International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 8 (1.

1) (2019) 165-172

International Journal of Engineering & Technology

Website: www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJET

Research paper

Fake Gold: Gold Purity Measurement Using Non Destructive

Method
Fazrul Mohd Nor1*, Abd Rahman Tamuri2, Abd Khamim Ismail3
1
National Metrology Institute of Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor
*Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Determination of the gold bar purity by non-destructive method remains one of the most challenging in gold industry especially when the
tungsten is inside the gold bar. The existing instruments have a limitation to determine the fineness of gold bar and it was difficult to
detect the tungsten inside the gold bar due to the density of tungsten is almost similar to the density of gold. This report presents the limi-
tation of the non-destructive method instruments such as densimeter, weighing balance, x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and ultrasonic. Fur-
thermore, the research on the non-destructive method by other researchers also will be discussed in this report.

Keywords: Fake gold, Density, Non-destructive method, Tungsten

1. Introduction
Gold, silver, platinum and palladium are types of the precious metal [1]. However, gold is one of the world’s most precious commodities
and gold remains to be a secure investment. It is important to determine its purity because the value of gold depends on its purity. There
are different grades of gold in market such as 24 carat, 22 carat, 18 carat, 14 carat, 12 carat and 10 carat [2-5]. The unit of gold alloys
purity is stated as carat (symbol: K or kt). It shows the percentage of the gold in gold bar, jewellery or coins [6, 7].
Recently there are a lot of people who purchase gold for trade and investment. Gold can be classified into three types or designs such as
gold bar, coin and jewellery. Usually gold bar has a certificate to show its purity, serial number, gold weight and it is certified by assayer
and the manufacturer. The gold bar certificate is very important for trading purpose. Gold bar for trading in the market can be obtained in
1 kg, 500 g, 100 g, 50 g, 30 g, 20 g and 5 g. The world's largest gold bar is weighing at 250 kg where it was manufactured by Mitsubishi
Materials Corporation[8].
Gold purity measurement is to measure the gold purity of the gold sample such as gold bar, jewellery and coins. The analysis of gold
purity must be determined precisely and accurately[9]. The gold content verification is important and significant due to gold bar price
depend on gold purity[10].
There are two groups method for gold purity measurement: Destructive method and non-destructive method. Destructive method is a
gold purity measurement method and it will destruct the gold sample such as fire assay and Inductively Couple Plasma (ICP) [3, 11-16].
There are several International Standards that describe on purity gold using destructive method [17-19]. Non-destructive method is a gold
purity measurement method and it will not destruct the gold sample. Furthermore, non-destructive method is able to measure the gold
purity on the surface and whole sample. Densimeter, weighing balance and ultrasound are instruments that are able to measure the gold
purity of whole sample[20-22]. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), touch stone, electronic pen and needle are instruments that are able to meas-
ure the gold purity on the surface only [23-27]. It’s difficult for instruments in non-destructive method to detect the presence of other
metal in gold.
Usually pawn shop, jewelry shop and bank agencies in Malaysia will use densimeter, weighing balance, XRF, needle, chemical solution,
tri-electronic, magnet and stone to determine gold purity due to legal requirement, economical, easy and non-destructive method [2].
Pawnbroker Act 1972 was introduced and has been gazette in Malaysia stated that, the pawnbroker cannot damage the gold that wants to
be leased [28]. Pawnbroker Guideline for Islamic pawn also stated that the pawnbroker must take care the gold [29].
Nowadays there is no single non-destructive method that can determine the gold purity precisely and accurately. Hence, many cases of
fake golds in the market arise due to this problem and pawnshops in Malaysia had suffered a loss of RM72 million in 2012 because of
they cannot cut the gold [30].
Gold also can be easily bought and sold around the world[13]. The fake gold problem was also discovered in other country such as
South Africa. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) reported in 2008 that the central bank of Ethiopia has loss millions of dollars’
due to fake gold bar. The bank tried to sell the gold to South Africa and it has been returned when the South Africa noticed this problem
[31].
Archimedes was assigned to check purity of King Hieron II new crown[32]. King Hieron II wants to assure that his new crown made
from pure gold. During that time, there were many alloy of gold and silver in the market[33] and it’s show that the fake gold issue has
long existed.

