UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF

ARCHITECTURE
Bachelor of Architecture
Structure Design-I (ART-224)

INTRODUCTION OF RCC DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 INTRODUCTION
OF RCC
Course Outcome
CO Title Level
Number

CO1 Explain the Reinforced concrete. Remember

CO1 Explain the basic properties of materials. Understand

CO2 Explain the grades of concrete and reinforcing steel. Understand

CO2 Explain the stress strain curves Understand

RCC STRUCTURES 2
What is reinforced cement concrete?
Reinforced cement concrete comprises of Plain cement concrete and reinforcement

The plain cement concrete comprises of comprises of the following ingredients:

It comprises of Cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate, Now all these three ingredients have their own function as
below like cement, cement acts as a binder & holds all the ingredients together and give its strength

Fine aggregate in form of sand reduces shrinkage in it, it also provides economy to RCC as it is cheaper then cement, The
coarse aggregates in form of gravel acts as a surface on which the hydration of cement occurs

Now the reinforcement portion provides the tensile strength to concrete as we know that plain cement concrete has
negligible tensile strength so reinforcement in form of steel provides the tensile strength to concrete.

So all these four ingredients cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and together with reinforcement form a cohesive
matrix that is known as reinforced cement concrete.

3
 Grades of Concrete

The grades of concrete is denoted by a particular symbol. For example M30 GRADE CONCRETE, In this
M here denotes mix and 30 here denotes the 28 days compressive strength of concrete,
So this is the strength of concrete and M denotes that it is the mix.
As per IS 456 2000, the grade of concrete segregates into different categories ,
•Ordinary grade
•Standard grade
•High strength grade

Ordinary grade concrete comprises of M10 to M20 & it is used for lean concrete
Next the second category is standard concrete. The standard grade concrete comprises of M 25 TO M 60
and it is used for RCC work like slab work, beam work , column work etc
The next category is high strength concrete, High strength concrete is comprises of M 65 TO M 100 and
this is used for prestressed concrete works which have become very popular in these days specially in
metro works and railway sleeper works
4
Minimum grade of concrete for prestressed concrete.

Now Prestressed Concrete members comprises of two types:

Pre tension member and

Post tension member

For Pre tension member, the minimum grade of concrete is M40. and you cant construct the
member less than M 40 in case of prestressed structures.

And for post tension member, the minimum grade of concrete is M35

5
 Properties of Concrete
Properties of Fresh concrete:
• Workability
• Segregation
• Bleeding
• Shrinkage
• Durability

6
Workability of concrete
• Workability of concrete is the property of freshly mixed concrete which
determines the ease and homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed,
consolidated and finished‟.

• The workability of concrete depends on many factors which are explained

in factors affecting workability of concrete. Water cement ratio has much effect
in the workability. Workability is directly proportional to water cement ratio. An
increase in water-cement ratio increases the workability of concrete.

7
Factors Affecting Workability of Concrete
• Water cement ratio
• Type of construction work
• Method of mixing concrete
• Thickness of concrete section
• Extent of reinforcement
• Method of compaction
• Distance of transporting
• Method of placement
• Environmental condition
8
CONCRETE SLUMP TEST
• The concrete slump test is used for the measurement of a property of
fresh concrete. The test is an empirical test that measures
the workability of fresh concrete. More specifically, it
measures concrete consistency between batches. The test is popular
due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure.

9
10
Procedure of Concrete Slump test
• The mould for the concrete slump test is a frustum of a cone, 300 mm (12 in)
of height. The base is 200 mm (8in) in diameter and it has a smaller opening
at the top of 100 mm (4 in).
• The base is placed on a smooth surface and the container is filled with
concrete in three layers, whose workability is to be tested .
• Each layer is temped 25 times with a standard 16 mm (5/8 in) diameter steel
rod, rounded at the end.
• When the mold is completely filled with concrete, the top surface is struck off
(leveled with mould top opening) by means of screening and rolling motion
of the temping rod.
• The mould must be firmly held against its base during the entire operation so
that it could not move due to the pouring of concrete and this can be done by
means of handles or foot - rests brazed to the mold.

11
• Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete is leveled, the cone is
slowly and carefully lifted vertically, an unsupported concrete will now slump.

• The decrease in the height of the center of the slumped concrete is called slump.

• The slump is measured by placing the cone just besides the slump concrete and the
temping rod is placed over the cone so that it should also come over the area of
slumped concrete.

