ECW 341 Water Engineering Laboratory Program: Diploma In Civil Engineering (EC110)

Universiti Teknologi MARA Academic Session: March 2020 – July 2020

Laboratory
Level LEVEL 0 Team Student’s ID Student’s Name Group

Laboratory Title 1. Group Leader

MEASUREMENT OF FLUID PROPERTIES. 2019807248 MUHAMMAD HILMAN BIN NAZRI EC1105M
Date 22.10.2021 2. Member
2019232514 MUHAMMAD ZHARFAN BIN SARUDIN EC1105M
Lecturer’s
Name DR. DURATUL AIN BINTI THOLIBON 3. Member 2019413252 MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN NAZARUDDIN EC1105M
4. Member
2019260792 MUHAMMAD SYAHAMUDDIN BIN MAT BASRI EC1105M
Verification

CO2 : Demonstrate leadership skills in task related to water engineering.

PO6 : Demonstrate knowledge of the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering technician practice and solutions to well-defined
engineering problems.
A. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT
RUBRICS/Marks Marks
NO DOMAIN ELEMENT
2 4 6 8 10
Punctuality Late Submission (More than 1 Late Submission (More than 2
1 A1 (Receiving) Late Submission (2 Day Late) Late Submission (1 Day Late) Submission on time
(Submission) Week) Day)
Able to design, prepare and Able to design, prepare, testing,
Able to design, prepare, testing
A2 (Responding) Not able to explain, design and Not able to explain the explain the experiments and interpret and explain the
Knowledge on the open- and explain the experiments and
2 prepare the experimental work experiment and the work the work assigned in the report experiments and the work assigned
ended laboratory the work assigned in the report
in the report assigned in the report but not based on OEL in the report based on OEL
components 0.based on OEL components components
Able to control, lead and Able to control, lead and Able to control, lead and delivering
Unable to control, lead, fail to Able to control, lead the group
delivering the task to the group delivering the task to the group the task to the group efficiently and
deliver the task to the group but fail to deliver the task and
members and occasionally efficiently and usually does what serves as a leader in managing
3 A2 (Responding) Leadership skill and does not compromise to does not compromise towards
helps the group to achieve the is the best interest of the group individual ideas towards the
achieve the objectives of the achieveme5nt objectives of
objectives of the experiments towards the achievement of the achievement of the objectives
experiments (Reports) the experiments (Reports) (Reports) objectives (Reports) (Reports)
Team showed good cohesion, Team showed great cohesion,
Team demonstrated some interaction respect. Team interaction respect. Team Team showed great cohesion,
Team showed poor cohesion,
cohesion, interaction respect. member did not share the tasks member did not share the tasks interaction respect. Team shared
poor interaction and poor
Most work was done by only 1 equally and did not utilize equally and did not utilize the tasks equally and utilizes
4 A4 (Organization) Organization respect. Only one person does
member team. Reports were abilities of each team abilities of each team members. abilities of each team members.
all the reports. Reports were members. Reports were
completed on time but with Reports were completed on time Reports were completed on time
not completed. completed on time but with
unsatisfactory compilations. but with satisfactory with satisfactory compilations.
unsatisfactory compilations compilations.
B. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT
The team is able to relate some The team is able to relate all The team is able to relate all
The team is unable to discuss The team is able to discuss
5 A4 (Organizing) Discussion of the findings with the problem findings with the problem with findings with the problem with
the findings some of the findings
with fair discussion good discussion excellent discussion

The team is able to provide The team is able to derive fair The team is able to derive good The team is able to derive accurate
6 A5 (Characterization) Conclusion The team is unable to conclude conclusion without answering conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to
the objective answer the objective answer the objective answer the objective

TOTAL

60
 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
UITM PAHANG, KAMPUS JENGKA

WATER ENGINEERING LABORATORY

ECW341
OPEN-ENDED LAB
OCTOBER 2021 – FEBRUARY 2022

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : MEASUREMENT OF FLUID PROPERTIES

DATE OF EXPERIMENT
: 22.10.2021
GROUP
: EC1105M
GROUP MEMBERS
1. MUHAMMAD SYAHAMUDDIN BIN MAT BASRI (2019260792)

2. MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN NAZARUDDIN (2019413252)

3. MUHAMMAD HILMAN BIN NAZRI (2019807248)

4. MUHAMMAD ZHARFAN BIN SARUDIN (2019232514)

LECTURER : TS. DR. DURATUL AIN BINTI THOLIBON

LEVEL OF OPENESS : 0

NO ELEMENT COPO Marks COMMENTS

1 INTRODUCTION

2 BASIC CONCEPT

SUMMARY OF
3
PROCEDURES/METHOD
ANALYSIS AND
4
INTERPETATION OF DATA

5 DISCUSSION OF RESULT 2 4 6 8 10

6 CONCLUSIONS 2 4 6 8 10

TOTAL MARKS /20

1. DISCUSSION

1.1 DENSITY

In this experiment that we have done, we get a different data value since we used a different kind of
procedure and a different equipment. There is not much different between theoretical and experimental
result of water density. The result is closed but not exact. There are a few reasons that cause the different
result between theoretical experimental such as the temperature and mass. Other than that, the different
in temperature may cause some effect to the density of water. Measuring density in the temperature will
cause the result to be not valid and may be differ. Also, the mass might be a cause of such a mistake.
The precision of your measurements will be determined on the scale you choose. The scale may not
have calibrated well that will lead to the inaccurate result. Next, the specific gravity of the water cannot
be calculated because the water is at temperature of 4°C which is a standard that a scientist uses to
determine the specific gravity, SG of the water that stated is 1. The purpose for the particular gravity
being dimensionless is to establish worldwide uniformity between humans and the metric system.

No Weight of Weight Of Mass of liquid, Volume of Mass of

Empty Beaker m3 (g) liquid(mL) Density Of
Beaker, +liquid, m2 liquid(kg/m3)
m1 (g) (g)
Water 27.53 56.55 29.02 30 0.967
Oil 28.07 52.86 24.79 30 0.826

Density Bottle
Volume of liquid = 50
Type of Liquid Weight of empty Weight of bottle Mass of liquid Mass of Density
bottle (g) + liquid (g) (g) Of liquid(g/m3)
Water 30.72 80.88 50.16 1.0032
Oil 28.05 72.57 44.52 0.8904

1.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

For this specific gravity experiment, the data that we obtained while doing the labs is quite same as
the first, second and third reading of hydrometer is 0.996. In this experiment, we used the specific gravity
formula to collect the data. The formula of specific gravity that we used is:

𝑃 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
SG =
𝑃 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (@4°𝐶)

The specific gravity of mercury is quite different between on the moon and on the earth. This is
because of the specific gravity on the moon is 1 th from the earth. This fact could be shown because the
6
moon is significantly less massive than the Earth, gravity on the moon is less than on the Earth.
Hydrometer had sinks more in a lighter liquid state than in the heavier ones because the lighter liquid
state has less mass per volume, a larger volume of liquid would be displaced. Moreover, If the density
of the liquid being tested is more than the maximum value for the hydrometer, the hydrometer will float
on top of the liquid and display nothing.

Last but not least, there is a reason why swimming in the sea is easier than swimming in a pool
because sea water has a higher density and buoyant force, allowing the swimmer to simply float in sea
water.

Specific Gravity
No Stem Reading
Water
1 0.996
2 0.996
3 0.996

Pl3 = 0.996
P water @ 4C = 0.9998395
0.996
Specific gravity = 𝑃𝑙3 = = 0.996
𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟@4𝐶 0.9998395

1.3 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

From this kinematic viscosity experimental laboratory that have been done, we can determine
that the kinematic viscosity of two liquid that been used that are water and oil. We used the same amount
of volume for water and oil which is 1000ml. However, for the mass, m, and diameter value of marble is
different. The time taken for the marble to reach the bottom cylinder beaker that filled with water are
0.78s for 0.68 mm, 0.40s for 0.69 mm and 0.30s for 0.66 mm. All the time taken is in second, s. For the
calculation result of water, for 𝜎/𝜌, 2.53. The velocity of the ball for water is 0.775 m/s. Next, for the time
taken for the marble to reach the bottom cylinder beaker that filled with oil are 1.0s for 0.64mm, 0.56s
for 0.71mm and 0.69s for 0.68mm. For the calculation result for oil, 𝜎/𝜌 is 2.84. The velocity of the ball
for oil is 0.413 m/s. We also consider to recommend to record the reading three times to avoid any
parallax error.

