Unit 3:

Special Issues in Science, Technology and

Society (18 hours)

Introduction

Biological diversity is the foundation for livelihoods and sustainable

development, supplying basic needs such as food, energy, medicine,
recreational and cultural benefits. However, population growth,
industrialization and urbanization have accelerated the decline and extinction
of species as well as the degradation of ecosystems. The losses are due to a
range of pressures driven by socio-economic factors, including climate change,
ecosystem degradation, illegal trade and unsustainable use.

Biotechnology can help conserve biodiversity and help protect some species
from going extinct. Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products
and technologies to combat debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our
environmental footprint, feed the hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and
have safer, cleaner and more efficient industrial manufacturing processes.
With the development of genetic engineering, research in biotechnology
developed rapidly because of the new possibility to make changes in the
organisms' genetic material (DNA). Through genetic engineering farmers can
raise more food for a growing world population while reducing agriculture’s
impact on the environment. Genetically modified crops enable farmers to grow
more crops using less land while applying fewer chemicals and conserving
water and energy allowing farmers to be more productive and efficient.
Nanotechnology is also increasingly being used to create new foods and food
packaging by breaking matter down into microscopic nanoparticles that are
just atoms wide and “programming” them to perform specific tasks. A range of
nanotech applications for food have been used and proposed, from packaging
(e.g., forming an air-tight vacuum seal) to taste (e.g., mimicking the flavor and
texture of familiar foods).

The Nano world is perhaps the fastest growing world in the twenty-first century.
Global competition among nations in nanotechnology research, development
and marketing is on the rise. Advantages of nanotechnology towards improving
the quality of life are many. However, disadvantages of nanotechnology
especially related to human health, genetic disorders and climate change are
only beginning to surface raising serious concerns. The Nano world will
continue influence science and technology.
 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this
unit, students will be able to:

• Link learned concepts to the development of the information age and its
impact on society;

• Illustrate how the social media and the information age have impacted our
lives;

• Determine the interrelatedness of society, environment and health;

• Discuss the ethics and implication of GMOs and potential future impacts;

• Discuss the major impacts (both potential and realize) of nanotechnology on

society;

• Analyze the issue through the conceptual STS lenses;

• Critique the issue and its cause and benefits to the society;

• Describe gene therapy and its various forms;

• Assess the issues potential benefits and detriments to global health;

• Identify the causes of climate change;

• Assess the various impacts of climate change including economic,

geopolitical, biological, meteorological, and etc.; and

• Apply STS concepts to the issues of climate change.

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Topic 8: Information Age

Learning Objectives

At the end of this topic, students will be able to:

• Discuss the history of Information Age; and

• Determine the human and social impacts of developments in the
Information Age.

Activating Prior Learning

Situation:

Imagine that you are at lost in the wilderness and there is a substitution cypher (a
method of encrypting message in which the letters of the original text are
systematically replaced by different alphabet) that you need to answer to solve
your dilemma.

A E F G I J K M N Q T X
B C D H L O P R S U V W Y Z
S T X A F G I J K N P Q
U V W Y Z B C D E H L M O R

Hint: This is the first thing that you will be doing when you are at lost

Encrypted word: AFXGJESLAGF KWSJUZAFY

Answer: __________________________________

Presentation of Contents

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Information plays an important role in understanding the truth and reality. If
there are information available, our lives might be enigmatic and chaotic. The
development of our system of acquiring, storing and retrieving information had
spurt with the advent of science and technology and now we are in the century
which is considered by many as the Information Age.

Information Age is the period starting in the last quarter of the 20th century when
information became effortlessly accessible through publication and through the
management of information by computers and computer networks. It is a true
new age based upon the interconnection of computers via telecommunications,
with these systems operating on both real-time and as needed basis- Theory of
Information Age (Messenger, 1982).

Before it has reached its current state, constant change has taken place in the
form of information revolution. By 1960’s to 1970’s, rapid growth of
information resulted to difficulty in collecting and managing them1980’s there
was Information Anxiety (Richard Wurman). In 1990’s, information became the
currency of the business world. At present, information turned out to be a
commodity, an over developed product, mass produced and unspecialized.

Robert Harris has outlined the truths about Information Age. He described it as
follows

1. Information must complete

2. Newer is equated to truer
3. Selection is a viewpoint
4. The media sells what the culture buys
5. The early word gets the perm
6. You are what you eat and so is your brain
7. Anything in great demand will be counterfeited
8. Ideas are seen as controversial
9. Undead information walks ever on
10. Media presence creates the story
11. The medium selects the message
12. The whole truth is a pursuit

Accessibility of information was made faster and easier with the aid of
computer. One of the significant applications of computers for science and
research is evident in the field of bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is the
application of information technology to store, organize and analyze vast
amount of biological data which is available in the form sequences and
structures of proteins – the building blocks of organisms and nucleic acids- the
information carrier (Madan, n.d.) Such was established because of the need to

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create databases of biological sequences. Application includes the Human
Genome Project, Pharmacogenomics Drug Discovery, Gene Finder and
Annotator.

Application

Activity 1
Arrange the photos chronologically by writing numbers 1-12 below each photo
and explain the manner by which information is being acquired, stored,
retrieve and utilize.

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Activity 2

Problems on fake news have surfaced different multimedia platform, with

these, users must be knowledgeable on how to verify the authenticity of a
source. Create a checklist on how to check on the reliability and authenticity
of information found in websites and journals.

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 Feedback
Create a poster on the advantages and disadvantages of Technology.

Chapter 9: Biodiversity and the Health Society

Learning Objectives
After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

• Define biodiversity;
• Determine the interrelatedness of biodiversity, environment, and health;
• Discuss the ethics, implications, and potential future impacts of GMOs;
and
• Propose a plan or make a stand that would show the relatedness of
species in forming up a diverse and healthy society without
compromising each other.

Activating Prior Knowledge

Checkpoint 1
All living things exist in balance with other living things and physical factor.
Unknown

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 Bio diversity Look at the word
“biodiversity”. It’s actually two words combined together. With your
partner, breakdown the meaning of the two words in biodiversity.

