MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Autonomous)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instrumentation Lab

OBSERVATION MANUAL
FOR

B.TECH II YEAR II SEMESTER

NAME OF THE STUDENT:

ROLL NO.:

SECTION:

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2019 - 20

1
 MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Instrumentation Lab

List of Experiments

1. Calibration of Pressure Gauges

2. Calibration of McLeod gauge for low pressure
3. Calibration of thermistor for temperature measurement
4. Calibration of thermocouple for temperature measurement.
5. Calibration of resistance temperature detector for temperature measurement
6. Calibration and study of LVDT transducer for displacement measurement.
7. Calibration of capacitive transducer for angular displacement.
8. Calibration of strain gauge for strain measurement.
9. Calibration and study of photo and magnetic speed pickups for the measurement of
speed.
10. . Measurement and study of speed by using Stroboscope.
11. Calibration and study of a rotameter for flow measurement
12. Measurement of vibration amplitude of an engine bed by using Seismic pickup at
various loads.

CALIBRATION OF PRESSURE GAUGE

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 AIM:

Calibration of pressure cell using standard pressure gauge

APPARATUS:
1. Standard pressure gauge
2. Pressure cell
3. Digital pressure indicator
4. Foot air pump

THEORY:

Pressure is defined as force per unit area and is measured in Newton per square meter (Pascal)
or in terms of an equivalent head of some standard liquid (mm of mercury). A typical pressure gauge
will measure the difference in pressure between two pressures. Thus a pressure gauge is connected to
the hydraulic line and the gauge itself stands in atmospheric pressure. The gauge reading will be the
difference between the air pressure and the atmospheric pressure and is called gauge pressure. The
absolute pressure (the actual pressure within the air line) is the sum of the gauge pressure and
atmospheric pressure.

Pressure transducer is basically an electro mechanical devices, especially manufactured and

designed or wide range application in pressure measurement. The pressure transducer comprises of
diaphragm and an inputs to facilitate pressure measurement. The strain gauges are bonded directly to
the sensing member to provide excellent linearity, low hysteresis and repeatability. Fluid medium
whose parameter has to be measured is allowed to deflect the diaphragm (sensing member), which is a
single block material and forms an integral part of the pressure transducer. It is made up non-magnetic
stainless steel and thus has the advantage of avoids the yielding effects and leakage problems. The
slight deflection of the diaphragms due to the pressure provided an electrical output.

The material most commonly used for manufacture of diaphragms are steel, phosphor bronze,
nickel silver and beryllium copper. The deflection generally follows a linear variation with the
diaphragm thickness.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Sensor : Strain gauges bonded on steel diaphragm for pressure measurement
Type : Diaphragm
Range : 10 Kg / cm2
Excitation :10V D.C
Accuracy and linearity : 1%
Display : 3.5 Digit LED display of 200 mV FSD
Power supply :230 V +/- 10% 50Hz

DIAGRAM:

Pressure C shaped
3 Transducer Display
Foot air pump Bourdon
Vessel
tube
 Fig: Block Diagram

PROCEDURE:

1. Check connection made and switch ON the instrument by rocker switch at the front panel.
2. Display glows to indicate the instrument is ON.
3. Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 min for initial warm up.
4. Select the mode of display in MM through FUNCTION SELECT switch provided on the front
panel
5. Adjust the ZERO potentiometer on the front panel till the display reads “000”.
6. Close the release valves fixed to the pressure vessel and apply the pressure on the sensor using
foot air pump.
7. The instrument reads the pressure coming on the sensor and displays through LED. Readings can
be tabulated and the % error of the instrument, linearity can be calculated.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

4
 S.No Actual pressure Indicator Error % Error
(Kg/cm2) reading
(Kg/cm2)

GRAPHS:

Actual reading Vs indicator reading

APPLICATIONS:

It is used to measures air pressure in tyres

It is used to measures water pressure in spray ponds and etc

RESULT:

5
 CALIBRATION OF MCLEOD GAUGE

AIM:
To calibrate the given vacuum cell. (Low Pressure Cell)

APPARATUS:
Vacuum pump
Vacuum chamber
McLeod gauge setup

THEORY:
In everyday usage, vacuum is a volume of space that is essentially empty of matter, such
that its gaseous pressure is much less than atmospheric pressure. The word comes from
the Latin for “empty”. A perfect vacuum would be one with no particles in it at all, which
is impossible to achieve in practice. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would
occur in a perfect vacuum, which they simply call “vacuum” or “free space”, and use the
term partial vacuum to refer to real vacuum. The Latin term in vacuum is also used to
describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum.

Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use
was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The
chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold
welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of
atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean
surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high
vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove
materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition,
physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semi
conductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection
provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point
of liquids and promotes low temperature out gassing which is used in freeze drying,
adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical
properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including
cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage
and ultracentrifuges.
Boyle’s Law: For a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, the volume of the gas is
inversely proportional to the pressure. This is only strictly true foe ideal gases (it can be
derive from the ideal gas equation), but it remains a close approximation for real gases. It
6
 is one of the earliest scientific laws, and remains useful to this day.

Fig: McLeod Pressure Gauge

PROCEDURE:
1. Rotate the Mcleod gauge horizontally so that the mercury is collected completed
inside the reservoir.

2. Connect the vacuum pump to the hose nipple provided at the back of the gauge.

3. Start the vacuum pump and it starts absorbing all the air inside the gauge.

4. Rotate the gauge slowly so that the mercury fills the two manometers. You can
notices that one arm of the manometer is closed (reading end) and other is opened to
the vacuum chamber (reference end). Tilt the gauge so that the mercury level touches
exactly the ZERO mark in the reference end of the manometer.
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 5. The mercury level in the reading end will show the vacuum built inside the vacuum
chamber. Vacuum can be measured from 0.01 to 10mm Hg

RESULT:

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 CALIBRATION OF RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTOR FOR
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

AIM:
To calibrate the given RTD by using Thermometer
APPARATUS:
Temperature sensor (RTD), electrically heated kettle with water , thermometer signal
conditioning and amplifying and analog to digital converter in singal unit power supply
THEORY:
Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
Resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors or resistive
thermal devices (RTD), are temperature sensors that exploit the predictable change in
electrical resistance of some materials with changing temperature. As they are almost
invariably made of platinum, they are often called platinum resistance thermometers
(PTR). They are slowly replacing the use of thermocouples in many industrial
applications below 600oC, due to higher accuracy and repeatability. There are many
categories like carbon resistors, film and wire wound types are the most widely used.
Carbon resistors are widely available and are very inexpensive. They have very
reproducible results at low temperatures. They are the most reliable from at extremely
low temperatures. They generally do not suffer from significant hysteresis or strain gauge
effects.
Film thermometer have a layer of platinum on a substrate, the layer may be extremely
thin, perhaps one micrometer. Advantages of this type are relatively low cost and fast
response. Such devices have improved performance although the different expansion
rates of the substrate and platinum give “strain gauge” effects and stability problems.
Wire – wound thermometers can have greater accuracy, especially for wide
temperature ranges.
Coil elements have largely replaced wire wound elements in industry. This design has a
wire coil which can expand freely over temperature, held in place by some mechanical
support which lets the coil keep its shape.

Fig: Resistance Temperature Detector

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 SPECIFICATIONS:

POWER: 3 pin main cable is provided with the instrument .connect the 3 pins socket to
the instrument at the rear panel and to the AC main 230 V supply .
Connect the kettle to 230V supply with cable supplied .

SENSORS: connect RTD , THERMESTER and THERMO COUPLE to the connector

on the rear panel .

NOTE: Before connecting ensure the voltage is 230V and power switch is in OFF
position .

PROCEDURE:
1. Check connections made and switch on the instrument by rocker switch at the front panel.
The display glows to indicate instrument is ON
2. Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 minutes for initial warm-up
3. Pore around ¾ full of water to the kettle and place sensor and thermometer inside the kettle
4. Note down the initial water temperature from the thermometer.
5. Select the sensor on which the experiment to be conducted through selection switch on the
front panel
6. Adjust the initial set potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads initial water
temperature
7. Switch on the kettle and wait till the water boils note down the reading of thermometer ans
set final potentiometer till display reads boiling temperature
8. Remove the sensor from the boiling water immerse it in cold water .set the cold water
temperature using initial set potentiometer.
9. Repeat the process till the display reads exact boiling water and cold water temperature.
10. Change the water in the kettle and re-heat the water .Now the display starts showing exact
temperature raise in the kettle
11. Experiment can be repeated for all three sensors .Temperature in the thermometer and the
indicator readings in steps of 10 degrees can be tabulated.

OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN:

RTD and Thermometer:

S.NO THERMOMETER INDICATOR ERROR(3-2) % ERROR

READING READING

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 GRAPHS:

Draw the following graphs:

1. Tm v/s Ta
2. Correction v/s Tm
3. % Error v/s Tm
APPLICATION

 It’s used for to measure the fever by using thermometer


It’s used for to measure heat in boilers etc.

RESULTS: Hence, RTD is calibrated for temperature measurement by thermometer

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 CALIBRATION OF THERMISTOR FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

AIM:

To calibrate the given thermistor by using Thermometer

APPARATUS:

Temperature sensor (thermistor), Heating coil to heat water in water bath, Digital
temperature Indicator & Thermometer.
THEORY:
Thermisor (semiconductor resistance sensor) when a semiconductor material is subjected
to increase in temperature, its resistance decrease. A resistance thermometer which uses
semiconductor as sensing element is called thermistor.
Thermisor have negative temperature coefficient of resistance in contrast to the positive
temperature coefficient of resistance exhibited by RTD. The variation of resistance with
temperature is exponential and is given by .

Thermistors are composed of sintered mixture of metallic oxides as manganese, nickel,

cobalt, iron and uranium. These metal oxides are milled and mixed in appropriate proportions
with binder and finally pressed into the desired shapes. Thermistors are commercially available
in different shapes such as bead, rods, washer and discs.

Fig: Different forms of Thermistor

In the operation, when the thermistor is subjected to a medium whose temperature is to be
measured, its resistance gets changed according to the exponential law.
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SPECIFICATIONS:

POWER: 3 pin main cable is provided with the instrument .connect the 3 pins socket to
the instrument at the rear panel and to the AC main 230 V supply .
Connect the kettle to 230V supply with cable supplied .

SENSORS: connect RTD , THERMESTER and THERMO COUPLE to the connector

on the rear panel .

NOTE: before connecting ensure the voltage is 230V and power switch is in OFF
position .

PROCEDURE:

1. Check connections made and switch on the instrument by rocker switch at the front panel.
The display glows to indicate instrument is ON
2. Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 minutes for initial warm-up
3. Pore around ¾ full of water to the kettle and place sensor and thermometer inside the kettle
4. Note down the initial water temperature from the thermometer.
5. Select the sensor on which the experiment to be conducted through selection switch on the
front panel
6. Adjust the initial set potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads initial water
temperature
7. Switch on the kettle and wait till the water boils note down the reading of thermometer ans
set final potentiometer till display reads boiling temperature
8. Remove the sensor from the boiling water immerse it in cold water .set the cold water
temperature using initial set potentiometer.
9. Repeat the process till the display reads exact boiling water and cold water temperature.
10. Change the water in the kettle and re-heat the water .Now the display starts showing exact
temperature raise in the kettle
11. Experiment can be repeated for all three sensors .Temperature in the thermometer and the
indicator readings in steps of 10 degrees can be tabulated.

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 OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO Thermometer Thermistor Indicator Error(3-2) % Error
Reading Reading

RESULT: Hence Thermistor Is Calibrated For Temperature Measurement

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 CALIBRATION OF THERMOCOUPLE FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

AIM:
To calibrate the given Thermocouple by using Thermometer
APPARATUS:
Temperature sensor (Thermocouple), Heating coil to heat water in water bath, Digital
temperature Indicator & Thermometer.
THEORY:
A thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature in a number of processes.
Thermocouples consist of two wire legs made from dissimilar metals which are fixed together at
one end, creating a junction. When this junction experiences a change in temperature a voltage
is created, this voltage can then be measured and referenced back to the temperature.
Thermocouples are available in different combinations of metals, each with its own unique
characteristics in terms of temperature range, durability, vibration resistance, chemical
resistance, and application compatibility.

• Base metal thermocouples or type J, K, T, & E are relatively low cost and therefore the most
popular thermocouples, they are commonly used in a broad range of low to medium temperature
applications. (-185 to 1100°C)

• Noble metal thermocouples or type R, S, and B have greater resistance than base metal
thermocouples, however they have platinum conductors, making them far more expensive. They
are commonly used in high temperature applications. (Up to 1600°C)

Fig: Thermo Couple

SPECIFICATIONS :

POWER : 3 pin main cable is provided with the instrument .connect the 3 pins socket to
the instrument at the rear panel and to the AC main 230 V supply .
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 Connect the kettle to 230V supply with cable supplied .