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0.31 𝑚 , 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑤 = 0.4 , 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.75 , 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 2520 , 𝑔 = 9.81
0.31 𝑚 0.31
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑤 = = 0.775 , 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑖𝑙 = = 0.413 𝑚/𝑠
0.4 𝑠 0.75
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.00068 𝑚 , 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 0.00034 𝑚

4 4
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟3 = × 𝜋 × 0.000343 = 1.646 × 10−10𝑚3
3 3
(9.81 × (0.00068)2) 2520
𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑤 = ×( − 1) = 2338.78 𝑚2/𝑠
18 (1.646 × 10 )
−10 997
(9.81 × (0.00068)2) 2520
𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑖𝑙 = ×( − 1) = 2816.24 𝑚2/𝑠
18 (1.646 × 10 )
−10 887.5
2. CONCLUSION

The conclusion that could be made from the experiment that have been done by our group is,
we understand and3 be able to measure the properties of fluid. From the experiment, student can
determine the different of fluid properties by using various kind of method. The result we got and the
nearest reading for density by using various method such as by using a measuring cylinder, Eureka can,
beaker, density bottle and specific gravity with include by using hydrometer. From this, it shows that to
get the correct reading for the density because the density water is 1kg/m3 or 1000ml. Next, in this
experiment show that we can get an accurate result and can avoid any mistake that will affect the result
to be wrong. We also should handle the hydrometer carefully which to be placed inside the cylinder and
to avoid the hydrometer from touching the inside of the cylinder, to avoid errors that can be caused by
surface tension. Lastly, if we want to avoid any parallax error from happen, we must take the reading in
a correct position.

3. APPENDIX
 ECW 341 Water Engineering Laboratory Program: Diploma In Civil Engineering (EC110)
Universiti Teknologi MARA Academic Session: March 2020 – July 2020

Laboratory
Level LEVEL 0 Team Student’s ID Student’s Name Group

Laboratory Title 1. Group Leader

CENTRE OF PRESSURE 2019807248 MUHAMMAD HILMAN BIN NAZRI EC1105M
Date 22.10.2021 2. Member
2019232514 MUHAMMAD ZHARFAN BIN SARUDIN EC1105M
Lecturer’s
Name DR. DURATUL AIN BINTI THOLIBON 3. Member 2019413252 MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN NAZARUDDIN EC1105M
4. Member
2019260792 MUHAMMAD SYAHAMUDDIN BIN MAT BASRI EC1105M
Verification

CO2 : Demonstrate leadership skills in task related to water engineering.

PO6 : Demonstrate knowledge of the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering technician practice and solutions to well-defined
engineering problems.
A. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT
RUBRICS/Marks Marks
NO DOMAIN ELEMENT
2 4 6 8 10
Punctuality Late Submission (More than 1 Late Submission (More than 2
1 A1 (Receiving) Late Submission (2 Day Late) Late Submission (1 Day Late) Submission on time
(Submission) Week) Day)
Able to design, prepare and Able to design, prepare, testing,
Able to design, prepare, testing
A2 (Responding) Not able to explain, design and Not able to explain the explain the experiments and interpret and explain the
Knowledge on the open- and explain the experiments and
2 prepare the experimental work experiment and the work the work assigned in the report experiments and the work assigned
ended laboratory the work assigned in the report
in the report assigned in the report but not based on OEL in the report based on OEL
components 0.based on OEL components components
Able to control, lead and Able to control, lead and Able to control, lead and delivering
Unable to control, lead, fail to Able to control, lead the group
delivering the task to the group delivering the task to the group the task to the group efficiently and
deliver the task to the group but fail to deliver the task and
3 A2 (Responding) Leadership skill members and occasionally efficiently and usually does what serves as a leader in managing
and does not compromise to does not compromise towards
helps the group to achieve the is the best interest of the group individual ideas towards the
achieve the objectives of the achieveme5nt objectives of
objectives of the experiments towards the achievement of the achievement of the objectives
experiments (Reports) the experiments (Reports) (Reports) objectives (Reports) (Reports)
Team showed good cohesion, Team showed great cohesion,
Team demonstrated some interaction respect. Team interaction respect. Team Team showed great cohesion,
Team showed poor cohesion,
cohesion, interaction respect. member did not share the tasks member did not share the tasks interaction respect. Team shared
poor interaction and poor
Most work was done by only 1 equally and did not utilize equally and did not utilize the tasks equally and utilizes
4 A4 (Organization) Organization respect. Only one person does
member team. Reports were abilities of each team abilities of each team members. abilities of each team members.
all the reports. Reports were members. Reports were
completed on time but with Reports were completed on time Reports were completed on time
not completed. completed on time but with
unsatisfactory compilations. but with satisfactory with satisfactory compilations.
unsatisfactory compilations compilations.
B. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT
The team is able to relate some The team is able to relate all The team is able to relate all
The team is unable to discuss The team is able to discuss
5 A4 (Organizing) Discussion of the findings with the problem findings with the problem with findings with the problem with
the findings some of the findings
with fair discussion good discussion excellent discussion

