BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB.

TECHNOLOGY – BMLT

Eligibility : Senior Secondary Level Examination (PCB)

Programme Duration : 3 Years

Programme Objectives : Medical Laboratory Technology, also called Clinical

laboratory science, is an allied health/paramedical
profession, which is concerned with the diagnosis,
treatment and prevention of disease through the use of
clinical laboratory tests. Doctors rely on laboratory
technologies to detect, diagnose and treat diseases. The
programme covers the basics of preclinical subjects such
as Biochemistry, Pathology, Microbiology and Blood
Banking. Medical Laboratory Technologists (MLT) do
these tests by analyzing body fluids, tissues, blood typing,
microorganism screening, chemical analyses, cell counts
of human body etc.

Job Prospects : After the completion of BMLT, you will find a

challenging career in a hospital, minor emergency centers,
private laboratory, blood donor centers, doctor’s office or
clinics. A technician can become a technologist through
further education and work experience.
Common job profiles of students after completing BMLT
include:
Senior Technician in Blood Banks, Hospitals, Nursing
Homes and Diagnostic Labs.

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

YEAR I
Continues
Theory/
Course Code Course Title Assessment Credits
Practical
(Internals)
ANT14104 Human Anatomy and Physiology – I 70 30 4

MBL14108 General Microbiology 70 30 4

PAT14101 Pathology 70 30 4

GCH14106 General Biochemistry 70 30 4

CSC14105 Fundamentals of Computer Science 70 30 4

ENG14102 Communication for Professionals 70 30 4

Human Anatomy and Physiology – I
ANT14104P 35 15 2
(P)
MBL14108P General Microbiology (P) 35 15 2

PAT14101P Pathology (P) 35 15 2

GCH14106P General Biochemistry (P) 35 15 2

TOTAL 800 32

YEAR II
Continues
Theory/P
Course Code Course Title Assessment Credits
ractical
(Internals)
ANT14202 Human Anatomy and Physiology-II 70 30 4
Bacteriology, Immunology and
MBL14215 70 30 4
Parasitology
BCH14212 Clinical Biochemistry 70 30 4

BBN14201 Hematology and Blood Banking 70 30 4

MED14201 Community Medicine 70 30 4

PHM14202 Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 70 30 4

Human Anatomy and Physiology-II
ANT14202P 35 15 2
(P)
Bacteriology, Immunology and
MBL14215P 35 15 2
Parasitology (P)
BCH14212P Clinical Biochemistry (P) 35 15 2

BBN14201P Hematology and Blood Banking (P) 35 15 2

TOTAL 800 32

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

YEAR III
Continues
Theory/
Course Code Course Title Assessment Credits
Practical
(Internals)
PAT14301 Histotechnology 70 30 5
Virology, Mycology and Applied
MBL14310 70 30 5
Microbiology
Essentials of Medical
PHM14301 70 30 4
Pharmacology
Histopathology and Cytopathology
PAT14302 70 30 5
Techniques
Biomedical Techniques, Lab
MLT14301 70 30 5
Management and Ethics
Virology, Mycology and Applied
MBL14310P 35 15 3
Microbiology (P)
Histopathology and Cytopathology
PAT14302P 35 15 3
Techniques (P)
TRN14301 Hospital Training 100 2

TOTAL 700 32

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 DETAILED SYLLABUS

INSTRUCTIONAL METHOD: Personal contact programmes, Lectures (virtual and in-person),

Assignments, Labs and Discussions, Learning projects, Industrial Training Programmes and Dissertation.