Bio means___________________________________________________
Diversity means ______________________________________________

Now, combine the two words and try to come up with your own definition
of biodiversity:

Biodiversity means____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Let us compare your definition with the following definitions provided:

Biodiversity is defined as the vast variety of life forms I the entire earth
which includes the simplest unicellular organism to the most complex
multicellular organism. (Serafico, 2018)

Another definition of biodiversity is the variability of organisms including

species thriving in different ecosystems like marine, freshwater or any aquatic
and terrestrial and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this
includes diversity between, within and of ecosystems. ( Villago
Globale, 2009)

After you are done defining biodiversity, ask your pair to take a walk
around the campus and note of the different organisms present on it.
Classify the organisms you have seen and construct a pie chart. Using the
pie chart, what do you think scientist expect to discover more species?

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Why do you think these oranisms would thrive more as the time pass by?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Presentation of Contents
Your answer in the above questions actually explains that biotic factors
(living thins) are related to the abiotic factors (non-living things). For
example, your answer is an increase in the population of rats in a rice field
or decrease in the number of dragonflies in the area; therefore there must
be changes in the environment. Thus a change in the environment can
cause a change in the biodiversity. And a change in the biodiversity could
have erratic effects in not only in wildlife and marine but also in human
beings.

Now get a copy of the lecture from your professor.

ACTIVITY 1: Collaborative Annotation Chart

Directions:
A printed copy of the PowerPoint presentation entitled “Biodiversity,
Health and the Science of Genetically modified Organisms” was given to
you to serve as a hand-out for today’s lecture. The 1st time you read your
hand-out (assignment), you placed your pencil down and just read to
understand. Today, while listening, it’s time to mark your hand-outs by
using the symbol * to mark key ideas,! symbol to mark surprising ideas

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and O symbol to mark things you connect with. Write a quick comment
about why you picked that sentence, word or idea. Lastly, share with your
partner. Be sure to identify the quote or passage you selected. Then, share
your comment using a “Sample Language Support” to get your discussion
flowing. Record your partner’s response as well.

Symbol Comment Sample Language Support

* • Key ideas expressed • One significant idea in the
• Main points lecture is
• Ma’am/sir is trying to
convey

!  Surprising details/claims • I was surprised to know

that…
• How can anyone claim that..

O • Ideas/ sections you • This section reminded me

connect with of...
• What this reminds you • This connects with my
of experience in that…
.
Use this part as your answer sheet

Symbol Slide Your Comment or reason Your partner’s

number for marking this passage comment/ question to
what you said

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Now let’s have a summary of our today’s lesson.

“Ang mga bagay ay magkaugnay, magkaugnay ang lahat..”- a line from a

famous filipino song. This line explains what is meant by biodiversity. All
living things are related to each other, an idea called biodiversity. It
started with the cncept of taxonomy, a system devised by Carolus
Linnaeus. Up to this point, different efforts were done like the declaration
of 2010 as the International Year of Biodiversity. (McNamara, 2018)

Biodiversity, also known as biological diversity is the term given to the

variety of life on earth and the natural patterns it forms. This diversity I
often understood in terms of variety of plants, animals and
microorganisms. The loss of biodiversity threatens food supplies,
opportunities for recreation and tourism, and sources of wood, medicines
and energy. It also interferes with ecological functions. (Thorsen (2010).

The Philippines is considered a mega-diversity country rivaled only by a

few countries in the world when it comes to variety of ecosystems,
species and genetic resources. Many of the island comprising the
archipelago are believed to have a very high degree of land and animal
endemism. The country hosts more than 52,177 described species of
which more than half is found nowhere else in the world (Philippine
Biodiversity Conservation Priorities: A second iteratioin of the National
Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2002). On a per unit area basis, the
Philippines probably harbors more diversity of life than any other country
on the planet.

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The country is also considered a biodiversity hotspot. This is because the
Philippines continues to experience an alarming rate of destruction of
these important resources brought about by overexploitation,
deforestation, land degradation, climate change, and pollution (including
biological pollution), among others. The table below shos you a glimpse
of the flora and fauna of the Philippines as summarized by DENR. (2006)

Several threats to biodiversity as identified by the United Nations’

Environmenta Programme (WHO, n.d) includes the following:

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1. Habitat loss and destruction due to inhabitation of human beings and
the use of land for economic gains.
2. Alterations in the ecosystem composition like sudden decrease or
increase of population density can contribute to species loss.
3. Over-exploitation like over hunting, overfishing, over collecting of
species can lead to species density fluctuations. This is due to changing
consumption of individuals that causes unsustainable exploitation of
natural resources.
4. Pollution and contamination of the biological systems that can
damage the health of species.
5. Global climate change can also lead to diversity loss. Species and
populations may be lost permanently if they are not provided with enough
time to adopt to changing environments.

According to WHO, biodiversity is a vital element of human’s nutrition

because it entails food production. We all know that food comes from our
environment and threats as mentioned above can alter the density of
species that can lead to species loss and decrease in biodiversity. Almost
all organisms depend on the environment and lack of basic necessities can
cause mortality. Increase prevalence of cancer, heart diseases, asthma and
many other illnesses has arisen due to habitat alteration. Environmental
hazards can be physical like pollution, toxic chemicals, and food
contaminants; social such as work, poor housing conditions, urban sprawl
and poverty. Increase diseases like amoebiasis, diarrhea, cholera, gastritis
and meningitis are related to unsafe food and drinks. Most of the
population also lacked basic access to basic sanitation.

Researchers have been discovering new ways to improve crop production,

address health illness and decrease biodiversity loss. The Biodiversity
International has released a module titled “Law and policy of relevance to
the management of plant genetic resources” which aims to help
professionals in managing, conserving, and using plant genetic resources
for food and agriculture. In fact, it elaborates the possible use of genetic
engineering in the production of living modified organisms (LMOs) or
genetically modified organisms (GMOs). (Bragdon, et.al. ) Law makers
also consider vulnerable populations when drafting and implementing
environmental health regulations in relation to biodiversity. Various
public health strategies and human rights issues in research were also
considered in the quest for a better environment and stable biodiversity.