The team is able to provide The team is able to derive fair The team is able to derive good The team is able to derive accurate
6 A5 (Characterization) Conclusion The team is unable to conclude conclusion without answering conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to
the objective answer the objective answer the objective answer the objective

TOTAL

60
 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
UITM PAHANG, KAMPUS JENGKA

WATER ENGINEERING LABORATORY

ECW341
OPEN-ENDED LAB
OCTOBER 2021 – FEBRUARY 2022

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : CENTRE OF PRESSURE

DATE OF EXPERIMENT
: 22.10.2021
GROUP
: EC1105M
GROUP MEMBERS
1. MUHAMMAD SYAHAMUDDIN BIN MAT BASRI (2019260792)

2. MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN NAZARUDDIN (2019413252)

3. MUHAMMAD HILMAN BIN NAZRI (2019807248)

4. MUHAMMAD ZHARFAN BIN SARUDIN (2019232514)

LECTURER : TS. DR. DURATUL AIN BINTI THOLIBON

LEVEL OF OPENESS : 0

NO ELEMENT COPO Marks COMMENTS

1 INTRODUCTION

2 BASIC CONCEPT

SUMMARY OF
3
PROCEDURES/METHOD
ANALYSIS AND
4
INTERPETATION OF DATA

5 DISCUSSION OF RESULT 2 4 6 8 10

6 CONCLUSIONS 2 4 6 8 10

TOTAL MARKS /20

1. DISCUSSION

During our previous lab experiment, we ran a test to estimate the hydrostatic thrust operating on a
planar surface immersed in water and the position of the center of pressure during. Several value and
measurements are determined before conducted the test. The breadth and height of the quadrant are
measured to be 20cm each. When the water is filled, the load is placed to stabilize the quadrant. As for
partially submerged, the load is 10g, 20g and 30g. The water level readings are then taken, which are 21mm,
29.5mm, and 36mm, respectively. Later then, once a fully submerged test is performed, and many data are
gathered after a specific load is applied. The load placed are 250g, 300g and 350g. The water level is obtained
and read at the quadrant after each load are placed which is 107mm, 119mm and 131mm respectively.

• Partially submerged
No. Load (g) Water (mm)
1. 10 21
2. 20 29.5
3. 30 36

• Fully submerged
No. Load (g) Water (mm)
1. 250 107
2. 300 119
3. 350 131

2. CONCLUSION

As a result, it precisely measures the height of the water in the chamber, which is required to determine
the center of pressure at which this force works, with a low standard deviation from the theoretical water
height for both partially and totally immersed surfaces. The slope of the linear plots of theoretical against
measured water height for both partially and fully submerged surfaces is nearly one, confirming this. The data
gathered from the pressure system also supports the relationships between variables as they are presented
in the equations given to calculate hydrostatic force, center of pressure, and mass. In other words, the
hydrostatic force acting on both partially and fully submerged vertical rectangular surface increases as the
height of the fluid (water) in the chamber increases. When the balance of the moments about the pivot is
addressed, plots of mass against theoretical height corroborate this relationship. For both partially and fully
submerged surfaces, the center of pressure (measured from the balance bridge arm down) decreases
towards the centroid of the quadrant as the height of water in the chamber increases.
3. APPENDIX