YEAR I

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY – I – ANT14104

UNIT CONTENT

SECTION A – ANATOMY
Introduction: Human Body as a Whole: Brief introduction about living system; General
Anatomy-Definition of anatomy, and its divisions; Brief history of anatomy; Terms of
positions, planes relationship and movements; Body regions; Body cavities; Membranes –
1. Cutaneous, Serous, Mucous And Synovial membranes; Some clinical terms used in
anatomy; General histology: definition, Electron microscopic structure of Human cell;
Tissues-Classification, functions and Microscopic Structures of Primary tissues -Epithelial
tissue, connective, tissue, muscular tissue & Nervous tissue; Glands- Classification,
microanatomy of serous & mucous glands with examples.
Skin and Fasciae: Skin: Definition of Skin, Layers of skin, Types of skin, Appendages of
skin –Hair, Sebaceous gland, Sweat gland, Nails, Receptors, Functions, Lines of cleavage,
Skin phototype, Anatomy of aging skin, Applied aspects of skin-Albinism, Skin cancer etc;
2.
Fasciae: Definition, Types of fasciae –Superficial & Deep, Modifications of deep fascia,
Functions; Brief discussion over- Deep cervical fascia of neck, Thoracolumbar fascia, Pelvic
fascia, Fascial compartments in the body.
Locomotion and Support: Skeletal System - Brief introduction about skeletal system,
Organizations of skeleton, Functions of Skeleton; Bones - definition, Classification of
bones, constituents of bone and bone tissue, Bone development and growth -
Intramembranous Bones & Endochondral Bones, Bone growth, Bone remodeling,
Microscopic Structure of compact bones, Brief study on individual bones; Axial skeleton &
appendicular skeleton - Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, carpals, metacarpals,
phalanges, Hip bones, pelvic bones, Sacrum, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsals and
phalanges; sternum and ribs; Skull bones - Importance of sutures: coronal, saggital and
lamboid, cranial fossae, foramen magnum, Bones of Cranium, Auditory meatus, Mandible
and Maxilla. Difference between foetal and adult skull, Structure of typical & atypical
vertebrae, applied anatomy of bones; Cartilage - definition and its classifications, applied
anatomy of cartilage; Joints - Definition, Classification of joints with examples, Synovial
3.
joint, Movements & mechanism of Joints, Mechanical axis of a Bone and movement of a
Bone, Joint positions, Limitation of Movement, Applied aspects - Arthritis, Spondylitis,
Neuropathic Joint, etc.
Muscular system – Definition, Classification of muscular tissue, Characterization of –
Skeletal, Smooth & Cardiac muscles, Names, origin, insertion, nerve supply & action of
Skeletal muscles of the body; Appendicular muscles - General overview about muscles that
move -a) Pectoral Girdle b) Shoulder Joint c) Elbow Joint d) Wrist Joint e) Intrinsic
Muscles of Hand f) Muscles of Hip, Thigh, Leg and Intrinsic Muscles of Foot; Axial
muscles - General overview about muscles of - a) Respiration- Diaphragm and Intercostals;
b) Abdominal Muscles; c) Muscles of Facial Expression; d) Muscles of Mastication; e)
Muscles of Head and Neck.
Histology of - Compact bone (TS & LS), 3 types of cartilage & skeletal (TS & LS), smooth

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 & cardiac muscle.
The Cardiovascular System: General considerations about basics of Cardiovascular
System; Gross anatomy & related applied aspects of Heart – Location, Mediastinum, Shape
and Size, Pericardium, Chambers, Exterior & Interior, Blood supply of heart, Systemic &
4. pulmonary circulation, Conducting system of heart; Major arteries - Branches of aorta,
common carotid artery, subclavian artery, axillary artery, brachial artery, superficial palmar
arch, femoral artery, internal iliac artery, Peripheral pulse; Major veins - Inferior vena cava,
portal vein, portosystemic anastomosis, cephalic vein, Great saphenous vein; Histology of –
Elastic Artery, Muscular Artery & Vein.
The Lymphatic System: General consideration of Lymphatic system; Gross anatomy of -
5. Cisterna Chyli & Thoracic Duct; Brief discussion over names of regional lymphatics,
axillary and inguinal lymph nodes; Histology of – Lymph Node, Spleen, Tonsil & Thymus.
The Respiratory System: Definition and general consideration; Gross anatomy & related
applied aspects of – Parts of Respiratory System - Nose; Nasal Cavity; Larynx; Trachea;
6.
Lungs; Bronchopulmonary Segments; Pleura; Names of Paranasal Air Sinuses; Histology of
- trachea and lung.
The Gastro-intestinal System: Definition and brief introduction; Gross anatomy & related
applied aspects of – Parts of GIT, Oral cavity (Lip, Tongue, Tonsil, Dentition); Salivary
7. glands- types, location, structure and function; Waldeyer’s ring; Pharynx- muscles, action
and their nerve supply; Oesophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestine, Liver, Gall
Bladder and Pancreas; Histology of – Tongue, Oesophagus, stomach, small and large
intestine, liver, gall bladder & pancreas.
Peritoneum: Description in brief about:-Structure of Peritoneum; Types; Function;
8.
Structures formed by Peritoneum - Omenta, Mesenteries, Ligaments, folds, fossas and
pouches; Clinical significance; Peritoneal dialysis.
Section B – Physiology
Introduction on Physiology: Cell - the unit of life; Description of a cell and its
components; Ion channels, receptors and carriers; Intercellular connections; intercellular
1. communications; Functions of a cell; Movement of substances and homeostasis – movement
of substances within the body, homeostatic control systems; Basics about different organs
and systems.
Blood, Lymphatic System & Immunity: Blood volume - Determination of blood volume,
Variation and maintenance of blood volume, Properties of blood; The Plasma - Composition
and character, Functions of plasma proteins; The Erythrocytes – Erythropoiesis, Functions,
Fragility of RBCs, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR); Haemoglobin - structure, types,
compounds of haemoglobin, abnormal haemoglobin, RBC indices - PCV, MCV, MCH,
MCHC, Colour index. Anaemia - Types with examples; Polyeythaemia; Leukocytes –
Types, morphology, leucopoiesis, functions; Immunity - Humoral & cellular, mechanism of
immune response, immunoglobulins; Haemostasis - Platelets: structure and functions, Role
of platelets, Blood coagulation, anticlotting mechanisms, anticoagulants; Bleeding disorders
- Purpura, Hemophilia, Vitamin K deficiency, tests for bleeding disorders. Blood group and
2.
blood transfusion - Blood group: different systems, Blood grouping & cross matching and
clinical importance. Blood transfusion: Hazards of blood transfusion, storage of blood;
Homeostatic imbalances – Sickle-Cell disease, Leukemia; Clinical Connection -
Withdrawing Blood, Bone Marrow Examination, Medical Uses of Hemopoietic Growth
Factors, Iron Overload and Tissue Damage, Reticulocyte Count, Complete Blood Count,
Anticoagulants - Aspirin and Thrombolytic Agents, Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn;
Lymph – lymphoid tissue formation, composition and function of lymph; Clinical
connection - Metastasis through lymphatic vessels, Microbial evasion of phagocytosis,
Abscesses and Ulcers, Cytokine therapy; Homeostatic imbalances – AIDS, Autoimmune
diseases.
Gastrointestinal System: Characteristics of G.I wall; Neutral control of G.I function; G.I.
Hormones; Saliva - Composition, Functions, control of secretion; Gastric juice -
3. Composition, mechanism of secretion, functions, regulation of secretion, mucosal barrier;
Pancreatic juice - Composition, functions, regulation; Liver & Gall Bladder: Composition &
functions of bile, control of secretion, functions of gall bladder, gall stones, enterohepatic

