, and is false otherwise.
Disjunction.
p ∨ q = ”p or q” = proposition that is false when both p and q are
false, and is true otherwise.
Exclusive or.
p ⊕ q = ”only p or only q”

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Compound Propositions

Let p, q be propositions.

Negation.
¬p = not p = proposition that is true if p is false, and is false if p is
true.
Conjunction.
p ∧ q = ”p and q” = proposition that is true when both p and q are
true, and is false otherwise.
Disjunction.
p ∨ q = ”p or q” = proposition that is false when both p and q are
false, and is true otherwise.
Exclusive or.
p ⊕ q = ”only p or only q” = proposition that is true when exactly
one of p and q is true and is false otherwise.

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Let p, q be propositions.

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Let p, q be propositions.

Conditional statement.
p→q

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Let p, q be propositions.

Conditional statement.
p → q = proposition that is false when p is true and q is false, and is
true otherwise.

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Let p, q be propositions.

Conditional statement.
p → q = proposition that is false when p is true and q is false, and is
true otherwise.
(*) Note: There are several ways to express the conditional statement
p→q

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Let p, q be propositions.

Conditional statement.
p → q = proposition that is false when p is true and q is false, and is
true otherwise.
(*) Note: There are several ways to express the conditional statement
p→q
If p then q

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Let p, q be propositions.

Conditional statement.
p → q = proposition that is false when p is true and q is false, and is
true otherwise.
(*) Note: There are several ways to express the conditional statement
p→q
If p then q
q if p

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Let p, q be propositions.

Conditional statement.
p → q = proposition that is false when p is true and q is false, and is
true otherwise.
(*) Note: There are several ways to express the conditional statement
p→q
If p then q
q if p
p is sufficient for q

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Let p, q be propositions.

Conditional statement.
p → q = proposition that is false when p is true and q is false, and is
true otherwise.
(*) Note: There are several ways to express the conditional statement
p→q
If p then q
q if p
p is sufficient for q
q is a necessary condition for p

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Let p, q be propositions.

Conditional statement.
p → q = proposition that is false when p is true and q is false, and is
true otherwise.
(*) Note: There are several ways to express the conditional statement
p→q
If p then q
q if p
p is sufficient for q
q is a necessary condition for p
p only if q

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Let p, q be propositions.

Conditional statement.
p → q = proposition that is false when p is true and q is false, and is
true otherwise.
(*) Note: There are several ways to express the conditional statement
p→q
If p then q
q if p
p is sufficient for q
q is a necessary condition for p
p only if q
Biconditional statement.

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Let p, q be propositions.

Conditional statement.
p → q = proposition that is false when p is true and q is false, and is
true otherwise.
(*) Note: There are several ways to express the conditional statement
p→q
If p then q
q if p
p is sufficient for q
q is a necessary condition for p
p only if q
Biconditional statement.
p↔q

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Let p, q be propositions.

Conditional statement.
p → q = proposition that is false when p is true and q is false, and is
true otherwise.
(*) Note: There are several ways to express the conditional statement
p→q
If p then q
q if p
p is sufficient for q
q is a necessary condition for p
p only if q
Biconditional statement.
p ↔ q = proposition that is true when p and q have the same truth
values, and is false otherwise.

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Let p, q be propositions.

Conditional statement.
p → q = proposition that is false when p is true and q is false, and is
true otherwise.
(*) Note: There are several ways to express the conditional statement
p→q
If p then q
q if p
p is sufficient for q
q is a necessary condition for p
p only if q
Biconditional statement.
p ↔ q = proposition that is true when p and q have the same truth
values, and is false otherwise.

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Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions

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Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions
Example 1. I watch soccer only if Arsenal play or I have no homework.

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Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions
Example 1. I watch soccer only if Arsenal play or I have no homework.

p=”I watch soccer”

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Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions
Example 1. I watch soccer only if Arsenal play or I have no homework.

p=”I watch soccer”

q=”Arsenal play”

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Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions
Example 1. I watch soccer only if Arsenal play or I have no homework.

p=”I watch soccer”

q=”Arsenal play”

r=”I have homework”

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Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions
Example 1. I watch soccer only if Arsenal play or I have no homework.

p=”I watch soccer”

q=”Arsenal play”

r=”I have homework”

Example 2. (a) You can not pass this class if you miss more than 20% of
lectures.

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Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions
Example 1. I watch soccer only if Arsenal play or I have no homework.

p=”I watch soccer”

q=”Arsenal play”

r=”I have homework”

Example 2. (a) You can not pass this class if you miss more than 20% of
lectures.

p=”You pass this class”

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Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions
Example 1. I watch soccer only if Arsenal play or I have no homework.

p=”I watch soccer”

q=”Arsenal play”

r=”I have homework”

Example 2. (a) You can not pass this class if you miss more than 20% of
lectures.

p=”You pass this class”

q=”You miss more than 20% of lectures”

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Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions
Example 1. I watch soccer only if Arsenal play or I have no homework.

p=”I watch soccer”

q=”Arsenal play”

r=”I have homework”

Example 2. (a) You can not pass this class if you miss more than 20% of
lectures.

p=”You pass this class”

q=”You miss more than 20% of lectures”

(b) You can not pass this class if you miss more than 20% of lectures
unless you provide reasonable excuses.