After the lecture, kindly get a copy of the following articles,

1. “The politics of golden Rice” (Dubock, Adrian GM Crops & Food. Jul-
Sep2014, Vol5 Issue 3 p 210-222 13p.)
2. “Ethics in Research with Vulnerable Populations and Emerging Countries:
The Golden Rice Case.” (Duguet, Anne Marie et. al.,

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 Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulations. Summer
2013, Vol. 38 Issue 4, p979-1013, 35p)
3. Agro-ecology: What it is and what it has to offer? Is this the future of
farming?

Application

ACTIVITY 2: Biodiversity Saver in the Making

BIG IDEA:

We should preserve every scrap of biodiversity as priceless while we learn

to use it and come to understand what it means to humanity.
E.O. Wilson

Complete the table below:

Below are statements for you to ponder. On your first time to read them
(Day 1), kindly check whether you agree or disagree. Find time to search
using available resources, and write down ideas that will lead to to your
final decision whether to support or not the concept together with their
evidences.

Extended Anticipatory Guide

Day 1 : Opinion Day ____: Evidence/s

Findings
Agree Disagree Support No
support
1.
Environmenta
l changes
caused by
humans can
always be
reversed.

2. We can
learn from
history so that
we will not
repeat the

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 same mistake.

3. All
scientific
experiments
does not affect
biodiversity

4. One
organism
becoming
extinct does
not hurt nature
because there
are millions of
organisms on
earth

BIG IDEA:
Based on evolutionary theory, organisms’ innate characteristic in its
genome dictates its ability to survive. Breakthroughs in modern
technology lead to what we call genetically modified organisms or
GMOs which has changed the concept of survival.

ACTIVITY 3: Search the Facts and Make a Stand

Divide the class into two groups and ask them to research on the different
genetically modified organisms, the pros and cons of genetically
modifying crops, and ethical implications and impacts of it. Ask each
leader to come up with different arguments supposing they belong to the
negative and positive side.
Using the toss coin system let the leaders choose head– pros and tail– cons.

Let the groups debate in class with the argument below:

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Genetically modified products are safe to eat.
The rubric below will be used in grading the students’ outputs.

Feedback

BIG IDEA:

We should preserve every scrap of biodiversity as priceless while we learn

to use it and come to understand what it means to humanity.
E.O. Wilson

ACTIVITY 4: Think about these questions

1. How would you reconcile the emerging needs of human beings
regarding their health and the need to protect the biodiversity?
2. Do you think scientific researches that modify the genes of organisms
bring more advantages than disadvantages?

Now you are ready to take a quiz for today’s discussion.

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 Reflection

BIG IDEA:

Together let us make a stand in protecting the nature, in this way we can
protect our children's future.
-Unknown

ACTIVITY5: I-Pledge

Advocacy Writing

In groups of five, brainstorm and come up with an advocacy on the need

to reconcile the emerging needs of human beings and the need to protect
the growth of biodiversity.

Topic 10: The Nanoworld

Learning Objectives
After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

• Define nanotechnology;
• Characterize nanoscale;
• Describe the various use of nanotechnology;
• Discuss concerns on the uses of nanotechnology; and
• Explain the status on the use of nanotechnology in the Philippines

Activating Prior Knowledge

Before we begin your journey to the smallest possible scale in the realm
of science, try answering these questions:

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Can you think of fields where size or weight of materials or products is
important?

Can you build a statue from a pile of dust?

Can you think of situations were scientist have to make assumptions

because they couldn’t see what they were studying?

Do you think we are capable in unlocking the key to how natural elements are
designed and created?

Presentation of Contents

“Nanotechnology is the sixth truly revolutionary technology introduced in

the modern world…”-D. Allan Bromley

Photo credits to Dr. Iwona Turlik

Nanotechnology is defined as the study and use of structures between 1
nanometer and 100 nanometers in size. These include the design,
characterization, production and application of structures, devices and
controlling shape and size on a nanometer scale. (Royal Society, 2004). It
is just like studying eight hundred 100 nanometer particles side by side to
match the width of a human hair. Nanoscience is the study of phenomena
and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular
scales. This includes the study of materials 100nm own to the size of atoms
which is approximately 0.2nm. For comparison, a red blood cell is
approximately 7, 000nm wide and a water molecule is almost 0.3 nm
across. (K. Ban et.al, 2011.)

Studying nanoparticles has been an interest of scientist for centuries and

the field flourished with the development of microscopes capable of
displaying particles called nanomaterial. A nanomaterial is an object that
has at least one dimension on the nanometer scale (app. 1-100nm);
material can be in one dimension (very thin surface coatings, films,
layers), in two dimensions (nanowires, nanotubes and fibers) or in all
three dimensions (nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanoshells, nanorings,
micro). (Nanoyou, 2011) Nanomaterials are of two types. Inorganic
nanomaterial which includes gold nano clusters, fullerenes and carbon
nanotubes. Organic nanomaterials on the other hand are made up of
carbon compounds. To build such, nanotechnologists employ
selforganization using the molecules that can be assembled house in an

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environment suitable for physical and chemical assembly. This type of
nanomaterial results in the growth of artificial layers of skin, liver tissues
and other organs. (Lohith, 2014)

As shown on Figure 1, the term “nano” is equivalent to one billionth of a

meter (10-9 ) hence it expresses a very tiny amount or size. In
nanotechnology, you will be able to manipulate matter in atomic or
subatomic scale. Some of the uses of nanotechnology include the
production of microprocessors and strain-resistant fabrics.
The study of nanomaterial becomes interesting with the use of different
equipment like electron microscope, atomic force microscope, and
scanning tunneling microscope. Electron microscope was built by Ernst
Ruska and Max Knoll during 1930s. There are two general types of
electron microscopes namely scanning electron microscope and
transmission electron microscope. The former directs a high voltage
electron beam towards the specimen to illuminate it and create a
magnified image of the sample while the latter directs a focused electron
beam across the rectangular area of the specimen, which loses energy as it
passes through. The resolution of scanning electron microscopes tends to
be poorer than that achieved from the transmission electron microscope.
Atomic force microscope was developed BY Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate
and Chrisoph Gerber in 1986. It makes use of mechanical probe that
gathers information from the surface of a material. Scanning Tunneling
microscope enables scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale particles,
atoms, and small molecules. This invention gave a Nobel Prize Awards in
Physics to their inventors, Gerd Binigand Rohrer. (Javier.et.al, 2018)