Copyright © 2019 Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
166 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

In modern era, tungsten was found plated with thin layers of gold[34, 35]. Jaafar Abdullah and Mohamad Pauzi Ismail [34] claimed that
gold market is flooded with tungsten due to density of tungsten is almost the same as gold. Figure 1 show that the 100 g gold bar plated
with tungsten. Tungsten is the only metal that has a density close to gold. Density of gold and tungsten are 19.30 g/ml and 19.25 g/ml
respectively [20, 22, 34, 36, 37].

Fig.1: 100 g gold bar plated with tungsten

Table 1 shows the research project about gold purity measurement using non-destructive method. The main purpose of these research
projects is to prevent fake gold in the gold trading. XRF and ultrasonic used to determine gold purity has limitation. XRF can penetrate
the gold sample within 10 to 50 microns [38]. The limitation of the ultrasonic is the measurement can only be done starting from 1 mm
depth. JC Kraut and W B Stern [39] claimed that the gold density measurement is easy for binary alloys such as gold-silver or gold-
copper. Hence, the binary alloys for gold-tungsten are also easy to measure.

Table 1: Gold purity measurement using non-destructive method

Year Sample Non-destructive method Reference
2000 Gold Density [39]
2015 Gold XRF [34]
2018 Gold Ultrasonic [40]

2. Archimedes Principle
Gold density measurement is based on the hydrostatic weighing method. It is direct application of the Archimedes’ principle [36, 41, 42].
This hydrostatic weighing method is to measure the mass of the sample in air and displaces its own volume of liquid[43]. Usually this
method used for the calibration of hydrometer, solid and liquid density measurement, underwater weighing and purity precious metal
measurement [44-47].
Density of a material is defined by its mass per unit volume of the material [48-50]. It can be stated in grams per milliliter (g/ml) or in the
SI unit system as kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3)[51]. The purposes of measuring the material density are for material quality control,
concentration determination and also to identify purity of precious metal [8, 51-54]. Weighing balance and densimeter are among of the
reliable instrument to determine the purity of gold using hydrostatic weighing method [34, 38, 55]. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the meas-
urement of material using the densimeter and weighing balance respectively.

Table 2: Technical papers on density gold measurement using hydrostatic weighing method
Year Sample Accuracy Reference
1992 Gold 0.1 g/ml [55]
1997 Gold 0.1 g/ml [38]

Table 2 shows that the technical papers on gold density measurement using hydrostatic weighing method. E.Mercer [55] was used Met-
tler Toledo balance with hydrostatic weighing accessories in this project where gold samples used were from 8 carat to 24 carat. They
discover that this hydrostatic weighing cannot detect gold plated especially if the material has a density similar with gold.
Christopher W.Corti [38] claimed that the gold density can be measured accurately due to modern accurate analytical balances used.
However, practically there were several problems arise when this hydrostatic weighing method applied. He concluded that the hydrostat-
ic weighing is a simple, cheap and non-destructive method but it cannot produce an accurate assay.

Fig.2: Densimeter used to measure the purity of gold

International Journal of Engineering & Technology 167

Fig.3: Weighing balance used in testing and analytical laboratory

2.1 Densimeter

Pawn shop, jewelry shop and bank agencies in Malaysia are using densimeter to examine the gold purity due to its economical, simple
and non-destructive method. Densimeter will determine the sample gold mass in air and in distilled water. The mass readability of the
densimeter is 0.01 g. Then, the liquid in glass will be used to measure the distilled water temperature.
Usually the distilled water temperature is similar to environment temperature. Density of distilled water will be obtained from Kell ‘s
equation [56]. Lastly the densimeter software allows for density determination and the sample gold purity to be calculated. The sample
gold density determination from the densimeter is inaccurate due to accuracy of the densimeter is 0.1 g/ml. Figure 2 and Figure 4 show
the densimeter that is commonly used in Malaysia market and the flowchart of procedure to determine the gold purity respectively.