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Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions
Example 1. I watch soccer only if Arsenal play or I have no homework.

p=”I watch soccer”

q=”Arsenal play”

r=”I have homework”

Example 2. (a) You can not pass this class if you miss more than 20% of
lectures.

p=”You pass this class”

q=”You miss more than 20% of lectures”

(b) You can not pass this class if you miss more than 20% of lectures
unless you provide reasonable excuses.

r=”You provide reasonable excuses”

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Logic and Bit Operations

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Logic and Bit Operations

Computers represent information using bits. A bit is a symbol of two

possible values, 0 and 1. A bit can represent a truth value, that is, 1
represents T (true) and 0 represents F (false). Information is often
represented using bit strings, and operations on bit strings can be used to
manipulate this information.

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Logic and Bit Operations

Computers represent information using bits. A bit is a symbol of two

possible values, 0 and 1. A bit can represent a truth value, that is, 1
represents T (true) and 0 represents F (false). Information is often
represented using bit strings, and operations on bit strings can be used to
manipulate this information.

Example.

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Logic and Bit Operations

Computers represent information using bits. A bit is a symbol of two

possible values, 0 and 1. A bit can represent a truth value, that is, 1
represents T (true) and 0 represents F (false). Information is often
represented using bit strings, and operations on bit strings can be used to
manipulate this information.

Example. 1001100 ∧ 0011001 = 0001000.

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Logic and Bit Operations

Computers represent information using bits. A bit is a symbol of two

possible values, 0 and 1. A bit can represent a truth value, that is, 1
represents T (true) and 0 represents F (false). Information is often
represented using bit strings, and operations on bit strings can be used to
manipulate this information.

Example. 1001100 ∧ 0011001 = 0001000.

Note.

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Logic and Bit Operations

Computers represent information using bits. A bit is a symbol of two

possible values, 0 and 1. A bit can represent a truth value, that is, 1
represents T (true) and 0 represents F (false). Information is often
represented using bit strings, and operations on bit strings can be used to
manipulate this information.

Example. 1001100 ∧ 0011001 = 0001000.

Note. Other notation for ∧, ∨, ⊕ are AND, OR, XOR.

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1.2 Propositional Equivalences

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1.2 Propositional Equivalences

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1.2 Propositional Equivalences

A compound proposition is called a tautology if it is always true

regardless of the truth values of the propositions that occur in it.

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1.2 Propositional Equivalences

A compound proposition is called a tautology if it is always true

regardless of the truth values of the propositions that occur in it. A
compound proposition is called a contradiction if it is always false.

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1.2 Propositional Equivalences

A compound proposition is called a tautology if it is always true

regardless of the truth values of the propositions that occur in it. A
compound proposition is called a contradiction if it is always false. A
compound proposition that is neither tautology nor contradiction is
called a contingency.

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1.2 Propositional Equivalences

A compound proposition is called a tautology if it is always true

regardless of the truth values of the propositions that occur in it. A
compound proposition is called a contradiction if it is always false. A
compound proposition that is neither tautology nor contradiction is
called a contingency.
Two propositions p and q are logically equivalent if the biconditional
statement p ↔ q is a tautology.

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1.2 Propositional Equivalences

A compound proposition is called a tautology if it is always true

regardless of the truth values of the propositions that occur in it. A
compound proposition is called a contradiction if it is always false. A
compound proposition that is neither tautology nor contradiction is
called a contingency.
Two propositions p and q are logically equivalent if the biconditional
statement p ↔ q is a tautology. In this case we use notation p ≡ q.

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1.2 Propositional Equivalences

A compound proposition is called a tautology if it is always true

regardless of the truth values of the propositions that occur in it. A
compound proposition is called a contradiction if it is always false. A
compound proposition that is neither tautology nor contradiction is
called a contingency.
Two propositions p and q are logically equivalent if the biconditional
statement p ↔ q is a tautology. In this case we use notation p ≡ q.

Two methods for proving logical equivalences:

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1.2 Propositional Equivalences

A compound proposition is called a tautology if it is always true

regardless of the truth values of the propositions that occur in it. A
compound proposition is called a contradiction if it is always false. A
compound proposition that is neither tautology nor contradiction is
called a contingency.
Two propositions p and q are logically equivalent if the biconditional
statement p ↔ q is a tautology. In this case we use notation p ≡ q.

Two methods for proving logical equivalences:

Use truth table

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1.2 Propositional Equivalences

A compound proposition is called a tautology if it is always true

regardless of the truth values of the propositions that occur in it. A
compound proposition is called a contradiction if it is always false. A
compound proposition that is neither tautology nor contradiction is
called a contingency.
Two propositions p and q are logically equivalent if the biconditional
statement p ↔ q is a tautology. In this case we use notation p ≡ q.

Two methods for proving logical equivalences:

Use truth table

Use other logical equivalences.

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1.2 Propositional Equivalences

A compound proposition is called a tautology if it is always true

regardless of the truth values of the propositions that occur in it. A
compound proposition is called a contradiction if it is always false. A
compound proposition that is neither tautology nor contradiction is
called a contingency.
Two propositions p and q are logically equivalent if the biconditional
statement p ↔ q is a tautology. In this case we use notation p ≡ q.

Two methods for proving logical equivalences:

Use truth table

Use other logical equivalences.