Photo credits to https://www.understandingnano.com/introduction.html

Figure 1: The Scale of Things- Nanometers and More

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Numerous innovations in development as well as those under
investigations are now the focus of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology
impacts many industries like transportation, environment, energy,
electronics, manufacturing, agriculture and pharmaceuticals. In the field
of health care, nanotechnologists work on chemical and biological
sensors, drugs and delivery devices, prosthetics and biosensors. (See
Figure 2) They have created the quantum dots that glow in UV light to
locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer cells. They are also trying to grow
laboratory tissues to repair heart tissue or even replace them. In
technology, they are looking for solutions for a better data storage and
computation (e.g. a DVD that could hold a million movies) while in
environment, nanotechnology plays a big role in the quest for clean
energy and clean air (Nano Solar Cells). (Bennewitz, 2000)

Figure 2.1: Uses of Nanotechnology in Medicine

Figure 2.2: Uses of Nanotechnology in Arts and Technology

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 Figure 2.3: Uses of Nanotechnology in Environment

Government funding includes nanotechnology projects like the U.S.

National Nanotechnology Initiative with $1.5 billion. Other countries like
Japan (Nanotechnology Research Institute) , Taiwan (Taiwan National
Science and Technology Program for nanoscience and Nanotechnology),
India (Nanotechnology Research and Education Foudation), China
(National Center for Nanoscience and Technology) Israel (Israel National
Nanotechnology Initiative), Australia (Australian Office of
Nanotechnology), Canada (National Institute of Nanotechnology, South
Korea (Korea National Nanotechnology Initiative), Thailand (National
Nanotechnology Center) and Malaysia (National Nanotechnology
Initiatives). (Serafica, 2005)
In the Philippines, nanotechnology can be used in ICT and
semiconductors, health and medicine, energy, food and agriculture and in
in some environmental issues. PCAS TRD-DOST has funded most of the
nanotech projects which includes ICT and semiconductors, Health and
biomedical, energy, environment, agriculture and food, health and
environmental risk nano-metrology and education and public awareness.
(Serafica, 2018)

Nanotechnologist faced a lot of issues since nanoscale-sized objects are

very delicate. Radiation particles can cause fatal defects during
manufacturing thus development requires very clean environments
making only a few, out of many produced, are perfect. Aside from
manufacturing issues, there are also potential risks of nanotechnology in
health and environment. Nanoparticles can be swallowed, inhaled,
absorbed through the skin, or deliberately injected. If this happens,
inflammation can be triggered and weaken the immune system.
Nanoparticles can also accumulate in soil, water and plants.
(www.trnmage, 2004)

Application

Be Informed!

Watch the video on YouTube entitled “The Next Step in

Nanotechnology” by George Tule ski, TED Talks. Here’s a link for a
faster access.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ds_rzoyyfF0https://www.youtube
.com/watch?v=Ds_rzoyyfF0. In pairs, answer the following question:
1. What are the possible innovations can nanotechnology offer?
2. Why do you think few scientist works on nanotechnology?

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 3. Do you think nanotechnology be applicable to solve
environmental problems?
4. In the world of medicine, nanotechnology can play a big role in
the repair of cells, cure diseases and even delay aging, if this
happens, what would this mean to our society?

Be a nanotechnologist!

In group of five, conduct a library or internet research on the innovations

and advancements of nanotechnology in one of continents of the world.
Be sure that each group chooses a different continent by informing your
teacher your choice. Prepare a timeline or any creative work to present
your outputs by providing pictures and descriptions of their innovations.

Feedback
From those innovations presented in class, think of a product or output that
is made up of nanomaterial that has an impact in various aspects (health,
environment, economy etc.) that you want to create.

Topic 11: The Aspects of Gene Therapy

Learning Objectives

After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

• Describe gene therapy and its related processes;

• Compare and contrast vectors of gene delivery; and
• Enumerate the pros and cons of gene therapy in the society.

Activating Prior Knowledge

Learning Activity: W-O-R-D-U-P

Directions: Using the grid below, find words related to gene therapy. You
may use the statements that follow as your clues to identify the words. Write
your answer on the space provided after each statement.

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 E Q Z X L E L L Q S T Y C W M

C G V C H T S I P K I K I U E

G O E B K H U N T I N G T O N

V L C R H O R U F H R A A N I

V W T Y M P I H C E T U M R O

J Q O K A L V F L I T E O R T

B L R L U L I R D W E T S E A

O E S M T T A N Q N T Y U O I

L S I C K L E C E L L A N E M

P S V E O U Q G A A E I O Z P

1. A disorder of the nervous system that usually occurs after the age of
45. ________________
2. A disorder in the blood caused by an inherited abnormal hemoglobin (the
oxygen-carrying protein within the red blood cells).
______________________
3. Are plasmid or viruses that are used to move recombinant DNA from one
cell to another. _________________
4. Is the alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an
organism, virus or extrachromosomal DNA. ____________________
5. A unit of DNA that is usually located on a chromosome and that controls
the development of one or more traits. ______________
6. Gene therapy that targets the reproductive cells meaning any changes
made to the DNA will be passed on to the next generation.
_________________
7. It is when the DNA is transferred into body tissues. It specifically targets
cells in the body which are not passed on to the person’s children.
___________________

Presentation of Contents

Gene therapy is designed to introduce genetic material into cells to

compensate for abnormal genes or to make a beneficial protein. If a mutated
gene causes a necessary protein to be faulty or missing, gene therapy may be

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able to introduce a normal copy of the gene to restore the function of the
protein.

A gene that is inserted directly into a cell usually does not function. Instead,
a carrier called a vector is genetically engineered to deliver the gene. Certain
viruses are often used as vectors because they can deliver the new gene by
infecting the cell. The viruses are modified so they can't cause disease when
used in people. Some types of virus, such as retroviruses, integrate their
genetic material (including the new gene) into a chromosome in the human
cell. Other viruses, such as adenoviruses, introduce their DNA into the
nucleus of the cell, but the DNA is not integrated into a chromosome.