START

Check densimeter stability using water level

Pour the distilled water in distilled water container

Insert the thermometer in distilled water container

Remain the distilled water in 60 minutes

NO Time ≥ 60 minutes

YES

Take the temperature of distilled water

Take the gold sample mass in air

Take the gold sample mass in distilled water

END
Fig.4: Flowchart of the gold purity procedure using densimeter

2.2 Weighing Balance

Testing and analytical laboratory used weighing balance to check the purity of gold. This instrument also can determine the density of
gold sample. Gold sample mass in air and the distilled water will be measured to calculate the density of gold sample. Usually, the mass
168 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

readability of the weighing balance is 0.0001 g. Then, the liquid in glass will be used to measure the distilled water temperature and
Kell’s equation will be applied to obtain the density of gold sample[56].

Finally, the density of gold sample will be calculated using the weighing balance software. The density readability of the weighing bal-
ance is 0.00001 g/ml but the density accuracy is 0.1 g/ml [38]. Figure 3 and Figure 5 show the weighing balance used in the laboratory
and flowchart for gold sample purity checking using weighing balance respectively.

START

Check weighing balance stability using water level

Pour the distilled water in distilled water container

Insert the thermometer in distilled water container

Remain the distilled water in 60 minutes

NO
Time ≥ 60 minutes

YES

Take the temperature of distilled water

Take the gold sample mass in air

Take the gold sample mass in distilled water

END
Fig.5: Flowchart of the gold sample purity checking using weighing balance

2.3 Traceability

Traceability is the ability to demonstrate the accuracy of a measurement result in terms of appropriate national or international standards
[57-60]. It is important for instruments to have a traceability to the SI unit or national standards in order for the user to realize their
measurement are align with others around the world [61-63].
Figure 6 summarizes the traceability of the gold density, starting from the primary density standard to the gold sample. The primary den-
sity standard is based on the physical artifact determined by its standard mass and length and it must comply with the definition of the SI
base unit.
National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) use optical interferometer and hydrostatic weighing system for material density measure-
ment [64]. NMIJ use optical interferometer to measure the density of silicon sphere where a laser (He-Ne) is used to measure the diame-
ter, D of the silicon sphere [65-67]. The asphericities silicon sphere is 70 nm, hence the volume sphere can be calculated accurately [68,
69].
Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) and NMIM uses hydrostatic weighing system to measure the density of
Zeradur and Crystal sphere [44, 45]. Figure 7 shows the NMIM’s crystal sphere as a density standard. KRISS’s hydrostatic weighing
system apparatus consists of a silicon sphere, tridecane, electronic balance and standard weights. KRISS’s silicon sphere is calibrated at
NMIJ and tridecane is used as a transfer liquid where it will determine a density value of the Zeradur. Conversely, there are many re-
search institutes using distilled water as a standard liquid [70-72].
International Journal of Engineering & Technology 169

SI unit Mass (kg) Length (m)

Standard Solid Density (Silicone Sphere)

Primary

Standard Liquid Density (Tridecane)

Standard Solid Density (Zeradur,Crystal Sphere)

Secondary

Standard Liquid Density (Tridecane, Distilled water)

Standard Gold

Industry
Densimeter, Weighing Balance

Gold Sample

Fig.6: Traceability of the gold density

Fig.7: The NMIM’s crystal sphere density standard.