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TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 10 / 26
Some
logical
equivalences

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 Double negation law ¬(¬p) ≡ p
Identity laws p∧T ≡p
p∨F ≡p
Domination laws p∨T ≡T
p∧F ≡F
Negation laws p ∨ ¬p ≡ T
p ∧ ¬p ≡ F
Some Idempotent laws p∨p ≡p
logical p∧p ≡p
equivalences Commutative laws p∨q ≡q∨p
p∧q ≡q∧p
Associative laws (p ∨ q) ∨ r ≡ p ∨ (q ∨ r )
(p ∧ q) ∧ r ≡ p ∧ (q ∧ r )
Distributive laws p ∨ (q ∧ r ) ≡ (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r )
p ∧ (q ∨ r ) ≡ (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r )
De Morgan’s laws ¬(p ∧ q) ≡ ¬p ∨ ¬q
¬(p ∨ q) ≡ ¬p ∧ ¬q

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TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 11 / 26
Note:

p → q ≡ ¬p ∨ q.

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Note:

p → q ≡ ¬p ∨ q.
p ↔ q ≡ (p → q) ∧ (q → p)

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Note:

p → q ≡ ¬p ∨ q.
p ↔ q ≡ (p → q) ∧ (q → p)
p ⊕ q ≡ ¬(p ↔ q)

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Note:

p → q ≡ ¬p ∨ q.
p ↔ q ≡ (p → q) ∧ (q → p)
p ⊕ q ≡ ¬(p ↔ q)

Example 1. Prove that ¬(p ∨ (¬p ∧ q)) ≡ ¬p ∧ ¬q

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Note:

p → q ≡ ¬p ∨ q.
p ↔ q ≡ (p → q) ∧ (q → p)
p ⊕ q ≡ ¬(p ↔ q)

Example 1. Prove that ¬(p ∨ (¬p ∧ q)) ≡ ¬p ∧ ¬q

Example 2. Show that (p ∧ q) → (p ∨ q) is a tautology.

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 11 / 26

1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 12 / 26

1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers

Predicate.

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 12 / 26

1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers

Predicate.

The statement ”x > 3” is not a proposition.

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 12 / 26

1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers

Predicate.

The statement ”x > 3” is not a proposition. It will become a proposition

when a value is assigned to x.

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 12 / 26

1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers

Predicate.

The statement ”x > 3” is not a proposition. It will become a proposition

when a value is assigned to x.

The statement ”x > 3” is called a propositional function, denoted by

P(x).

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 12 / 26

1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers

Predicate.

The statement ”x > 3” is not a proposition. It will become a proposition

when a value is assigned to x.

The statement ”x > 3” is called a propositional function, denoted by

P(x). Then:

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 12 / 26

1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers

Predicate.

The statement ”x > 3” is not a proposition. It will become a proposition

when a value is assigned to x.

The statement ”x > 3” is called a propositional function, denoted by

P(x). Then:

P(0)=F

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 12 / 26

1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers

Predicate.

The statement ”x > 3” is not a proposition. It will become a proposition

when a value is assigned to x.

The statement ”x > 3” is called a propositional function, denoted by

P(x). Then:

P(0)=F, P(5)=T

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 12 / 26

1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers

Predicate.

The statement ”x > 3” is not a proposition. It will become a proposition

when a value is assigned to x.

The statement ”x > 3” is called a propositional function, denoted by

P(x). Then:

P(0)=F, P(5)=T

x is called a variable, ”> 3” is the predicate

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 12 / 26

1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers

Predicate.

The statement ”x > 3” is not a proposition. It will become a proposition

when a value is assigned to x.

The statement ”x > 3” is called a propositional function, denoted by

P(x). Then:

P(0)=F, P(5)=T

x is called a variable, ”> 3” is the predicate

A propositional function can be multi-variable.

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 12 / 26

1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers

Predicate.

The statement ”x > 3” is not a proposition. It will become a proposition

when a value is assigned to x.

The statement ”x > 3” is called a propositional function, denoted by

P(x). Then:

P(0)=F, P(5)=T

x is called a variable, ”> 3” is the predicate

A propositional function can be multi-variable.

Example. R(x, y , z) = ”x + y < z” is a propositional function with

variables x, y , z and R is the predicate.

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 12 / 26

1.3 Predicates and Quantifiers

Predicate.

The statement ”x > 3” is not a proposition. It will become a proposition

when a value is assigned to x.

The statement ”x > 3” is called a propositional function, denoted by

P(x). Then:

P(0)=F, P(5)=T

x is called a variable, ”> 3” is the predicate

A propositional function can be multi-variable.

Example. R(x, y , z) = ”x + y < z” is a propositional function with

variables x, y , z and R is the predicate.

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 12 / 26

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 13 / 26
Quantifiers

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 13 / 26

Quantifiers ∀, ∃.

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 13 / 26

Quantifiers ∀, ∃.

Let P(x) be a propositional function where x gets values in a particular

domain.

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 13 / 26

Quantifiers ∀, ∃.

Let P(x) be a propositional function where x gets values in a particular

domain.

The universal quantification ∀xP(x)

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 13 / 26

Quantifiers ∀, ∃.

Let P(x) be a propositional function where x gets values in a particular

domain.

The universal quantification ∀xP(x)= For all values of x in the domain,

P(x) is true

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 13 / 26

Quantifiers ∀, ∃.

Let P(x) be a propositional function where x gets values in a particular

domain.

The universal quantification ∀xP(x)= For all values of x in the domain,

P(x) is true

The existential quantification ∃xP(x)

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 13 / 26

Quantifiers ∀, ∃.

Let P(x) be a propositional function where x gets values in a particular

domain.

The universal quantification ∀xP(x)= For all values of x in the domain,

P(x) is true

The existential quantification ∃xP(x)= There is at least a value of x in

the domain such that P(x) is true.