• The decrease in height of concrete to that of mold is noted with scale. (usually
measured to the nearest 5 mm (1/4 in).

12
13
TYPES OF CONCRETE SLUMP

The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile
of slumped concrete, the slump is termed as;

• Collapse Slump

• Shear Slump

• True Slump

14
15
 Workability of concrete
PLACING CONDITION DEGREE OF WORKABILITY SLUMP (mm)

Blinding concrete Very low Compaction factor : 0.75-0.85

Mass conc., lightly rcc section beam, low 25-75

slab,wall

Heavy RCC section slab, medium 50-100

beam, column. 75-100

Pumped conc, in-situ piling high 100-150

Terime work Very high Ease of flow is good.

16
Segregation of concrete
• Segregation of concrete is the separation of cement paste and
aggregates of concrete from each other during handling and
placement. Segregation also occurs due to over-vibration or
compaction of concrete, in which cement paste comes to the top and
aggregates settles at the bottom.

17
Causes of Segregation of Concrete
• Use of high water-cement ratio in concrete. This general happens in case of
concrete mixed at site by unskilled workers.

• Excessive vibration of concrete with mechanical needle vibrators makes

heavier particles settle at bottom and lighter cement sand paste comes on
top.

• When concreting is done from height in case of underground foundations

and rafts, which causes concrete to segregate.

18
Bleeding in concrete
• BLEEDING in concrete is a phenomenon in which free water in the mix
rises up to the surface.

• Bleeding occurs in concrete when course aggregates tends to settle down

and free water rises up to the surface. This upward movement of water
while traversing from bottom to top, makes continuous channels. If the
water cement ratio used is 0.6 or more, the bleeding channel will remain
continues

19
 Shrinkage of concrete
• Shrinkage is the time dependent deformation, generally compressive in nature.

• The constituents of concrete, size of the member and environmental conditions are
the factors on which the total shrinkage of concrete depends.

• Most influenced by the total amount of water present.

• The total shrinkage strain for design is taken as 0.0003 in the absence of test data.

Cracks
20
Shrinkage
Shrinkage of concrete is influenced by :

Water/cement ratio

Humidity and temperature of curing

 Humidity during the period of use

Age of concrete at first loading

Magnitude of stress and its duration

Surface-volume ratio of the member

21
Thermal expansion of concrete
• Concrete is prepared and remains in service at a wide range of
temperature.

• In different countries having different climates.

• The coefficient of thermal expansion depends on the nature of cement,

aggregate, cement content, relative humidity and size of the section.

• IS 456 stipulates (cl. 6.2.6) page:16 the values of coefficient of

thermal expansion for concrete / oC for different types of aggregate.

22
 Durability of concrete
• A durable concrete performs satisfactorily in the working environment
during its anticipated exposure conditions during service. For more
information, please refer to cl. 8 of IS 456
Factor influence the durability of conc.
1. the environment
2. cover to embedded steel.
3. types and quality of material used.
4. water/cement ratio of concrete.
5. workmanship, to obtain full compaction and efficient curing.

23
 Compressive Strength

The compressive strength of concrete is given in terms of the

characteristic compressive strength of 150 mm size cubes
tested at 28 days (fck). The characteristic strength is defined as
the strength of the concrete below which not more than 5% of
the test results are expected to fall. This concept assumes a
normal distribution of the strengths of the samples of concrete.
24
STEEL

Types or grades of steel:

The four types of steel used in concrete structures as specified in cl. 5.6 of IS 456 are given below:

(i) Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars conforming to IS 432 (Part 1)

(ii) High yield strength deformed (HYSD) steel bars conforming to IS 1786

(iii) Hard-drawn steel wire fabric conforming to IS 1566

(iv) Structural steel conforming to Grade A of IS 2062.

Mild steel bars had been progressively replaced by HYSD bars and subsequently TMT bars are
promoted in our country.

The implications of adopting different kinds of blended cement and reinforcing steel should be
examined before adopting. 25
Properties of steel
• steel is used as the reinforcing material in concrete to make it good in tension.

• Steel as such is good in tension as well as in compression. Unlike concrete, steel

reinforcement rods are produced in steel plants.

• steel bars up to 12 mm in diameter are designated as bars which can be coiled for
transportation.

• Bars more than 12 mm in diameter are termed as rods and they are transported in standard
lengths.

