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ICDN 1 Chapter 1 Introduction To TCP - IP Networking

This document provides an overview of TCP/IP networking concepts: - It describes the layers of the TCP/IP model including the application, transport, network, and link layers. The transport layer uses TCP and UDP while the network layer uses IP. - It explains concepts like encapsulation, where each layer adds a header to the data from the above layer. Adjacent layer interaction occurs within one system while same layer interaction occurs between systems. - Key terms are defined including frames, packets, segments, and protocol data units (PDUs). OSI and TCP/IP models are also briefly compared.

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38 views

ICDN 1 Chapter 1 Introduction To TCP - IP Networking

This document provides an overview of TCP/IP networking concepts: - It describes the layers of the TCP/IP model including the application, transport, network, and link layers. The transport layer uses TCP and UDP while the network layer uses IP. - It explains concepts like encapsulation, where each layer adds a header to the data from the above layer. Adjacent layer interaction occurs within one system while same layer interaction occurs between systems. - Key terms are defined including frames, packets, segments, and protocol data units (PDUs). OSI and TCP/IP models are also briefly compared.

Uploaded by

jose- Ti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1: Introduction to TCP/IP Networking.

NOTE : The original TCP/IP model’s link layer has also been referred to as the network
access and network interface layer.

TCP/IP Aplication Layer :


The application layer does not define the application itself, but it defines services that applications need. the
application layer provides an interface between software running on a computer and the network itself.

TCP/IP Transport Layer :


Transport layer protocols provide services to the application layer protocols that reside one layer higher in the TCP/IP
model. The two most commonly used transport layer protocols are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the
User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP/IP needs a mechanism to guarantee delivery of data across a network. Because
many application layer protocols probably want a way to guarantee delivery of data across a network, the creators of
TCP included an

Error-recovery feature. : To recover from errors, TCP uses the concept of acknowledgments.

Adjacent-layer interaction : Error –recovery it’s same an example of : adjacent-layer interaction, which refers to
the concepts of how adjacent layers in a networking model, on the same computer, work together. On a single
computer, one layer provides a service to a higher layer. The software or hardware that implements the higher layer
requests that the next lower layer perform the needed function.

same-layer interaction : The two computers use a protocol (an agreed-to set of rules) to communicate with the
same layer on another computer. The protocol defined by each layer uses a header that is transmitted between the
computers to communicate what each computer wants to do. Header information added by a layer of the sending
computer is processed by the same layer of the receiving computer.

TCP/IP Network Layer :


The TCP/IP network layer includes a small number of protocols, but only one major protocol: the Internet Protocol
(IP) . IP provides several features, most importantly, addressing and routing.

TCP/IP Link Layer (Data Link Plus Physical)


The TCP/IP model’s original link layer defines the protocols and hardware required to deliver data across some
physical network. Protocols define both headers and trailers for the same general reason, but headers exist at the
beginning of the message and trailers exist at the end. The link layer includes a large number of protocols and
standards. For example, the link layer includes all the variations of Ethernet protocols, along with several other LAN
standards that were more popular in decades past. The link layer includes wide-area network WAN) standards for
different physical media, which differ significantly compared to LAN standards because of the longer distances
involved in transmitting the data.

Data encapsulation terminology:


As you can see from the explanations of how HTTP, TCP, IP, and Ethernet do their jobs, each layer adds its own
header (and for data-link protocols, also a trailer) to the data supplied by the higher layer. The term encapsulation
refers to the process of putting headers (and sometimes trailers) around some data.

Comparing OSI and


TCP/IP

Today, the OSI model can


be used as a standard of
comparison to other networking models.
OSI Encapsulation Terminology

OSI uses a more generic term to refer to messages, rather than frame, packet, and segment. OSI uses the term
protocol data unit (PDU). A PDU represents the bits that include the headers and trailers for that layer, as well as the
encapsulated data.

Chapter 1 – Introduction to TCP/IP Networking


1. Which of the following protocols are examples of TCP/IP transport layer protocols?
(Choose two answers.)
a. Ethernet
b. HTTP
c. IP
d. UDP
e. SMTP
f. TCP

Answer:

D and F. Of the remaining answers, Ethernet defines both physical and data link
protocols, PPP is a data link protocol, IP is a network layer protocol, and SMTP and
HTTP are application layer protocols.

2. Which of the following protocols are examples of TCP/IP data link layer protocols?
(Choose two answers.)
a. Ethernet
b. HTTP
c. IP
d. UDP
e. SMTP
f. TCP
g. PPP

Answer:

A and G. Of the remaining answers, IP is a network layer protocol, TCP and UDP are
transport layer protocols, and SMTP and HTTP are application layer protocols.

3. The process of HTTP asking TCP to send some data and making sure that it is
received correctly is an example of what?
a. Same-layer interaction
b. Adjacent-layer interaction
c. OSI model
d. All of these answers are correct.

B. Adjacent-layer interaction occurs on one computer, with two adjacent layers in the
model. The higher layer requests services from the next lower layer, and the lower
layer provides the services to the next higher layer.

4. The process of TCP on one computer marking a TCP segment as segment 1, and the
receiving computer then acknowledging the receipt of TCP segment 1 is an example
of what?
a. Data encapsulation
b. Same-layer interaction
c. Adjacent-layer interaction
d. OSI model
e. All of these answers are correct.

B. Same-layer interaction occurs on multiple computers. The functions defined by


that layer typically need to be accomplished by multiple computers—for example,
the sender setting a sequence number for a segment and the receiver acknowledging
receipt of that segment. A single layer defines that process, but the implementation
of that layer on multiple devices is required to accomplish the function.

5. The process of a web server adding a TCP header to the contents of a web page, followed
by adding an IP header and then adding a data link header and trailer, is an
example of what?
a. Data encapsulation
b. Same-layer interaction
c. OSI model
d. All of these answers are correct.
A. Encapsulation is defined as the process of adding a header in front of data supplied
by a higher layer (and possibly adding a trailer as well).

6. Which of the following terms is used specifically to identify the entity created when
encapsulating data inside data link layer headers and trailers?
a. Data
b. Chunk
c. Segment
d. Frame
e. Packet

D. By convention, the term frame refers to the part of a network message that
includes the data link header and trailer, with encapsulated data. The term packet
omits the data link header and trailer, leaving the network layer header with its encapsulated
data. The term segment omits the network layer header, leaving the transport
layer header and its encapsulated data.

7. Which OSI layer defines the functions of logical network-wide addressing and
routing?
a. Layer 1
b. Layer 2
c. Layer 3
d. Layer 4
e. Layer 5, 6, or 7

C. The network layer concerns itself with delivery of data over the complete endto-
end path. That requires a way to identify each device, using addresses, and the
addresses must be logical addresses that are therefore not tied to the physical details
of the network.

8. Which OSI layer defines the standards for cabling and connectors?
a. Layer 1
b. Layer 2
c. Layer 3
d. Layer 4
e. Layer 5, 6, or 7

A. The OSI physical layer includes all standards that specify the shape of connectors,
wiring in cabling, electrical details, and encoding that the electrical signals use to
encode bits over a cable.

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