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 circulation, jaundice, functions of liver & L.F.T; Small intestine - Composition &
regulation of secretion and functions of intestinal juice; Large intestine - Functions,
Digestion & Absorption; Movements of GI tract; Homeostatic imbalances - Peptic ulcer
disease, colorectal cancer, Hepatitis; Clinical connection - Gastro esophageal Reflux
Disease, Pylorospasm and Pyloric Stenosis, Vomiting, Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer,
Appendicitis, Polyps in the Colon, Occult Blood.
Respiratory System: Functions of respiratory system; Mechanics of respiration; Lung
volumes and capacities - definition, normal values, their measurement and clinical
importance; Pulmonary ventilation; alveolar ventilation; dead space; Diffusion of gases
across alveocapillary membrane; diffusing capacity; Pulmonary circulation; Oxygen &
carbon dioxide transport in blood; Pressure changes during ventilation, pressure volume
relationship including surfactant and compliance, airway resistance; Control of respiration -
4.
neural control, chemical control, response to exercise, periodic breathing; Lung function
tests; Homeostatic imbalances – Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Lung
cancer, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Cystic fibrosis; Clinical connection - Laryngitis and
Cancer of the Larynx, Tracheotomy and Intubation, Respiratory Distress Syndrome,
Hyperbaric Oxygenation, Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, Hypoxia, The Effect of Smoking on
Respiratory Efficiency.
Nerve Muscle Physiology: Electrical properties of cell membrane; Membrane Potential
(MP): Development and maintenance of MP, Action Potential (AP); Physiology of nerves
and neuromuscular junction; Neuro muscular transmission; Functional anatomy of skeletal
muscle; Mechanism of muscle contraction and relaxation; isotonic & isometric contraction;
5.
energy sources and metabolism; motor unit; Involuntary muscles - Cardiac and smooth
muscles; Homeostatic imbalances – Myasthenia gravis, Muscular dystrophy, Fibromyalgia;
Clinical connection - Muscular Atrophy and Hypertrophy, Exercise-Induced Muscle
Damage, Rigor Mortis, Electromyography, Hypotonia and Hypertonia, Anabolic Steroids.
Cardiovascular System: Structure and properties of Heart muscles and nerve supply of
Heart; Structure and functions of arteries, capillaries and veins; ECG - leads, principles of
normal recording, normal waves & internal & their interpretations, clinical uses of ECG;
Cardiac cycle and Heart sound; Factors affecting Heart Rate and its regulation; Cardio-
vascular reflexes; Blood pressure and its regulation; physiological variation; peripheral
6.
resistance; Factors controlling Blood Pressure; Haemorrhage & Shock; Homeostatic
imbalances – Coronary artery disease, Coronary angiography, arrhythmias, Hypertension-
Types, etiology & effects; Clinical connection - Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation,
Pericarditis, Myocarditis and Endocarditis, Heart Valve Disorders, Myocardial Ischemia
and Infarction, Artificial Pacemakers, Congestive Heart Failure.
Circulation: Regional Circulation - Coronary circulation, cutaneous circulation, pulmonary,
7.
cerebral, renal circulation, Circulation through skeletal muscle, Lymphatic circulation.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Graaff, Kent Van de and et al, Schaum’s Outline of Human Anatomy and Physiology: Fourth
Ed. (2013), McGraw Hill Education.
B. Clark, Robert K., (2005), Anatomy and Physiology: Understanding the Human Body, Jones and
Bartlett Publishers.
C. Shier David et al, (2012), Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, McGraw Hill Education.
WEB LINKS:
A. http://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/respiratory/quiz.html.
B. http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body.
C. http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/respiratory.