26
FIG-1 PLAIN BAR(MILD STEEL BAR)
FIG-2 DEFORMED-HYSD BARS

FIG: 1 FIG:2

Ref: Googleimages.com
27
 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN MATERIAL

Permissible Stresses in concrete:

• The permissible stresses of concrete in bending compression σcbc,
• in direct compression σcc and
• the average bond for plain bars in tension τbd are given in Table 21 of IS
456 for different grades of concrete.

28
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN MATERIAL
Grade of concrete Direct tension σtd Bending Direct Average bond
(N/mm2 ) compression compression τbd for plain
σcbc (N/mm2 ) σcc (N/mm2 ) bars in tension
(N/mm2 )

M 20 2.8 7.0 5.0 0.8

M 25 3.2 8.5 6.0 0.9

M 30 3.6 10.0 8.0 1.0

M 35 4.0 11.5 9.0 1.1

M 40 4.4 13.0 10.0 1.2

Ref: IS:456:2000
29
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN STEEL
Type of stress in steel reinforcement Mild steel bars, Fe 250, High yield strength
(N/mm2 ) deformed bars, Fe 415,
(N/mm2 )

Tension σst or σss

(a) up to and including 20 mm diameter 140 230
(b) over 20 mm diameter 130 230

Compression in column bars σsc 130 190

Ref: IS:456:2000

30
DIFFERENT METHODS OF DESIGN OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
There are three methods of structural design, i.e. working stress, limit state and ultimate
load method of structural design. These design methods are used for reinforced
concrete as well as steel structure design.

1. Working Stress Method

2. Limit State Method

3. Ultimate Load Method

WORKING STRESS METHOD
Working stress method is based on the elastic theory in which the materials
(concrete and steel) are assumed to be stressed well below their elastic limit
under the design loads.

The method basically assumes that the structural material behaves as a linear
elastic manner, and that adequate safety can be ensured by suitably
restricting the stresses in the material induced by the expected “working
loads” on the structure.

32
 WORKING STRESS METHOD
• The design loads of structures are the service loads or the
working loads.
• The failure of the structure will occur at a much higher
load.
• The ratio of the failure loads to the working loads is the
factor of safety.
• Accordingly, the stresses of concrete and steel in a
structure designed by the working stress method.
33
WORKING STRESS METHOD
• In this stresses are not allowed to exceed some specified values of
stresses known as permissible stresses.
• permissible stresses are determined dividing the characteristic strength
fck of the material by the respective factor of safety.
• The values of the factor of safety depend on the grade of the material
and the type of stress.

34
ASSUMPTIONS FOR DESIGN OF MEMBERS
BY WORKING STRESS METHOD

As mentioned earlier, the working stress method is based on elastic theory, where the
following assumptions are made, as specified in cl. B-1.3 of IS 456.

(a) Plane sections before bending remain plane after bending.

(b) Normally, concrete is not considered for taking the tensile stresses except
otherwise specifically permitted. Therefore, all tensile stresses are taken up by
reinforcement only.
35
Assumptions for Design of Members by
Working Stress Method
(c) The stress-strain relationship of steel and concrete is a straight line
under working loads.

(d) The modular ratio m has the value of 280/3σcbc, where σcbc is the
permissible compressive stress in concrete due to bending in N/mm2 .
The values of σcbc are given in Table 21 of IS 456. The modular ratio is
explained in the next section.
36
ADVANTAGES OF WORKING STRESS
METHOD
The advantages of working stress method are as follows

1. The design usually results in relatively large sections of structural members

compared to ultimate load. Due to this, structures designed by W.S.D give better
serviceability performance under working loads.

2. This method is only the method available when one has to investigate the RC
section for service stresses and for the serviceability state of deflection and
cracking.

37
DISADVANTAGES OF WORKING
STRESS METHOD
The disadvantages of working stress method are as follows

1. This method deals with only the elastic behavior of the structure. It will not
show its real strength or the true factor of safety against failure.

2. The modular ratio itself is an imaginary quantity, it will give large design, thus
resulting in uneconomical sections with compression members when
compression steel is used in bending members.

38
DISADVANTAGES OF WORKING
STRESS METHOD
3. Due to creep and nonlinear stress-strain relationship, concrete does not
have a fixed young‟s modulus as in steel.

4. The working stress method fails to discriminate between different types

of loads that act simultaneously but have different uncertainties.