The hydrostatic weighing method will be used to measure a standard liquid such as tridecane or distilled water whenever measuring the
density of standard solid density. Then the value of the standard liquid density will be used to measure standard gold using hydrostatic
weighing method.
Standard gold will be the reference standard to calibrate the gold purity measurement instruments such as densimeter and weighing bal-
ance. These instruments will measure the gold sample such as gold bar and jewellery to check their purity.
NMIM has developed standard gold to provide the traceability for densimeter and weighing balance as shown in Figure 8 [73-75]. Table
3 shows the NMIM’s standard gold specification. Hydrostatic weighing system and XRF were used to measure the density and purity of
the standard gold.
Table 3: NMIM’s standard gold specification
No Serial Number Density (g/ml) Purity Dimension
(%) (mm)
1 24 K 19.222 99.8 30 x 18 x 2
2 22 K 17.260 91.6 30 x 18 x 2
3 18 K 15.231 75.0 30 x 18 x 2

Fig.8: Standard gold for gold purity instruments

170 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

Standard gold was used as a reference standard to calibrate the densimeter and weighing balance [76]. Hence, all the gold purity meas-
urement instruments were traceable to SI unit and their measurement values were more accurate and uniform moreover to avoid error
during measurement. Furthermore, the trade will be increased and consumer confidence will be improved. Figure 9 shows the calibration
of the client’s densimeter using standard gold.

Fig.9: Calibration of the densimeter using NMIM’s standard gold

3. Analysis of the Current Situation

Currently there is no single non-destructive method that can determined the gold purity precisely and accurately. Therefore, a lot of fake
gold cases existed in the market [30, 77-80]. All non-destructive methods can only determine the gold purity at surface level. It’s difficult
for instruments of non-destructive method to detect the presence of other metal in gold. Normally the pawn shop, jewelry shop, bank
agencies and testing laboratory use densimeter, weighing balance, XRF, needle, chemical solution, tri-electronic, magnet and stone due
to economical, easy and all mentioned equipment above are using non-destructive method.
Although most commonly used instruments previously discussed have several advantages, still there are some major limitations and
weaknesses such inaccurate measurement, poor repeatability and limited parameter in measurement. Tungsten is the only metal t hat has a
density close to gold. Density of the gold and tungsten are 19.30 g/ml and 19.25 g/ml respectively[34]. The Densimeter and weighing
balance are unable to detect the presence of tungsten in gold because of the tungsten density is extremely close to gold. Therefore, it is
difficult for these instruments to trace the tungsten in gold.
There are several difficulties using both of these instruments. Inaccuracy of determining the density of gold is one of the difficulties. The
accuracy of these instruments is 0.1 g/ml[55]. It will give a bad impact to gold industry due to the density of tungsten is almost similar to
the density of gold [38]. Hence, it is difficult for these two instruments to identify the sample whether it is gold or tungsten whenever
there is inaccuracy in the measurement.

4. Summary
Research study on gold density measurement was conducted in 1992 and 1997. Fake gold related to tungsten was discovered in 2012
after pawnshop in Malaysia had suffered a loss of RM 72 million. Hence, the study on fake gold focusing on jewelry was done by Ma-
laysian researcher which was started in 2015 and their interest were on non-destructive method such as XRF and ultrasonic.
The most commonly used instruments previously discussed have several advantages, still there are some major limitations and weak-
nesses such inaccurate measurement, poor repeatability and limited parameter in measurement. Table 4 shows the limitation for non-
destructive method instruments.

Table 4: Limitations for non-destructive method instruments

Instrument Method Unit Limitation
XRF Surface % Penetrate 10 to 50 microns
Weighing balance Whole g/ml Similar with tungsten density
Densimeter Whole g/ml Similar with tungsten density
Ultrasonic Whole m/s Below 1 mm

5. Conclusion
This review has shown that the difficulties to identify the fake gold using non-destructive method instruments such as ultrasonic and
XRF due to some major limitations. Research study on fake gold was started in 2015 focusing on jewelry. There is no research study on
fake gold bar due to costly. Fake gold bar issues can be solved if the accuracy of density instrument can be improved to 0.01 g/ml where
the main reason of this solution is the different between gold and tungsten density is 0.05 g/ml. Other instrument such as XRF will be
used to verify the gold surface. Therefore, this fake gold bar problem can be solved using these two combination method

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