The vector can be injected or given intravenously (by IV) directly into a
specific tissue in the body, where it is taken up by individual cells.
Alternately, a sample of the patient's cells can be removed and exposed to the
vector in a laboratory setting. The cells containing the vector are then
returned to the patient. If the treatment is successful, the new gene delivered
by the vector will make a functioning protein.

Researchers must overcome many technical challenges before gene therapy

will be a practical approach to treating disease. For example, scientists must
find better ways to deliver genes and target them to particular cells. They
must also ensure that new genes are precisely controlled by the body.

Two Types of Gene Therapy

Somatic gene therapy, which involves introducing a "good" gene into

targeted cells to treat the patient — but not the patient's future children
because these genes do not get passed along to offspring.
Germline gene therapy, involves the introduction of corrective genes into
reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) or zygotes, with the objective of creating
a beneficial genetic change that is transmitted to the offspring.

Gene Therapy Using Adenovirus Vector

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A new gene is inserted directly into a cell. A carrier called a vector is
genetically engineered to deliver the gene. An adenovirus introduces the
DNA into the nucleus of the cell, but the DNA is not integrated into a
chromosome.

Vectors for Gene Delivery

Appropriate methods to deliver DNA used in gene therapy are vital, as the
targeted tissues must properly receive the appropriate genes. Gene therapy
can be carried out using naked DNA delivered directly into the cell.

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 (Source: www.biologydiscussion.com)
Fig: 9.1 Structure of Adenovirus

Adenoviruses - are a group of common viruses that infect the lining of your
eyes, airways and lungs, intestines, urinary tract, and nervous system.
They're common causes of fever, coughs, sore throats, diarrhea, and pink
eye.

Source: www.andrew.cmu.edu
Fig: 9.2 Structure of Retrovirus

Retrovirus is a type of RNA virus that inserts a copy of its genome into the
DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell.

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 Source: http://m.wikipedia.org
Fig. 9.3 Structure of Adeno-associated virus

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) - is a non-enveloped virus that can be

engineered to deliver DNA to target cells, and has attracted a significant
amount of attention in the field, especially in clinical-stage experimental
therapeutic strategies.

(Source: https:// study.com)

Fig. 9.4 Structure of Herpes Simplex

27
Herpes simplex type 1 causes sores around the mouth and lips (sometimes
called fever blisters or cold sores). HSV-1 can cause genital herpes, but
most cases of genital herpes are caused by herpes type 2. In HSV-2, the
infected person may have sores around the genitals or rectum.

Source: library.open.oregonstate.edu
Fig. 9.5 Structure of Naked DNA

Naked DNA refers to DNA that is not associated with proteins, lipids, or
any other molecule to help protect it. Naked DNA is the result of release of
genetic information into the surrounding environment, such as from bursting
cells.

Bioethical Issues of Gene Therapy

The first death associated with gene therapy occurred on September 18,
1999, at the University of Pennsylvania. Jesse Gelsinger was participating in
a clinical trial, a biomedical experiment for evaluation of safety and
efficiency of a therapy for a disease. Gelsinger, who was 18 years old at the
time of the treatment, had a deficiency of ornithine transcarboamylase, an
important enzyme in the metabolism of ammonia. Patients with this rare
metabolic disorder must maintain a low-protein diet and take a series of
medicines to avoid ammonia poisoning in the blood stream. The gene
therapy Gelsinger took triggered a chain reaction in his immune system,
resulting in hepatic and respiratory failure, and consequently, his death four
days after being treated.

28
Effects on the Environment

Although the positive impacts of gene therapy could be enormous, there are
many questions raised that needs to be answered. New organisms created by
genetic engineering could present an ecological problem. One cannot predict
the changes that a genetically engineered species would make on the
environment. The release of a new genetically engineered species would
also have the possibility of causing an imbalance in the ecology of a region
just exotic species would do. An accident or an unknown result could cause
several problems. An accident in engineering the genetics of a virus or
bacteria for example could result in a stronger type, which could cause a
serious epidemic when released. This could be fatal in human genetic
engineering creating problems ranging from minor medical problems, to
death.

Effects on Human

Looking at the fact that genetic engineering employs viral vector that carries
functional gene inside the human body; the repercussion are still unknown.
There are no clues as to where functional genes are being placed. They may
even replace the important genes, instead of mutated genes. Thus, this may
lead to another health condition or disease to human. Also, as defective
genes are replaced with functional gene, then it is expected that there will be
a reduction in genetic diversity and if human beings will have identical
genomes, the population as a whole will be susceptible to virus or any form
of diseases.

Antibiotic Resistance

Genetic engineering often uses genes for antibiotic resistance as "selectable

markers." Early in the engineering process, these markers help identify cells
that have taken up foreign genes. Although they have no further use, the
genes continue to be expressed in plant tissues. Most genetically engineered
plant foods carry fully functioning antibiotic-resistance genes.

The presence of antibiotic-resistance genes in foods could have lethal

effects. Therefore, eating these foods could reduce the effectiveness of
antibiotics to fight disease when these antibiotics are taken with meals.
More so, the resistance genes could be transferred to human or animal
pathogens, making them impervious to antibiotics. If transfer were to occur,
it could aggravate the already serious health problem of antibiotic resistant
disease organisms Ethical and Social Issues

29
"Playing God" has become a strong argument against genetic engineering.
Several issues have also been raised as regards the acceptance of this
technology. These concerns range from ethical issues to lack of knowledge
on the effects genetic engineering may have. One major concern is that once
an altered gene is placed in an organism, the process cannot be reversed.
The production of medicines through the use of genetically altered
organisms might develop extremely infectious forms that could cause
worldwide epidemics.

Application

Activity 1: What genes are you wearing?

Break up your class into groups of four or five students, assigning one of the
following diseases to each group:

• HIV • Cystic fibrosis • Hemophilia

• Muscular dystrophy • Rheumatoid arthritis • Coronary heart disease

• Alzheimer’s disease • Ulcer • Bone fracture

• Cancer • Sickle cell anemia •Huntington’s disease

• Tay-sach's disease

Give each student a “What Genes are you Wearing?” packet that is tailored to his
or her group’s disease. Each group will present their output regarding the topic
they have chosen. If time allows have groups compare and share in a whole class
room discussion. Each student will answer the following questions.