39
 ULTIMATE LOAD METHOD (ULM)
With the growing realization of the shortcomings of WSM in reinforced
concrete design, and with increased understanding of the behavior of
reinforced concrete at ultimate loads, the ultimate load of design is
evolved and became an alternative to WSM.

This method is sometimes also referred to as the load factor methods are
the ultimate strength. In this method, the stress condition at the site of
impending collapse of the structure is analyzed, and the nonlinear stress-
strain curves of concrete and steel are made use of.
40
 ULTIMATE LOAD METHOD (ULM)
The concept of „modular ratio‟ and its associated problems are avoided entirely in this

method. The safety measure design is introduced by an appropriate choice of the load

factor, defined as the ratio of the ultimate load to the working load.

The ultimate load method makes it possible for different types of loads to be assigned

different load factors under combined loading conditions, thereby overcoming the

related shortcoming of WSM.

41
ULTIMATE LOAD METHOD (ULM)

• This method generally results in more slender sections, and often

economical designs of beams and columns, particularly when high
strength reinforcing steel and concrete are used. However, the
satisfactory „strength‟ performance at ultimate loads does not
guarantee satisfactory „serviceability‟ performance at the normal
service loads.

42
 LIMIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN
The philosophy of the limit state method of design represents a definite
advancement over the traditional design philosophies.
Unlike WSM which based calculations on service load conditions alone, and
unlike ULM, which based calculations on ultimate load conditions alone,
LSM aims for a comprehensive and rational solution to the design problem,
by considering safety at ultimate loads and serviceability at working loads.
LIMIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN
 The object of the design based on the limit state concept is to achieve an
acceptable probability, that a structure will not become unsuitable in it‟s
lifetime for the use for which it is intended, i.e. It will not reach a limit state
 A structure with appropriate degree of reliability should be able to withstand
safely.
 All loads, that are reliable to act on it throughout it‟s life and it should also
satisfy the subs ability requirements, such as limitations on deflection and
cracking.
44
 It should also be able to maintain the required structural integrity, during and after
accident, such as fires, explosion & local failure.i.e. limit state must be consider in
design to ensure an adequate degree of safety and serviceability.
 The most important of these limit states, which must be examine in design are as follows

Limit state of collapse

- Flexure

- Compression

- Shear

- Torsion

This state corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity.

 LIMITS STATE
A limit state is a state of impending failure, beyond which a structure ceases to
perform its intended function satisfactorily, in terms of either safety of serviceability
i.e. it either collapses or becomes unserviceable.
There are two types of limit states:
Ultimate limit states (limit states of collapse):- which deal with strength,
overturning, sliding, buckling, fatigue fracture etc.
Serviceability limit states: – which deals with discomfort to occupancy and/ or
malfunction, caused by excessive deflection, crack width, vibration leakage etc., and
also loss of durability etc.
46
 ADVANTAGES OF LIMIT STATE METHOD
OVER THE OTHER METHODS
1. In the limit state method of analysis, the principles of both elastic as well as plastic
theories used and hence suitable for concrete structures
2. The structure designed by the limit state method is safe and serviceable under design
loads and at the same time it is ensured that the structure does not collapse even under
the worst possible loading conditions.
3. The process of stress redistribution, moment redistribution etc., are considered in the
analysis and more realistic factor of safety values are used in the design. Hence the
design by limit state method is found to be more economical.
47
 ADVANTAGES OF LIMIT STATE METHOD
OVER THE OTHER METHODS
4. The overall sizes of flexural members (depth requirements) arrived by limit state
method are less and hence they provide better appearance to the structure

5. Because of the modified assumptions regarding the maximum compressive strains in

concrete and steel, the design of compressive reinforcement for double reinforced
beams and eccentrically loaded columns by limit state method gives realistic valued
which is not so in other methods.

48
DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE BEAMS

49
 REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
Reinforced concrete beams are structural elements that designed to carry transverse external
loads. The loads cause bending moment, shear forces and in some cases torsion across their
length.
Moreover, concrete is strong in compression and very weak in tension. Thus, Steel
reinforcement used to take up tensile stresses in reinforced concrete beams.
Furthermore, beams support the loads from slabs, other beams, walls, and columns. They
transfer the loads to the columns supporting them.
Additionally, beams can be simply supported, continuous, or cantilevered. they can be
designed as rectangular, square, T-shaped, and L-shaped sections.
50
TYPES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
BEAMS

1. Singly reinforced beam

2. Doubly reinforced beam

3. Singly or Doubly reinforced flanged beams

51
 SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

A singly reinforced beam is one in which the concrete element is only reinforced
near the tensile face and the reinforcement, called tension steel, is designed to
resist the tension.