SENSORS : connect RTD , Thermistor And Thermo Couple to the connector on the rear
panel .

NOTE : before connecting ensure the voltage is 230V and power switch is in OFF
position .
PROCEDURE:

1. Check connections made and switch on the instrument by rocker switch at the front panel.
The display glows to indicate instrument is ON
2. Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 minutes for initial warm-up
3. Pore around ¾ full of water to the kettle and place sensor and thermometer inside the kettle
4. Note down the initial water temperature from the thermometer.
5. Select the sensor on which the experiment to be conducted through selection switch on the
front panel
6. Adjust the initial set potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads initial water
temperature
7. Switch on the kettle and wait till the water boils note down the reading of thermometer ans
set final potentiometer till display reads boiling temperature
8. Remove the sensor from the boiling water immerse it in cold water .set the cold water
temperature using initial set potentiometer.
9. Repeat the process till the display reads exact boiling water and cold water temperature.
10. Change the water in the kettle and re-heat the water .Now the display starts showing exact
temperature raise in the kettle
11. Experiment can be repeated for all three sensors .Temperature in the thermometer and the
indicator readings in steps of 10 degrees can be tabulated.

OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No Thermometer Reading Indicator Error(3-2) % Error
Reading

RESULT: Hence thermo couple is calibrated for temperature measurment

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 CALIBRATION OF LVDT

AIM: - Study and calibration of LVDT (linear variable differential transformer) transducer for
Displacement measurement.

APPARATUS: - LVDT, Micro-meter, Frequency Generator, Signal Conditioner, Display.

THEORY: -

Differential transformer which work on a variable inductance principle or also used to measure
displacement the most popular variable inductance transformer for linear displacement is the
LVDT.

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SPECIFICATIONS:

SENSOR: LVDT spring loaded

RANGE: 10 mm

EXCITATION VOLTAGE : 1-4 khz

LINEARITY: 1%

OPERATING TEMP : 10-50 c

CONNECTOR : Through 6 – core shielded cable provided along with sensor

CALIBRATION JIG : Micrometer of 0-25mm range with least count of 0.01mm

DISPLAY: 3-DIGIT seven segment red LED display to read upto 1999 counts
.200mv for full scale deflection

EXCITATION VOLTAGE: 1-1000hz

OPERATING TEMPERATURE: 10-55 c

ZERO ADJUSTMENT: Through potentiometer

SENSTIVITY : 0.1 mm

REPATIBILITY: 99%

CONNECTION : Through 6- core shielded cable with DIN connector

FUSE : 250MA fast glow type

POWER: 230 v 10% ,50 hz

OPERATION PROCEDURE:-

 3 PIN power chord is provided with an instrument connect the 3 –pin plug to 230V 50HZ
power supply
 Before connecting the cable ensure that the power switch is in OFF position
 6 Core shielded Cable is connected to the LVDT with male connector of different colors
fixed to each wire. Connect the male pins sockets matching the colors
 After checking the entire connections switch on instruments by passing down the Toggle
switch. The display glows to instrument is ON.
 Allow the instrument is ON position for 10 min that initial warm up rotate the micro
meter to read 200mm
 Adjust the potentiometer at the Front pond so the the display reads 10.0
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  Bring the micrometer back to read20.0 once again the adjust the potentiometer to read the
display 10.0 .
 Move the core in by operating the micro meter in step 1 or 2mm tabulate the reading
micrometer reading will be actual reading and display will give indicator reading plot the
graph between actual & indicator reading.

OBSE5RVATON:-

S.NO ACTUAL INDICATOR ERROR % ERROR

READINGS READINGS
IN mm (mm)

RESULT: - Hence LVDT is studied and calibrated.