1. Is gene therapy safe to cure genetic disorder?

2. If you are the patient suffering from a genetic disease are you willing to
undergo gene therapy? Why?

Activity 2: Vector Voyage

30
Direction: Using the library resources, complete the table below.

31
 Retrovirus Adenovirus Adeno- Herpes Naked
associated Simplex DNA
Virus Virus

How the
vector carries
the genetic
material

Maximum
length of DNA
that can be
inserted in the
vector

Advantages

Disadvantages

Activity 3: GENETIC DISORDERS

Direction: Complete the table below. List down ten common genetic disorders.

Ge G Cl
ne e ini
tic n cal
Di e Fe
so / at
rd D ur
er e es
f
e
c
t

32
Activity 4: Pros and Cons
Direction: Break up your class into groups of four or five students. Each group had their own assigned
respondents regarding on the effects of gene therapy to health and to the society. Each group will present
their output.

Pros Cons

33
 Human Health

Society

Guide Questions:

1. What was the respondent think about gene therapy?

2. Do you think the Food and Drug Administration should or should not approve gene
therapy treatments for use in the Philippines?
3. Do you think the government should or should not fund scientific researches on
changing the genes of unborn babies that aims to improve their characteristics such
as intelligence or physical traits such as athletic ability or appearance.

Feedback

What does the picture show?

Source: www.tutorialspoint.com

34
Topic 12: Climate Change (Mandated Topic)

Learning Objectives

At the end of this topic, students will be able to:

• Identify the causes of climate change;

• Discuss various impacts of climate change including economical, geopolitical,
biological and meteorological aspects; and
• Create a simple climate change advocacy through poster, slogan, and infomercial.

Activating Prior Learning

35
You might have already heard of “Climate Change” in some social platforms as a hot issue and
advocacy that calls for biological, economical, sociological and political concerns. Below is a
concept map, with the word climate change at the center, write something out of what you
know and understand about this issue.

Climate
Change

Presentation of Contents

“There is no question that climate change is happening; the only

arguable
point is what part humans are playing in it.”

- David Attenborough

36
Climate Change

Climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate system that persists for
several decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural processes, such as changes in
the Sun’s radiation, volcanoes or internal variability in the climate system, or due to human
influences such as changes in the composition of the atmosphere or land use.
Many lines of evidence demonstrate that human activities, especially emissions of heat-trapping
greenhouse gases from fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and land-use change, are primarily
responsible for the climate changes observed in the industrial era, especially over the last six
decades. The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, the largest contributor to human-
caused warming, has increased by about 40% over the industrial era. This change has
intensified the natural greenhouse effect, driving an increase in global surface temperatures and
other widespread changes in Earth’s climate
that are unprecedented in the history.

Let’s take a look at how interrelated and

interconnected the following phenomena that
ultimately leads to climate change.

Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect is a natural process that

warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s
energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is
absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases. This blanket of greenhouse gases serves as the
Earth’s insulator, of which without it, ours will be a called dead planet.
Figure12.1. Trapping of heat by the Greenhouse gases

Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and
some artificial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Carbon dioxide and methane in
particular, trap the heat radiated by the sun.

The problem we now face is that human activities are increasing the concentrations of
greenhouse gases. From the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA)
observation, the increase and too much concentration of these greenhouse gases can cause
Earth's atmosphere to trap more and more heat that warms up the planet leading to a
phenomenon called global warming.

Global Warming

37
 Global warming is the term used to
describe a gradual increase in the average
temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and
its oceans, a change
that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate.
Credit:VladisChern/Shutterstock.com
Figure12.2. The rise in global temperature

The increased volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released by the burning of
fossil fuels, land clearing, agriculture, and other human activities, are believed to be the primary
sources of the global warming that has occurred over the past 50 years. Scientists from the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate carrying out global warming research have recently
predicted that average global temperatures could increase between 1.4 and 5.8 °C by the year
2100.

Changes resulting from global warming may include rising sea levels due to the melting of the
polar ice caps, as well as an increase in occurrence and severity of storms and other severe
weather events – all of which are signs of a changing climactic patterns.

Impacts of Climate Change on Society

Credit: Left - Mellimage/Shutterstock.com, center – Montree Hanlue/Shutterstock.com.

Figure12.3. Catastrophic effects of Climate Change: From left to right: Forest Fire,
Drought, Typhoon
According to the U.S. Global Change Research Program, the aspects of climate change are
having increasingly complex and important impacts on all the nations’ economy and quality of
life. Impacts related to climate change are evident across regions and in many sectors important
to society—such as human health, agriculture and food security, water supply, transportation,
energy, ecosystems, and others—and are expected to become increasingly disruptive
throughout this century and beyond.

38
Climate change affects human health and wellbeing through more extreme weather events and
wildfires, decreased air quality, and diseases transmitted by insects, food, and water. Climate
disruptions to agriculture have been increasing and are projected to become more severe over
this century, a trend that would diminish the security of the world’s food supply. Surface and
groundwater supplies in some regions are already stressed, and water quality is diminishing in
many areas, in part due to increasing sediment and contaminant concentrations after heavy
downpours.

In some regions, prolonged periods of high temperatures associated with droughts contribute to
conditions that lead to larger wildfires and longer fire seasons. For coastal communities, sea
level rise, combined with coastal storms, has increased the risk of erosion, storm surge damage,
and flooding. Extreme heat, sea level rise, and heavy downpours are affecting infrastructure
like roads, rail lines, airports, and all other infrastructures.

The capacity of ecosystems like forests, barrier beaches, and wetlands to buffer the impacts of
extreme events like fires, floods, and severe storms is being overwhelmed. The rising
temperature and changing chemistry of ocean water is combining with other stresses, such as
overfishing and pollution, alter marine-based food production and harm fishing communities.

Some climate changes currently have beneficial effects for specific sectors or regions. For
example, current benefits of warming include longer growing seasons and longer ice – free
period for agriculture.