52
53
 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

A doubly reinforced beam is one in which besides the tensile reinforcement the concrete
element is also reinforced near the compressive face to help the concrete resist
compression. The latter reinforcement is called compression steel. When the compression
zone of a concrete is inadequate to resist the compressive moment (positive moment),
extra reinforcement has to be provided if the architect limits the dimensions of the
section.

54
55
SPACING BETWEEN BARS
• ACI 318-11 specify minimum spacing between bars equal to bar diameter
or 25mm. This minimum spacing shall be maintained to guarantee proper
placement of concrete around steel bars.

• Additionally, to prevent air pockets below reinforcements, and ensure good

contact between concrete and bars so as to achieve satisfactory bond.

• If two layer of steel bars are placed in a beam, then the distance between
them shall not be less than 25 mm.

56
57
CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT

• The designer must maintain minimum thickness or concrete cover outside of the outermost
steel to provide the steel with adequate concrete protection against fire and corrosion.

• According to ACI Code 7.7, concrete cover of 40 mm for cast in place beams, not exposed
directly to the ground or weather.

• At least 50mm cover, if the concrete surface is to be exposed to the weather or in contact.

• To simplify construction and thereby to reduce costs, the overall dimensions of beams, b and
h are almost rounded up to nearest 25 mm.

58
59
60
CLASSIFICATIONS OF BEAM SECTIONS

Reinforced concrete beams are classified as balanced, under-reinforced

and over-reinforced based on percentage of reinforcement it has.

1. Balanced Section

2. Under reinforced sections

3. Over reinforced sections

61
BALANCED SECTION
• Balanced section is the section in which the stress acting in concrete and that
applied in steel section will attain permissible value simultaneously.

This means that the tension produced in the steel reaches their yield strain value at
the same time, when the concrete attains the failure strain value in bending.

The beam with the cross section and the strain diagram is as shown in the Figure.

62
UNDER REINFORCED BEAM
• An under-reinforced beam is one in which the tension capacity of the
tensile reinforcement is smaller than the combined compression capacity of
the concrete and the compression steel (under-reinforced at tensile face).
When the reinforced concrete element is subject to increasing bending
moment, the tension steel yields while the concrete does not reach its
ultimate failure condition. As the tension steel yields and stretches, an
“under-reinforced” concrete also yields in a ductile manner, exhibiting a
large deformation and warning before its ultimate failure. In this case the
yield stress of the steel governs the design.
63
OVER REINFORCED BEAM
• An over-reinforced beam is one in which the tension capacity of the tension steel
is greater than the combined compression capacity of the concrete and the
compression steel (over-reinforced at tensile face). So the “over-reinforced
concrete” beam fails by crushing of the compressive-zone concrete and before the
tension zone steel yields, which does not provide any warning before failure as the
failure is instantaneous.

64
65
ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED
BEAM

66
ACTUAL NEUTRAL AXIS (Na)
• Neutral axis lies at the centre of gravity of the section. It is defined as that axis at
which the stresses are zero. It divides the section into tension and compression
zone. The position of the neutral axis depends upon the shape (dimensions) of the
section and the amount of steel provided.

67
CRITICAL NEUTRAL AXIS (Nc)

• The neutral axis, corresponding to permissible values of stresses of

concrete and steel is called as critical neutral axis nc .

Nc= K.d

68
Moment of Resistance (Mr)
• Moment of resistance is the resistance offered by the beam against external
loads. As there is no resultant force acting on the beam and the section is in
equilibrium, the total compressive force is equal to the total tensile force.

For Over reinforced Sections

For Under reinforced Sections

For Balanced Sections

where R is called as resisting moment factor.

69
The factor k, j and R are constant for a given type of steel and concrete and do not
depend upon the beam dimension. These are called as design constants.

Where m is modular ratio

70
PERCENTAGE OF STEEL Pt

• The percentage of steel in R.C.C. sections means the area of steel

(Ast) expressed as percentage of total area of concrete.