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 13 / 26

Quantifiers ∀, ∃.

Let P(x) be a propositional function where x gets values in a particular

domain.

The universal quantification ∀xP(x)= For all values of x in the domain,

P(x) is true

The existential quantification ∃xP(x)= There is at least a value of x in

the domain such that P(x) is true.

Example. Let x represent a real number. Determine the truth value of

the following propositions
(a) ∀x((x > 0) → (x 2 ≥ x))

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 13 / 26

Quantifiers ∀, ∃.

Let P(x) be a propositional function where x gets values in a particular

domain.

The universal quantification ∀xP(x)= For all values of x in the domain,

P(x) is true

The existential quantification ∃xP(x)= There is at least a value of x in

the domain such that P(x) is true.

Example. Let x represent a real number. Determine the truth value of

the following propositions
(a) ∀x((x > 0) → (x 2 ≥ x))
(b) ∀x((x > 0) ∧ (x 2 ≥ x))

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 13 / 26

Quantifiers ∀, ∃.

Let P(x) be a propositional function where x gets values in a particular

domain.

The universal quantification ∀xP(x)= For all values of x in the domain,

P(x) is true

The existential quantification ∃xP(x)= There is at least a value of x in

the domain such that P(x) is true.

Example. Let x represent a real number. Determine the truth value of

the following propositions
(a) ∀x((x > 0) → (x 2 ≥ x))
(b) ∀x((x > 0) ∧ (x 2 ≥ x))
(c) ∀x((x > 0) ∨ (x 2 ≥ x))

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 13 / 26

Quantifiers ∀, ∃.

Let P(x) be a propositional function where x gets values in a particular

domain.

The universal quantification ∀xP(x)= For all values of x in the domain,

P(x) is true

The existential quantification ∃xP(x)= There is at least a value of x in

the domain such that P(x) is true.

Example. Let x represent a real number. Determine the truth value of

the following propositions
(a) ∀x((x > 0) → (x 2 ≥ x)) (d) ∃x((x > 0) → (x 2 ≥ x))
(b) ∀x((x > 0) ∧ (x 2 ≥ x))
(c) ∀x((x > 0) ∨ (x 2 ≥ x))

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 13 / 26

Quantifiers ∀, ∃.

Let P(x) be a propositional function where x gets values in a particular

domain.

The universal quantification ∀xP(x)= For all values of x in the domain,

P(x) is true

The existential quantification ∃xP(x)= There is at least a value of x in

the domain such that P(x) is true.

Example. Let x represent a real number. Determine the truth value of

the following propositions
(a) ∀x((x > 0) → (x 2 ≥ x)) (d) ∃x((x > 0) → (x 2 ≥ x))
(b) ∀x((x > 0) ∧ (x 2 ≥ x)) (e) ∃x((x > 0) ∧ (x 2 ≥ x))
(c) ∀x((x > 0) ∨ (x 2 ≥ x))

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 13 / 26

Quantifiers ∀, ∃.

Let P(x) be a propositional function where x gets values in a particular

domain.

The universal quantification ∀xP(x)= For all values of x in the domain,

P(x) is true

The existential quantification ∃xP(x)= There is at least a value of x in

the domain such that P(x) is true.

Example. Let x represent a real number. Determine the truth value of

the following propositions
(a) ∀x((x > 0) → (x 2 ≥ x)) (d) ∃x((x > 0) → (x 2 ≥ x))
(b) ∀x((x > 0) ∧ (x 2 ≥ x)) (e) ∃x((x > 0) ∧ (x 2 ≥ x))
(c) ∀x((x > 0) ∨ (x 2 ≥ x)) (f) ∃x((x > 0) ∨ (x 2 ≥ x))

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 13 / 26

Quantifiers ∀, ∃.

Let P(x) be a propositional function where x gets values in a particular

domain.

The universal quantification ∀xP(x)= For all values of x in the domain,

P(x) is true

The existential quantification ∃xP(x)= There is at least a value of x in

the domain such that P(x) is true.

Example. Let x represent a real number. Determine the truth value of

the following propositions
(a) ∀x((x > 0) → (x 2 ≥ x)) (d) ∃x((x > 0) → (x 2 ≥ x))
(b) ∀x((x > 0) ∧ (x 2 ≥ x)) (e) ∃x((x > 0) ∧ (x 2 ≥ x))
(c) ∀x((x > 0) ∨ (x 2 ≥ x)) (f) ∃x((x > 0) ∨ (x 2 ≥ x))

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 13 / 26

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 14 / 26
Negating Quantified Expressions

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 14 / 26

Negating Quantified Expressions
¬∀xP(x) = ∃x¬P(x)

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 14 / 26

Negating Quantified Expressions
¬∀xP(x) = ∃x¬P(x) ¬∃xP(x) = ∀x¬P(x)

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 14 / 26

Negating Quantified Expressions
¬∀xP(x) = ∃x¬P(x) ¬∃xP(x) = ∀x¬P(x)

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 14 / 26

Negating Quantified Expressions
¬∀xP(x) = ∃x¬P(x) ¬∃xP(x) = ∀x¬P(x)

Example. Rewrite the expression

¬∀x(P(x) → Q(x))

so that the negation precedes the predicates.