19
CALIBRATION OF CAPACITIVE TRANSDUCER FOR ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT

AIM: Calibration of parallel plate capacitor for measurement of “Angular

Displacement”

APPARATUS:
1. Sensor: Parallel plate capacitor/Angular plate capacitor.
2. Capacitate transducer trainer.
THEORY:
Principle of operation of capacitate transducer is based upon familiar equation for
Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor

A
C=ε
d

Where,
C = Capacitance

A = Overlapping area of plates;m2

ε O ε r = Permittivity of medium; F/m

ε O = Permeability of free space = 8.85*10-12F/m

ε r = Relative permittivity

The capacitive transducer works on the principle of change of capacitance,

which may be caused by
i. Change in over lapping area, A
ii. Change in distance between plates, d
iii. Change in dielectric constant, ε

These changes are caused by physical variables such as displacement, pressure and force
in most of the cases. The change in capacitance may be caused by change in dielectric
constant as in case of measurement of liquid or gas levels. The principle of change in
capacitance with change in over lapping area can be employed for measurement of
Angular displacement.

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 Fig: Angular displacement capacitance

SPECIFICATIONS:

SENSOR : Angular plate capacitance

SENSOR MATERIAL :ALLUMINIUM PLATES

DIELECTRIC MATERIAL :AIR

DISPLACEMENT :0-90 DEGREE

ACCURACY :5-10 %

DISPLAY :3.5 DIGIT LED DISPLAY TO READ +/- 1999 COUNTS FOR
+/- 200 MV fsd

POWER : 230 v +/-10 % 50 hz

PROCEDURE:

Check connection made to the instrument

Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 min for initial warm up.

Move the moving plate to zero position.

Adjust the zero potentiometer so that display reads “000”.

Move the plate in step of 5 to 10mm and note down the reading in the tabular column till 50mm.

RESULT:

The capacitance meter is calibrated for displacement and measurement.

21
 CALIBRATION OF STRAIN GAUGE

AIM: -To find the actual strain using strain Gauge setup

APPARATUS: -Cantilever beam, weight and strain gauge indicator

THEORY: -

Transducer Converts energy from one form to another form. Strain gauge in a kind of transducer.
Its used to sense strain due to load pressure vibrations etc. property of strain gauge is used to
measure the strain. Gauge factor (G.F) refer to sensitivity of strain gauge. Its defined as the ratio
of unique change in its resistance to unit change in its length.

G.F=(AR/R)/(ΔL/L).

Where R is original resistance of strain gauge of no strain

AR = change in resistance under stress
L = original length of the strain gauge

ΔL = change in length under stress ΔL/L

e = strain(it has no dimensions)
v G.F. is also a dimensionless quantity.
A strain gauge of high G.F produces large change in its resistance and hence larger resultant
output for a given amount of strain.

Our setup consists of a cantilever beam with a provision to load up to 1 Kg signal and a
digital strain indicator. Strain indicator conditions and amplified strain gauge signal strain gauge
is bounded on the cantilever beam and is connected in form of Wheatstone bridge. The strain
indicator is provided with zero balancing facility through adjustable potentiometer.

Strain gauge converts mechanical quantity into electrical quantity. Wheatstone bridge
converts change in resistance into change in voltage amplifier with again 10 to 1000 are used to
increase their signals to levels where they are compatible with voltage measuring devices.

RECORDER: -

They are voltage measuring devices they are used to display the measurement in a form that can
be read and interpreted digital/analog voltmeter are used to measure static voltages.

DIAGRAM:-

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SPECIFICATIOINS: -

Cantilever beam: -

Material beam:stain steel width = 28mm

Thickness: 2.5mm

Beam length: 220mm

Youngs modulus, E type = 2×106 tcg/cm2 or N/mm2

Gauge length = foil type 5mm

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OBSERVATION:-

S.NO LOAD in MICROSTRAIN MICROSTRAIN ERROR % of

kg (Calculated)(a) (Indicated)(b) (b-a) ERROR

OPERATING PROCEDURE:

 Connect the 3-pin power supply to 230V power supply and to the instrument at the rear
panel
 Connect the strain gauge the terminals at the panel as mentioned below
 Check the connections made switch ON the instruments by toggle switch at the back of
panel box. The display glows to indicate the instrument is ON
 Select the bridge configuration through rotary switches on the panel
 Allow the instrument ON position for about 10min for initial warm up
 Adjust the zero potentiometer on the panel till display read ‘000’
 Apply the load using loading arrangement in steps of 100 gm to 11Kg
 Strain will be displayed in micro strain for full bridge total Strain will be displayed and
for half bridge half of the strain will be displayed .for half bridge double the treading to
get strain in micro strain
 Note down the reading in tabular form calculate the theoretical strain and find the error
 Draw the graph taking actual on x- axis, indicated on y-axis

SPECIMEN CALCULATONS:

Moment of applied load at strain gauge M = P.L

M.I of beam I = bt 3/12

M/I = F/Yy

Where: F is the stress

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Y = T/2

F = (M×Y)/I

f/e = E => e=pl(T/2)/ bt3 /12 =>e = 6pl /E. bt 2

e= 3.77x100

s=377 micro strains

%error=indicated strain –actual strain /actual strain x100

RESULT:

Calibration of strain gauge using strain gauge is calculated.