71
VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS

72
NUMERICAL PROBLEM 1

• Determine the moment of resistance of a singly reinforced beam 160

mm wide and 300 mm deep to the centre of reinforcement if the
stresses in steel and concrete are not to exceed 140 Mpa and 5 Mpa.
The reinforcement consists of 4 bars of 16 mm diameter. Take m = 18
if the above beam is used over an effective span of 5 m, Find the
maximum load the beam can carry , inclusive of its own weight.

73
SOLUTION

74
NUMERICAL PROBLEM 2
Time : 30 Minutes
• Determine the moment of resistance of a singly reinforced beam 245
mm wide and 480 mm deep to the centre of reinforcement if the
stresses in steel and concrete are not to exceed 230 Mpa and 7 Mpa.
The reinforcement consists of 6 bars of 22 mm diameter. Take m = 18
if the above beam is used over an effective span of 10 m, Find the
maximum load the beam can carry , inclusive of its own weight.

75
 NUMERICAL PROBLEM 3

• The cross-section of a singly reinforced beam is 200 mm wide and 300 mm

deep to the centre of reinforcement which consists of 3 bars of 16 mm
diameter. Determine the depth of neutral axis and the maximum stress in
concrete when steel is stressed to 120 Mpa. Take m= 19

76
SOLUTION

77
NUMERICAL PROBLEM 4

• The cross-section of a singly reinforced beam is 150 mm wide and 330

mm deep to the centre of reinforcement which consists of 5 bars of 12
mm diameter. Determine the depth of neutral axis and the maximum
stress in concrete when steel is stressed to 120 Mpa. Take m= 13.33

78
NUMERICAL PROBLEM 5

• For a balanced rectangular section (b*d) of a singly reinforced beam,

Determine (i) Depth of Neutral axis (ii) moment of resistance and
percentage of steel using M 20 Concrete and Fe 415 Steel.

• If b= 200 mm and d= 300 mm, determine the numerical values of n.

Mr and Ast.

79
NUMERICAL PROBLEM 6
Time: 20 Minutes
• For a balanced rectangular section (b*d) of a singly reinforced beam,
Determine (i) Depth of Neutral axis (ii) moment of resistance and
percentage of steel using M 15 Concrete and Fe 415 Steel.

• If b= 250 mm and d= 350 mm, determine the numerical values of n.

Mr and Ast.

80
NUMERICAL PROBLEM 7

• Design a singly reinforced beam section subjected to a maximum

bending moment of 20 KNm. The width of the beam may be made
half of the effective depth. Use M 20 concrete and Fe415 steel.

81
NUMERICAL PROBLEM 8

• Design a singly reinforced beam section subjected to a maximum

bending moment of 78.56 KNm. The width of the beam may be made
one third the effective depth. Use M 20 concrete and Fe415 steel.

82
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED
BEAM

83
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
• A beam or slab reinforced with main steel both in tension and compression zones
is said to be doubly reinforced. Often due to headroom considerations,
architectural or some other such reasons, it is necessary to restrict the dimensions
of a beam. The resisting moment of the beam with the limited dimensions, as
worked out by the formula, MR=Rbd2, may be less than the bending moment the
beam may be required to resist. In order that the beam may be safe, it is necessary
to reinforce the beam in such a way that it is capable of developing the moment of
resistance equal to the external bending moment.

84
85
A doubly reinforced section is generally provided under the following conditions:

• When the depth and breadth of the beam are restricted and it has to resist greater
bending moment than a singly reinforced beam of that section would do.

• When the beam is continuous over several supports, the section of the beam at the
supports is usually designed as a doubly reinforced section.

• When the member is subjected to eccentric loading.

• When the bending moment in the member reverses according to the loading
conditions e.g., the wall of an underground R.C.C. storage reservoir, brackets etc.

• When the member is subjected to shocks, impact or accidental lateral thrust.

86
ACTUAL NEUTRAL AXIS (Na)

• The actual neutral axis of a doubly reinforced section is calculated by

taking the moment of the tension and compression area about the
neutral axis.

• Moment of compression area about neutral axis = Moment of tensile

area about neutral axis

87
• Moment of compression area =

• Moment of tensile area about neutral axis =m. Ast(d−n)

• Now equating them, we get

88
CRITICAL NEUTRAL AXIS (Nc)

• The neutral axis, corresponding to permissible values of stresses of

concrete and steel is called as critical neutral axis nc .