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 14 / 26

Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 15 / 26

Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions

Example 1. ”Every students of class SE0000 passed Calculus”

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 15 / 26

Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions

Example 1. ”Every students of class SE0000 passed Calculus”

(a) If domain consists of all students of SE0000

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 15 / 26

Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions

Example 1. ”Every students of class SE0000 passed Calculus”

(a) If domain consists of all students of SE0000

Put P(x)=”x passed Calculus”

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 15 / 26

Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions

Example 1. ”Every students of class SE0000 passed Calculus”

(a) If domain consists of all students of SE0000

Put P(x)=”x passed Calculus”

(b) If domain consists of all students of the university

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 15 / 26

Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions

Example 1. ”Every students of class SE0000 passed Calculus”

(a) If domain consists of all students of SE0000

Put P(x)=”x passed Calculus”

(b) If domain consists of all students of the university

We need Q(x)=”x is in SE0000”

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 15 / 26

Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions

Example 1. ”Every students of class SE0000 passed Calculus”

(a) If domain consists of all students of SE0000

Put P(x)=”x passed Calculus”

(b) If domain consists of all students of the university

We need Q(x)=”x is in SE0000”

Example 2. ”Each student of SE0000 has visited Canada or Mexico”

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 15 / 26

Translating Sentences into Logical Expressions

Example 1. ”Every students of class SE0000 passed Calculus”

(a) If domain consists of all students of SE0000

Put P(x)=”x passed Calculus”

(b) If domain consists of all students of the university

We need Q(x)=”x is in SE0000”

Example 2. ”Each student of SE0000 has visited Canada or Mexico”

Example 3. ”Some student of SE0000 has visited Canada or Mexico”

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 15 / 26

1.4 Nested Quantifiers

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 16 / 26

1.4 Nested Quantifiers

∀x∀yP(x, y )

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 16 / 26

1.4 Nested Quantifiers

∀x∀yP(x, y ) = For all x and for all y , P(x, y ) is true

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 16 / 26

1.4 Nested Quantifiers

∀x∀yP(x, y ) = For all x and for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∀x∃yP(x, y )

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 16 / 26

1.4 Nested Quantifiers

∀x∀yP(x, y ) = For all x and for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∀x∃yP(x, y ) = For all x there is y such that P(x, y ) is true

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 16 / 26

1.4 Nested Quantifiers

∀x∀yP(x, y ) = For all x and for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∀x∃yP(x, y ) = For all x there is y such that P(x, y ) is true

∃x∀yP(x, y )

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 16 / 26

1.4 Nested Quantifiers

∀x∀yP(x, y ) = For all x and for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∀x∃yP(x, y ) = For all x there is y such that P(x, y ) is true

∃x∀yP(x, y ) = There exists x such that for all y , P(x, y ) is true

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 16 / 26

1.4 Nested Quantifiers

∀x∀yP(x, y ) = For all x and for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∀x∃yP(x, y ) = For all x there is y such that P(x, y ) is true

∃x∀yP(x, y ) = There exists x such that for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∃x∃yP(x, y )

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 16 / 26

1.4 Nested Quantifiers

∀x∀yP(x, y ) = For all x and for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∀x∃yP(x, y ) = For all x there is y such that P(x, y ) is true

∃x∀yP(x, y ) = There exists x such that for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∃x∃yP(x, y ) = There exist x and y such that P(x, y ) is true

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 16 / 26

1.4 Nested Quantifiers

∀x∀yP(x, y ) = For all x and for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∀x∃yP(x, y ) = For all x there is y such that P(x, y ) is true

∃x∀yP(x, y ) = There exists x such that for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∃x∃yP(x, y ) = There exist x and y such that P(x, y ) is true

Note. The order of the quantifiers is important!

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 16 / 26

1.4 Nested Quantifiers

∀x∀yP(x, y ) = For all x and for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∀x∃yP(x, y ) = For all x there is y such that P(x, y ) is true

∃x∀yP(x, y ) = There exists x such that for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∃x∃yP(x, y ) = There exist x and y such that P(x, y ) is true

Note. The order of the quantifiers is important!

Example. Determine the truth values of the following propositions on the

set of real numbers.

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 16 / 26

1.4 Nested Quantifiers

∀x∀yP(x, y ) = For all x and for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∀x∃yP(x, y ) = For all x there is y such that P(x, y ) is true

∃x∀yP(x, y ) = There exists x such that for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∃x∃yP(x, y ) = There exist x and y such that P(x, y ) is true

Note. The order of the quantifiers is important!

Example. Determine the truth values of the following propositions on the

set of real numbers.
∀x∀y (x + y = 1)

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 16 / 26

1.4 Nested Quantifiers

∀x∀yP(x, y ) = For all x and for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∀x∃yP(x, y ) = For all x there is y such that P(x, y ) is true

∃x∀yP(x, y ) = There exists x such that for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∃x∃yP(x, y ) = There exist x and y such that P(x, y ) is true

Note. The order of the quantifiers is important!

Example. Determine the truth values of the following propositions on the

set of real numbers.
∀x∀y (x + y = 1)
∀x∃y (x + y = 1)

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 16 / 26

1.4 Nested Quantifiers

∀x∀yP(x, y ) = For all x and for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∀x∃yP(x, y ) = For all x there is y such that P(x, y ) is true

∃x∀yP(x, y ) = There exists x such that for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∃x∃yP(x, y ) = There exist x and y such that P(x, y ) is true

Note. The order of the quantifiers is important!