Climate Change Mitigation Efforts

Nations all over the world are now experiencing the impacts of climate change and are now
making consensus efforts through the creation of domestic and international treaties, policies,
plans and actions to mitigate the effects and adapt to the risks brought about by this world –
wide environmental concern. It is time for humans to make effort and find solution to the very
problem they themselves created. Below are info graphics on Climate Change action plans of
Canada and the Philippines.

39
 Source:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fenergy.technoscience.

Climate Change Mitigation Efforts in the Philippines

Source:Climate Change Action Plan 2011 – 2028 by the Climate Change

40
Commission of the Philippines

Application

After learning about climate change - what natural processes and human activities causes it and
the possible consequences brought about this phenomenon, the question that comes next is, as a
concerned citizen and a student, what can you do about it? What ways can you think of to
mitigate the hazards caused by climate change?

And so here are some amazing activities prepared for you. Have fun!

Activity 1: Nature’s Advocates

A. Form groups of 5 and create an infomercial showing how community can help mitigate
the hazards caused by climate change. Each group must choose one from the given
areas below that are affected by climate change. A rubric is prepared below to rate your
performance. You have 15 minutes to conceptualize, and 2 – 3 minutes to present your
output. Enjoy acting!

1. Agriculture and Food Security

2. Economy
3. Biodiversity
4. Health
5. Geography and Ocean ecology
6. Climatic patterns

Criteria Exceeds Meets Expectation Needs Improvement

Expectation
(2 points) (1 point)
(3 points)

Understanding  Factual  Factual  Information is

of Topic information is information is inaccurate
accurate mostly accurate  Presentation is off
 Indicates a  Good topic
clear understanding of
understanding topic
of topic

41
Teamwork  Accepts ideas of  Accepts most ideas  Group does not
others; able to without negative work together
compromise comments; able to  One person does
 All members compromise all the work
contribute  Some members
contribute

Presentation  Shows confidence  Shows some  Portrayal stalls

 Informative confidence  Lacks information
 Entertaining;  Presents some  Audience bored
engages audience information  Mumbles
 Speaks loudly and  Engages audience  Body language is
clearly  Can be heard lacking;
 Appropriate use of  Some use of body inappropriate
body language language

B. Retaining your group in activity A, create an advocacy campaign by making a poster

and a slogan that tells how community will help mitigate the effects of climate change.
Upload your work in social media, and try to elicit comments from the viewers, and
then share them with the class next meeting.

Feedback

Congratulations for making this far. Now, let’s test your understanding of our topic on climate
change.

Answer the following questions and follow the procedure on each item. The
‘BOX’ is found below. Good luck and enjoy the quiz!

1. It is an important heat – trapping greenhouse gas, which is released through human

activities such as deforestation and burning of fossil fuels, as well as natural processes
such as respiration and volcanic eruption.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the last letter of your answer and put it in box # 1)

2. It is a change in global climate, and patterns, attributed largely to the increased levels of
atmospheric carbon dioxide.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 3rd letter of your answer and put it in box # 10)

42
 3. It is a critical solution to climate change, by renewing the forest cover that will absorb
and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 8th letter of your answer and put it in box # 4)

4. The burning of natural fuel by humans is the largest source of emission of carbon
dioxide. These natural fuels were formed from the remains of living organisms million
years ago. The name given to natural fuel is ___. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 2nd letter of your answer and put it in box # 11)

5. This is a process that occurs when gases in the Earth’s atmosphere trap the Sun’s heat
making the Earth much warmer. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 6th letter of your answer and put it in box # 5)

6. This is a long – term rise in the overall temperature of the Earth’s climate system,
generally attributed to greenhouse effect. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 7th letter of your answer and put it in box # 6)

7. It is a permanent destruction of forest in order to make the land available for other uses,
which consequently add more atmospheric carbon dioxide as a result of large – scale
removal of trees that will absorb this harmful gas.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 5th letter of your answer and put it in boxes # 8 and #12)

8. It is the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought or
deforestation, and leading to shortage of food supply.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 11th letter of your answer and put it in box # 7)

9. It is the average weather in a given area over a longer period of time.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 5th letter of your answer and put it in box # 2)

10. This is a disaster of below – average precipitation, resulting in prolonged shortages in

water supply that could cause reduced crop yield, and potentially loss of harvest and or
of livestock.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
(copy the 2nd letter of your answer and put it in boxes # 3 and #9)

Put the letters in this box and see what word you would come up with.

43
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12

You did a great job!

Summary
The last module of Science, Technology and Society discussed the special topics that would
allow you to reflect on the role of science and technology not only in the community where you
are living but to the whole world.

The advent of information age has played a big role in cascading vital information to the
society. With the advance technological devices like computers, laptops, cellular phones,
personal digital assistants, servers, mainframes and internet that lets us access social media and
online resources, and even microchips and other high technologies, the life that we are living
today is easy. Information age has affected and transformed the lives we have. From
communicating through simple ways like papyrus, letter writing etc., we have shifted to calling
through mobile phones, sending files through email, chatting with our love ones through video
calls, etc. Highly modernized, automated, data-driven and technologically advanced-these is
how we describe our society nowadays. This era of our life offers us a lot for the development
of noble researchers but it also entails responsible use. You must learn how to check the
reliability of the sources you are accessing before dissemination for those information poses
both positive and negative impacts. You must always consider that the information you share
could be of great help to our lives and others.

44
Advances in science and technology have also affected our biodiversity.
Some efforts have been made by the government to conserve all species. Threats like habitat
loss and destruction, alterations in ecosystem composition, over-exploitation, pollution,
contamination, and global climate change has cause drastic decrease in the population of
species all over the world. The decrease has led to environment-related illnesses, nutritional,
health and biological problems. Together we must be all biodiversity savers to have a better
environment.

Scientist has made advances in technology through the field of nanotechnology. Through this,
products can be manufactures to help improve health, environment, food, water, and
agriculture. Though this field promises a lot, you must take into account the social, ethical, and
environmental concerns of using such.

Another breakthrough in science is gene therapy. Gene therapy is a method that may treat or
cure genetic related human illness. As this science flourish, many ethical issues were raised.
Thus, as a future researcher, you must be able to distinguish what is vital if you wished to
venture in the field of nanotechnology.