Nc= K.d

89
STRESSES IN THE SECTION
The stresses diagram of a doubly reinforced section is shown in Fig. The stresses
developed in steel and concrete are as follows :

• Maximum compressive stress in concrete =σcbc

• Stress in equivalent concrete at the level of compression steel = σc

• Stress in equivalent concrete at the level of steel tensile steel =σst/m

• Stress in compression steel mcσ′c=1.5mσ′c=σsc

• Stress in tensile steel = σst

90
Moment of Resistance (Mr)
• The moment of resistance of a doubly reinforced section is calculated
by taking the moment of the compressive forces about the centroid of
tensile reinforcement.

• The moment of resistance of the doubly reinforced beam (M) is

written as

Mr = M1+M2

91
• where M1 is the moment of resistance of the similar balance section
without compression steel.

• M2 is the additional moment of resistance provided by the

compression steel.

Mr= b.n.σcbc/2(d−n/3)+(1.5m−1)* Asc.σ′cbc(d−dc)

92
Moment of Resistance (Mr)
• For Over reinforced section

σcbc= take value from IS code.

σ'cbc= σcbc (n-dc)/n

• For under reinforced Section

σcbc= (σst/ m)* (n/d-n)

σ'cbc= (σst/ m)* (n-dc/d-n)

93
NUMERICAL PROBLEM 1
• A beam section 300 mm wide and 560 mm deep is reinforced with 4 bars
of 25 mm diameter in the tensile zone and 4 bars of 12 mm diameter in
the compressive zone. The cover to the centre of reinforcement is 40
mm. Determine the moment of resistance of the section if M 20 grade
concrete and HYSD bars are used.

94
SOLUTION

95
NUMERICAL PROBLEM 2
• A beam section 230 mm wide and 450 mm deep is reinforced with 4 bars
of 24 mm diameter in the tensile zone and 4 bars of 20 mm diameter in
the compressive zone. The cover to the centre of reinforcement is 35
mm. Determine the moment of resistance of the section if M 20 grade
concrete and HYSD bars are used.

96
 NUMERICAL PROBLEM 3
• A Doubly reinforced concrete Beam is 400 mm wide and 600 mm deep to
the centre of tensile reinforcement. The compression reinforcement
consists of 4 bars of 16 mm diameter, and is placed with its centre at a
depth of 40 mm from the top. The tensile reinforcement consists of 4 bars
of 20 mm diameter. The section is subjected to a bending moment of
100KN-m. Determine the stresses in concrete and steel. Take m= 16.

97
SOLUTION

98
 NUMERICAL PROBLEM 4 (Time 40
Minutes)
• A Doubly reinforced concrete Beam is 450 mm wide and 680 mm deep to
the centre of tensile reinforcement. The compression reinforcement
consists of 3 bars of 20 mm diameter, and is placed with its centre at a
depth of 50 mm from the top. The tensile reinforcement consists of 3 bars
of 24 mm diameter. The section is subjected to a bending moment of
125KN-m. Determine the stresses in concrete and steel. Take m= 13.33.

99
SOLUTION

100
 NUMERICAL PROBLEM 5

• A reinforced concrete section is subjected to a reversal bending of equal

magnitude of 120KN-m in either direction. Design the section if the
permissible stresses in concrete and steel are 6N/mm2 and 140 N/mm2
respectively, and m = 15. Assume b = 0.6 d and effective cover to steel
equal to 0.1 d.

101
SOLUTION

102
 NUMERICAL PROBLEM 6 (Time: 15
Minutes)
• A reinforced concrete section is subjected to a reversal bending of equal
magnitude of 130KN-m in either direction. Design the section if the
permissible stresses in concrete and steel are 5N/mm2 and 230 N/mm2
respectively, and m = 16. Assume b = 0.5 d and effective cover to steel
equal to 0.1 d.

103
REFERENCE
 Nilson and Winter “ Design of Concrete Structures”, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishers
 Pillai & Menon Reinforced Concrete Design, Oxford Publishers
 P.C. Vergese “Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete ”,PHI Publishers
 M.L Gambhir “ Design of Reinforced Concrete Technology”, PHI
Publishers A. K. Jain “Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete”
 Reinforced concrete structures I. C. Syal & A. K. Goel, S.Chand Publisher
VERSION1.0
104
 THANK YOU

For queries
Email: [email protected]