Example. Determine the truth values of the following propositions on the

set of real numbers.
∀x∀y (x + y = 1) ∃x∀y (x + y = 1)
∀x∃y (x + y = 1)

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 16 / 26

1.4 Nested Quantifiers

∀x∀yP(x, y ) = For all x and for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∀x∃yP(x, y ) = For all x there is y such that P(x, y ) is true

∃x∀yP(x, y ) = There exists x such that for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∃x∃yP(x, y ) = There exist x and y such that P(x, y ) is true

Note. The order of the quantifiers is important!

Example. Determine the truth values of the following propositions on the

set of real numbers.
∀x∀y (x + y = 1) ∃x∀y (x + y = 1)
∀x∃y (x + y = 1) ∃x∃y (x + y = 1)

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 16 / 26

1.4 Nested Quantifiers

∀x∀yP(x, y ) = For all x and for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∀x∃yP(x, y ) = For all x there is y such that P(x, y ) is true

∃x∀yP(x, y ) = There exists x such that for all y , P(x, y ) is true

∃x∃yP(x, y ) = There exist x and y such that P(x, y ) is true

Note. The order of the quantifiers is important!

Example. Determine the truth values of the following propositions on the

set of real numbers.
∀x∀y (x + y = 1) ∃x∀y (x + y = 1)
∀x∃y (x + y = 1) ∃x∃y (x + y = 1)

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 16 / 26

Translate Logical Expressions into Sentences

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 17 / 26

Translate Logical Expressions into Sentences

Example 1. ∀x∀y [(x > 0) ∧ (y > 0) → (xy > 0)]

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 17 / 26

Translate Logical Expressions into Sentences

Example 1. ∀x∀y [(x > 0) ∧ (y > 0) → (xy > 0)]

where x, y are real numbers.

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 17 / 26

Translate Logical Expressions into Sentences

Example 1. ∀x∀y [(x > 0) ∧ (y > 0) → (xy > 0)]

where x, y are real numbers.

Example 2. Let x, y represent students in a university, and

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 17 / 26

Translate Logical Expressions into Sentences

Example 1. ∀x∀y [(x > 0) ∧ (y > 0) → (xy > 0)]

where x, y are real numbers.

Example 2. Let x, y represent students in a university, and

C (x) = ” x has a laptop”

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 17 / 26

Translate Logical Expressions into Sentences

Example 1. ∀x∀y [(x > 0) ∧ (y > 0) → (xy > 0)]

where x, y are real numbers.

Example 2. Let x, y represent students in a university, and

C (x) = ” x has a laptop” F (x, y ) = ” x and y are friends”

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 17 / 26

Translate Logical Expressions into Sentences

Example 1. ∀x∀y [(x > 0) ∧ (y > 0) → (xy > 0)]

where x, y are real numbers.

Example 2. Let x, y represent students in a university, and

C (x) = ” x has a laptop” F (x, y ) = ” x and y are friends”

Translate the logical expression ∀x[C (x) ∨ ∃y (C (y ) ∧ F (x, y ))]

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 17 / 26

Translate Logical Expressions into Sentences

Example 1. ∀x∀y [(x > 0) ∧ (y > 0) → (xy > 0)]

where x, y are real numbers.

Example 2. Let x, y represent students in a university, and

C (x) = ” x has a laptop” F (x, y ) = ” x and y are friends”

Translate the logical expression ∀x[C (x) ∨ ∃y (C (y ) ∧ F (x, y ))]

Example 3. Let x, y represent students in a university, and

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 17 / 26

Translate Logical Expressions into Sentences

Example 1. ∀x∀y [(x > 0) ∧ (y > 0) → (xy > 0)]

where x, y are real numbers.

Example 2. Let x, y represent students in a university, and

C (x) = ” x has a laptop” F (x, y ) = ” x and y are friends”

Translate the logical expression ∀x[C (x) ∨ ∃y (C (y ) ∧ F (x, y ))]

Example 3. Let x, y represent students in a university, and

F (x, y ) = ” x and y are friends”

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 17 / 26

Translate Logical Expressions into Sentences

Example 1. ∀x∀y [(x > 0) ∧ (y > 0) → (xy > 0)]

where x, y are real numbers.

Example 2. Let x, y represent students in a university, and

C (x) = ” x has a laptop” F (x, y ) = ” x and y are friends”

Translate the logical expression ∀x[C (x) ∨ ∃y (C (y ) ∧ F (x, y ))]

Example 3. Let x, y represent students in a university, and

F (x, y ) = ” x and y are friends”

Translate the logical expression

∃x∀y ∀z[(F (x, y ) ∧ F (x, z) ∧ (y 6= z)) → ¬F (y , z)]

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 17 / 26

Translate Sentences into Logical Expression using Nested
Quantifiers

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 18 / 26

Translate Sentences into Logical Expression using Nested
Quantifiers

Example 1. ”Each student has sent emails to each other, but not to
him/herself.”

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 18 / 26

Translate Sentences into Logical Expression using Nested
Quantifiers

Example 1. ”Each student has sent emails to each other, but not to
him/herself.”

Use:

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 18 / 26

Translate Sentences into Logical Expression using Nested
Quantifiers

Example 1. ”Each student has sent emails to each other, but not to
him/herself.”

Use: E (x, y )=”x has sent emails to y ”

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 18 / 26

Translate Sentences into Logical Expression using Nested
Quantifiers

Example 1. ”Each student has sent emails to each other, but not to
him/herself.”

Use: E (x, y )=”x has sent emails to y ”

Example 2. ”Each student either has a car or has a room-mate in the

same class who has a car”

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 18 / 26

Translate Sentences into Logical Expression using Nested
Quantifiers

Example 1. ”Each student has sent emails to each other, but not to
him/herself.”