Climate change is a worldwide issue that each of us must face. Several factors like natural
processes and persistent human activities have statistically increased the percentage of climate
change for a period of time. The continuous climate change has affected the biotic and abiotic
aspects of the earth.

Reflection
Now that you have reached this far, it is time to reflect and make a move by answering the
following questions

1. Is information age a boon or a bane? Why?

2. How does Information Age influence our society?
3. As a part of the planet earth, what can you do in your own simple way to help in the
advancement of science and technology for the improvement of the society?
4. Reflect on this “Gene therapy is still in its infancy, but it is believed that as it matures,
it will become an effective treatment for the myriad of genetic diseases that affect
humanity”
5. Imagine a product called multi-replicator was developt by a nanotechnologist and made
available to anyone. This replicator could allow people to simply produce any item they
need themselves without the help of any manufacturer or a company. What would this
do to our economy as we know it today? Can ou think of some impacts of these
45
 breakthrough on employment, science, politics, society and other sectors. What are
some of the social and ethical considerations scientist must consider in conducting
researches in nanotechnology?

Culminating Activity (optional)

Learning Objectives

After successful completion of this course, you should be able to:

• Present different outputs in selected topics of STS in an exhibit; and

• Propose a project plan to address selected problems in the world applying all the
concepts learned in STS.

Activating Prior Knowledge

Recall all outputs that you have done in the subject. Plan a mini exhibit where you can present
all of these outputs to showcase your talents not only in class but in your university.

Presentation of Contents

46
This activity will develop your skills in planning and organizing a mini exhibit in Science,
Technology and Society. Here is some of the committee that you may form to help you
organize the event:

1. General Chair/ Organizing Committee

2. Graphics, Signage and Marketing Committee
3. Registration (Pre- and On-site)
4. Program and Moderator Committee
5. Physical Arrangement Committee
6. Audio-visual/ Technical Committee
7. Finance and Sponsorship Committee
8. Hospitality/ Food Committee
9. Photo-documentation Committee
10. Evaluation and Post-event Activities Committee

After forming the committee, seek instructors’ direction for the planning and conduct of the
exhibit.

Application

I-pledge
After your guest have completed the different stations of the gallery, you may now ask them to
signify their own advocacy that would help suggest possible solutions to the persisting issues
in the society brought by science and technology through writing in the prepared “I-pledge for
Mother Earth” billboard.

47
References
Lohith, M. (2014) Nanotechnology. https//www.researchgate.net

Macat Thinking News (2016), Aristotkle’s Secret to Happiness: What will make us happy now?
Accessed February 3, 2017

Nano memory scheme handles defects:

http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2004/090804/Nano_memory_scheme_handles_
defects_Brief_090804.html

Nanooyou, (2011). Nanotechnology for Youth.http//nanoyou.eu

Nano memory scheme handles defects:

http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2004/090804/Nano_memory_scheme_handles_
defects_Brief_090804.html

R. Benefits et al., "Atomic scale memory at a silicon surface" Nanotechnology

13, 499 (2002)

Report Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties. The Royal Society, 16-
17 (2004).

Science, Technology and Society, (2018) Janice Patria Javier Serafica et al.

48
 Macat Thinking News (2016), Aristotkle’s Secret to Happiness: What will make us happy now?
Accessed February 3, 2017.

UnderstandingNanotechnology. www.understanding nano.com/introduction.html

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Google Image Result for https://images-na.ssl-images-

amazon.com/images/I/41P0JwP7c5L._SX466_.jpg. (2019). Retrieved from
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Image: USB 3.1 Flash Drive DUO Plus 256GB Memory & Storage - MUF256DB/AM ...
(2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2Yrf2Sl

Image: VP4 - Four-Line Alphanumeric pager for in-house wireless paging

... (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/300frvs

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 About the Authors
Gerlie Urbi Bayani is an Instructor of Cagayan State University and a
Licensed Fisheries Technologist. She finished her Baccalaureate Degree, Bachelor of Science
in Fisheries at Central Luzon State University. In the same university, she finished her Master
of Science in Aquaculture.

Babylyn Paliwanan Canceran is a graduate of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in

General Science at St. Louis College of Tuguegarao now the University of St. Louis,
Tuguegarao, Cagayan. She also Finished her MS Physics Education and Doctor of
Philosophy Major in Science Education at Cagayan State University Andrews Campus. She is
currently Teaching Science subjects at Cagayan State University Piat Campus and is also the

50
Coordinator of the Office of Student Development and Welfare and the Office of the Quality
Assurance of the said campus.

Zarina Kate C. Laggui was born in Solana, Cagayan Valley. She obtained her Bachelor’s
degree at Cagayan State University Lal-lo campus with a degree Bachelor of Secondary
Education major in Biological Science and Master’s degree under the program Master of
Science in Teaching major in Biology at Cagayan State University Andrews Campus. At
present, she is connected at Cagayan State University Lal-lo as faculty teaching Biology and
Professional Education subjects.

Jennifer Lloren Luyun is a graduate of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Physical

Science at Cagayan State University Andrews campus. She finished Master of Science in
Teaching Major in Chemistry and currently earning her Ph.D. Science Education at the same
institution. At present, she is a Faculty of the College of Allied health Sciences of CSU
Andrews Campus teaching Physics, Chemistry and Earth Science.

Gwyn Manuel is a Marine Biologist and a Licensed Professional Teacher. She finished
Master of Science Teaching major in Biology at Cagayan State University. Ms. Manuel was
conferred by the Department of Science and Technology the Scientific and Technological
Specialist eligibility. Currently, she is taking her Ph.D in Science Education at Saint Paul
University Tuguegaro City.

Madel Batang-Tanguilan is an Instructor of Cagayan State University. She finished her

Baccalaureate Degree, Bachelor of Science in Biology at University of the Philippines- Baguio.
She earned her Masters of Arts in
Biology under the Commission on Higher Education Continuing Education Program at St.
Marys University Bayombong. She is currently enrolled at Cagayan State University taking her
Ph. D. in Science Education.

51