25
 SPEED MEASUREMENT CALIBRATION OF MAGNETIC PICK UP AND

PHOTO- REFLECTIVE MEASUREMENT

AIM:- Study and calibration of speed Measurement by using photo reflective and magnetic
pickup.

APPARATUS:- Speed measurement Trainer consisting regulation to select the speed photo and
magneto Pickup sensor LED Display digital RPM trainer Contacts/Non contact tachometers
system. Works at 6VDC derived from 230V AC 50HZ

This consists of

 Sensor-magnetic Pickup/upto interpreter

 Amplifier
 Buffer
 Crystal Oscillator
 Minor/creating circuit
 Digital Counter
 Multi Planer
 LED

THEORY:-

The shaft of the tachometer is connected to the speed source. The disc starts
rotating. As the disc rotates, the light passes through the hole for some time and the rest is
obstructed by the opaque disc.

Hence, only when a hole is present, the light falls on the light sensor. Thus the
intermittent light falling on the photocell produces voltage pulses. The frequence of this
voltage pulses is a measure of the speed of the disc and hence, the speed of the light
source.The output is obtained on a frequency measuring unit.

Fig: Photo reflective pickup

26
OBSERVATION:-

S.NO Actual Speed of Motor Photo Reflector Magnetic Error

(RPM) Pickup

PROCEDURE:-

 Before Switching on the Experiment Instruments Ensure that the connections are made
properly.
 Switch on the Instruments by pushing down the toggle Switch provided at the rear side of
the box LED display glow to indicate the Instrument is ON.
 Allow the Instrument for 10 min in ON position for Initial Warmup
 Select the sensor with the help of the toggle Switch
 Switch on the electronic regulation the fan rotates which will in turn rotates the tone
wheels. The display will start indicating Exact RPM of the motor.
 Reading can be tabulated and Sensor Comparison can be made.
 Experiment can conduct by tabulating the speed indicated for both sensors at various
speed. The speed can varied by using electronic regulator at the particular speed note
down the display readings for both the sensors selecting through the toggle switch.
Tabulating at least through toggle switch calculating the at least 5 to 10
reading taking the photo reflective as per the RPM at the motor. Accuracy of the
magnetic pickup can be calculated.

RESULT: -

Hence the error of the Photo Reflective Magneto pickup is calculated.

27
 ROTA METER FOR FLOW MEASUREMENT

AIM : To study and calibration of a Rota meter for flow measurement.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Linear control valve

2. Rota meter
3. Pressure gauge
4. AC synchronous motor
5. Panel control

 Potentiometer
 Auto manual switch
 Electro servo amplifier
 Spin connector to control unit
6. hand valve
7. Reservoir tank
8. Pump
9. Wheel control

THEORY:

The purpose of control system is to make the process flow changes in stem point as
close as possible. This operation is called “ Servo operation “. The disturbance
doesn’t change when the stem point undergoes a change . The feedback control acts
in such a way as to keep the output & process close to stem point. Servo operation is
typically of electrical & mechanical system & has received the most attention in
tests on automatic control.

28
 Fig: Rotameter

Specifications:

Rotameter : Acrylic tube type

Capacity : 15 to 160 LPH

Source Tank : 20 Liters (approximately)

Measuring Tank : 6 Liters

Timer :3 Digital timer with set point and relay control time set in Sec

Pump : FHP Vertical Pump

Power : 230 V 50 Hz

PROCEDURE:

 Fill the collecting tank with water till ¾ of collecting tank and make sure that pump is
immersed in water fully.

 Clear the dust particles if any in the water.

 Connect the power chord to 230 V power supply.

 Switch on the instrument ON switch. The timer will switch on and indicates the previous
set value. If needed alter the set value using incremental and decrement keys.