Use: E (x, y )=”x has sent emails to y ”

Example 2. ”Each student either has a car or has a room-mate in the

same class who has a car”

Use:

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 18 / 26

Translate Sentences into Logical Expression using Nested
Quantifiers

Example 1. ”Each student has sent emails to each other, but not to
him/herself.”

Use: E (x, y )=”x has sent emails to y ”

Example 2. ”Each student either has a car or has a room-mate in the

same class who has a car”

Use: C (x) = ”x has a car”

R(x, y )=”x and y are room-mates ”

TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 18 / 26

Translate Sentences into Logical Expression using Nested
Quantifiers

Example 1. ”Each student has sent emails to each other, but not to
him/herself.”

Use: E (x, y )=”x has sent emails to y ”

Example 2. ”Each student either has a car or has a room-mate in the

same class who has a car”

Use: C (x) = ”x has a car”

R(x, y )=”x and y are room-mates ”

Example 3. (a) There is exactly one student in the class that was born in
Hanoi.

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Translate Sentences into Logical Expression using Nested
Quantifiers

Example 1. ”Each student has sent emails to each other, but not to
him/herself.”

Use: E (x, y )=”x has sent emails to y ”

Example 2. ”Each student either has a car or has a room-mate in the

same class who has a car”

Use: C (x) = ”x has a car”

R(x, y )=”x and y are room-mates ”

Example 3. (a) There is exactly one student in the class that was born in
Hanoi.

(b) There are exactly two students in the class that was born in Hanoi.

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Negating Nested Quantifiers

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Negating Nested Quantifiers

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Negating Nested Quantifiers

¬(∀x∀yP(x, y )) = ∃x∃y ¬P(x, y )

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Negating Nested Quantifiers

¬(∀x∀yP(x, y )) = ∃x∃y ¬P(x, y ) ¬(∀x∃yP(x, y )) = ∃x∀y ¬P(x, y )

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Negating Nested Quantifiers

¬(∀x∀yP(x, y )) = ∃x∃y ¬P(x, y ) ¬(∀x∃yP(x, y )) = ∃x∀y ¬P(x, y )

¬(∃x∀yP(x, y )) = ∀x∃y ¬P(x, y )

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Negating Nested Quantifiers

¬(∀x∀yP(x, y )) = ∃x∃y ¬P(x, y ) ¬(∀x∃yP(x, y )) = ∃x∀y ¬P(x, y )

¬(∃x∀yP(x, y )) = ∀x∃y ¬P(x, y ) ¬(∃x∃yP(x, y )) = ∀x∀y ¬P(x, y )

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Negating Nested Quantifiers

¬(∀x∀yP(x, y )) = ∃x∃y ¬P(x, y ) ¬(∀x∃yP(x, y )) = ∃x∀y ¬P(x, y )

¬(∃x∀yP(x, y )) = ∀x∃y ¬P(x, y ) ¬(∃x∃yP(x, y )) = ∀x∀y ¬P(x, y )

Example.

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Negating Nested Quantifiers

¬(∀x∀yP(x, y )) = ∃x∃y ¬P(x, y ) ¬(∀x∃yP(x, y )) = ∃x∀y ¬P(x, y )

¬(∃x∀yP(x, y )) = ∀x∃y ¬P(x, y ) ¬(∃x∃yP(x, y )) = ∀x∀y ¬P(x, y )

Example. Translate the following statements into logical expressions, then

find the negation statement.

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Negating Nested Quantifiers

¬(∀x∀yP(x, y )) = ∃x∃y ¬P(x, y ) ¬(∀x∃yP(x, y )) = ∃x∀y ¬P(x, y )

¬(∃x∀yP(x, y )) = ∀x∃y ¬P(x, y ) ¬(∃x∃yP(x, y )) = ∀x∀y ¬P(x, y )

Example. Translate the following statements into logical expressions, then

find the negation statement.

(a) ” For all real numbers x there is a real number y such that x = y 3 ”

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Negating Nested Quantifiers

¬(∀x∀yP(x, y )) = ∃x∃y ¬P(x, y ) ¬(∀x∃yP(x, y )) = ∃x∀y ¬P(x, y )

¬(∃x∀yP(x, y )) = ∀x∃y ¬P(x, y ) ¬(∃x∃yP(x, y )) = ∀x∀y ¬P(x, y )

Example. Translate the following statements into logical expressions, then

find the negation statement.

(a) ” For all real numbers x there is a real number y such that x = y 3 ”
(b) ” For all  > 0, for all real numbers x there exists a rational number p
such that |p − x| < ”

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1.5 Rules of Inference

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1.5 Rules of Inference

An argument is a sequence of statements that end with a conclusion.

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1.5 Rules of Inference

An argument is a sequence of statements that end with a conclusion.

An argument is valid if the conclusion follows from the truth of the
preceding statements (premises or hypotheses).

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1.5 Rules of Inference

An argument is a sequence of statements that end with a conclusion.

An argument is valid if the conclusion follows from the truth of the
preceding statements (premises or hypotheses).
In propositional logic, an argument is valid if it is based on a
tautology.

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1.5 Rules of Inference

An argument is a sequence of statements that end with a conclusion.

An argument is valid if the conclusion follows from the truth of the
preceding statements (premises or hypotheses).
In propositional logic, an argument is valid if it is based on a
tautology.
Arguments that are not based on tautology are called fallacies.

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TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 21 / 26
Name Rule of Inference Tautology
Addition p p → (p ∨ q)
∴p∨q
Simplification p∧q (p ∧ q) → p
∴p
Modus ponens p p ∧ (p → q) → q
p→q
∴q
Modus tollens ¬q (¬q) ∧ (p → q) → ¬p
p→q
∴ ¬p
Hypothetical syllogism p→q (p → q) ∧ (q → r ) → (p → r )
q→r
∴p→r
Disjunctive syllogism ¬p (p ∨ q) ∧ (¬p) → q
p∨q
∴q

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Example 1.

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Example 1. Given the hypotheses:

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Example 1. Given the hypotheses:

”It is not sunny and is cold”

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Example 1. Given the hypotheses:

”It is not sunny and is cold”

”We go swimming only if it is sunny”

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Example 1. Given the hypotheses:

”It is not sunny and is cold”

”We go swimming only if it is sunny”
”If we do not go swimming then we will play soccer”

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Example 1. Given the hypotheses:

”It is not sunny and is cold”

”We go swimming only if it is sunny”
”If we do not go swimming then we will play soccer”
”If we play soccer then we will go home by sunset”

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Example 1. Given the hypotheses:

”It is not sunny and is cold”

”We go swimming only if it is sunny”
”If we do not go swimming then we will play soccer”
”If we play soccer then we will go home by sunset”

Show that these hypotheses lead to the conclusion: ”We will go home by
sunset”.

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TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 23 / 26
Example 2.

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Example 2. Given the hypotheses:

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Example 2. Given the hypotheses:

”If you send me an email, I will finish writing the program”

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Example 2. Given the hypotheses:

”If you send me an email, I will finish writing the program”

”If you do not send email then I will go to bed early”

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Example 2. Given the hypotheses:

”If you send me an email, I will finish writing the program”

”If you do not send email then I will go to bed early”
”If I go to bed early then I will go jogging tomorrow morning”

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Example 2. Given the hypotheses:

”If you send me an email, I will finish writing the program”

”If you do not send email then I will go to bed early”
”If I go to bed early then I will go jogging tomorrow morning”

Show that these hypotheses lead to the conclusion: ”If I do not finish
writing the program then I will go jogging tomorrow morning”.

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TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 24 / 26
Some fallacies

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Some fallacies
Fallacy of affirming the conclusion: [(p → q) ∧ q] → p

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Some fallacies
Fallacy of affirming the conclusion: [(p → q) ∧ q] → p
Fallacy of denying the hypothesis: [(p → q) ∧ ¬p] → ¬q

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Some fallacies
Fallacy of affirming the conclusion: [(p → q) ∧ q] → p
Fallacy of denying the hypothesis: [(p → q) ∧ ¬p] → ¬q

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Rules of Inference for Quantified Statements

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Rules of Inference for Quantified Statements

Name Rule of Inference

Universal instantiation ∀xP(x)
∴ P(c), c is arbitrary
Universal generalization P(c), c is arbitrary
∴ ∀xP(x)
Existential instantiation ∃xP(x)
∴ P(c), for some c
Existential generalization P(c), for some c
∴ ∃xP(x)

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Rules of Inference for Quantified Statements

Name Rule of Inference

Universal instantiation ∀xP(x)
∴ P(c), c is arbitrary
Universal generalization P(c), c is arbitrary
∴ ∀xP(x)
Existential instantiation ∃xP(x)
∴ P(c), for some c
Existential generalization P(c), for some c
∴ ∃xP(x)

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TrungDT (FUHN) MAD101 Chapter 1 26 / 26
Example 1. Given the hypotheses:

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Example 1. Given the hypotheses:

”Each student of SE0000 must take Discrete Math”,

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Example 1. Given the hypotheses:

”Each student of SE0000 must take Discrete Math”,

”Jenifer is a student of SE0000”.

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Example 1. Given the hypotheses:

”Each student of SE0000 must take Discrete Math”,

”Jenifer is a student of SE0000”.

Show that these hypotheses lead to the conclusion ”Jenifer must take
Discrete Math”.

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Example 1. Given the hypotheses:

”Each student of SE0000 must take Discrete Math”,

”Jenifer is a student of SE0000”.

Show that these hypotheses lead to the conclusion ”Jenifer must take
Discrete Math”.

Example 2. Given the hypotheses:

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Example 1. Given the hypotheses:

”Each student of SE0000 must take Discrete Math”,

”Jenifer is a student of SE0000”.

Show that these hypotheses lead to the conclusion ”Jenifer must take
Discrete Math”.

Example 2. Given the hypotheses:

”Some student of SE0000 has not read this book”,

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Example 1. Given the hypotheses:

”Each student of SE0000 must take Discrete Math”,

”Jenifer is a student of SE0000”.

Show that these hypotheses lead to the conclusion ”Jenifer must take
Discrete Math”.

Example 2. Given the hypotheses:

”Some student of SE0000 has not read this book”,

”Every student of SE0000 passed the exam”.

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Example 1. Given the hypotheses:

”Each student of SE0000 must take Discrete Math”,

”Jenifer is a student of SE0000”.

Show that these hypotheses lead to the conclusion ”Jenifer must take
Discrete Math”.

Example 2. Given the hypotheses:

”Some student of SE0000 has not read this book”,

”Every student of SE0000 passed the exam”.

Show that these hypotheses lead to the conclusion ”Some student of

SE0000 who passed the exam has not read this book”.

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