 Switch on the pump ON switch and press the start button set the flow rate for 30 LPH by
using control knob provided on the rota meter.

 Press the start button the panel and the timer start counting and when it reaches zero the
pump be off.

29
  Note down the initial water level in cms and final water level in cms for each flow rate
and tabulated in the tabular column.
𝜋
Area of measuring tank : a= 4 (D) 2

Diameter of tank D=9.5 cm

Volume V= (a*(final height –initial height))/1000 =cc

Flow rate =volume*3600/time =lph

OBSERVATION TABULAR COLUMN

S.No Set Initial Final Actual Actual Rotameter Error %

1 time water water water Flow Reading 8=7-6 Error
sec level(cm) Level(cm) level rate (LPH) 9
2 3 4 in (LPH) 7
(cm) 6
5=4-3

RESULT:

30
 MEASUREMENT AND STUDY OF SPEED BY USING STROBOSCOPE.

AIM:
Calibration of stroboscope for speed measurement.

APPARATUS AND THEIR SPECIFICATIONS:

a) Speed source contains a wheel with reflective mark. Rpm range; 500-2750.

b) Tachometer- non-contact type. Measuring range- 100-10,000rpm

c) Stroboscope; Flash tube; xenon 250mm Operating voltage; 230v, AC

THEORY

When these flashes by stroboscopes are directed onto a rotating, a

reciprocating or an oscillating member, the rate of flashing is so adjusted that the
reflective mark appears stationary. This apparent stopping of the motion of
reflective mark occurs when illumination frequency equals to the frequency of
motion of the target.
When speed measurement are to made by stroboscope methods, generally
work with a single dishing mark and proceed to find the highest flash frequency at
which true stationary image is seen.

Fig: Stroboscope for speed measurement

PROCEDURE

1. The toggle switch on the battery eliminator is switched to the on position.

2. The voltage can be increased in steps of 1.5v,there by increasing the current

passed to the motor and the speed of the wheel. .

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 3. First find out the speed of wheel with tachometer non-contact type.

4. On the stroboscope, select the range say 150-4500, or if the rpm is more than
4500. Select the button range 4500-18000.

5. Then focus on the rotating wheel and adjust the coarse and fine knobs , till the
rotating object gives a stand still appearance and observe the digital read-out
which displays exact rpm.

6. Repeat the above procedure for different rpm of rotating wheel.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The stroboscope should not be used for more than 30 min continuously, and a
break of 5 minute is essential between two readings.

2. Do not operate non-contact type tachometer and stroboscope at the same

time, since the tachometer will pick up the flashing frequency of stroboscope
and both will display the same rpm, which could be erroneous.

OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO Voltage Stroboscope Speed = r1rn(n-
reading in rpm 1)/rn-r1

RESULT:

Stroboscope for speed measurement was calibrated.

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 MEASUREMENT OF VIBRATION AMPLITUDE OF AN ENGINE BED BY
USING SEISMIC PICKUP AT VARIOUS LOADS.

AIM: To study and use of seismic pickups for the measurement of vibration
amplitude of an engine bed at various loads

APPARATUS:
Shaker/vibrator
Vibrator meter
Power supply

THEORY:

Vibration demo is designed as a laboratory setup which can be used to

demonstrate the principles of vibration measurement. It consists of a shaker and
control unit. The shaker is of a magmatic type. The control unit consists of a
signal generator , power amplifier and vibration meter.

The acceleration may be attached to the spindle through M.S stud and signal
output from accelerometer is connected.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the sensor to the instrument through the BNC socket provided in
the back panel mentioned sensor
2. Connect vibration generator to the instrument through cable provided at
real panel of instrument make exciter.
3. Connect instrument to 230 v , 50 Hz supply through cable provided at rear panel.
4. Keep the frequency pot and the volt pot in the minimum position
5. Switch on the instrument, the display glows to indicate the power is ON in
this position pressure tare button to make readings zero.
6. Turn the volt pot to maximum position.
7. Now turn frequency pot in steps of 100Hz and note down the reading of
acceleration, velocity and displacement.
8. Tabulate the reading in the tabular column experiment can be repeated for
different voltage levels settable though pot knob provided.
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 VARIATION AMPLITUDE FORMULAE:

OBSERVATION TABLE
S.NO Frequency Calculated Indicated

Velocity Displacement Acceleration Velocity Displacement

RESULT

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