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY – I (P) – ANT14104P

1. Histology
a) Histotechniques
b) Microscope
c) Epithelium
d) Histology of Skeletal muscle
e) Histology of Cardiac muscle
f) Histology of Smooth muscle
g) Histology of Bone
h) Histology of Hyaline cartilage
i) Histology of Elastic cartilage
j) Histology of Fibrocartilage
k) Histology of artery
l) Histology of Vein
m) Histology of Lung
n) Histology of Trachea
o) Histology of Lymph node
p) Histology of Spleen
q) Histology of Thymus
r) Histology of Tonsil
s) Histology of Tongue
t) Histology of Serous gland
u) Histology of Mucous gland
v) Histology of Oesophagus
w) Stomach (Fundus)
x) Histology of Stomach (Pylorus)
y) Histology of Duodenum
z) Histology of Jejunum
aa) Histology of Ileum
bb) Histology of Large intestine
cc) Histology of Appendix
dd) Histology of Liver
ee) Histology of Gall bladder
ff) Histology of Pancreas
2. Osteology
a) Appendicular skeleton
b) Axial skeleton
3. Specimen

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 a) Heart
b) Lung
c) Larynx
d) Skin
e) Joint
f) Muscle
4. Introduction to Hematology.
5. Blood Samples Collection.
6. Introduction to Hematology.
7. Blood Samples Collection.
8. Estimation of Hemoglobin.
9. Determination of Hematocrit.
10. Hemocytometry - The Neubauer's Chamber.
11. Hemocytometry - The Diluting Pipettes.
12. Total RBC Count.
13. Determination of Red Blood Cell Indices.
14. Total Leukocyte Counts.
15. Staining of Peripheral Blood Smear & Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC).
16. Determination of Arneth Count.
17. Absolute Eosinophil Count.
18. The Reticulocyte.

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY – MBL14108

UNIT CONTENT

Introduction to Microbiology and Microbial Genetics: Introduction & brief history of

microbiology; Scope & relevance of microbiology; The golden age of microbiology;
Modern developments in microbiology; The microbial role in disease; The discovery of
microbial effects; Introduction & concept of genetics; Definition of terminology- genetics,
1. genome, gene, chromosome, base pairs, genetic code, genomics, genotype, phenotype;
Basic principles of DNA & RNA structure & steps of protein synthesis; Brief introduction
on mutation; Types of mutation; Genetic transfer & recombination; Brief aspect on
plasmids; Types of bacterial variation- genotypic & phenotypic variation; Brief aspect of
genetic engineering & its application.
The Bacteria-Bacterial Taxonomy: Introduction to bacterial taxonomy; Taxonomic
classification of organisms; Meaning and definition of taxonomy & classification;
Description on Binomial nomenclature; Meaning and definition of eukaryotic cell &
prokaryotic cell; General property of bacterial cell.
Morphology and Physiology of Bacteria - Introduction of bacteria, Classification of
2.
bacteria, Morphology based on size, shape, arrangement, motility, flagella, spores, capsules,
Definition & functions of cell wall, Bacteria with defective cell wall (protoplast, spheroplast
& L-forms), Cellular components in bacteria in detailed aspect (cytoplasmic membrane,
Cytoplasm, intracytoplasmic inclusions, mesosomes, ribosomes slime layer, capsule,
flagella, spore).

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 Growth & Multiplication of Bacteria: Meaning of growth of bacteria; Types of bacterial
growth with definition of generation time; Growth form in laboratory; Definition of growth
3. curve including its phases; Multiplication of bacteria; Factors that affect growth-energy
requirement, oxygen; requirement & metabolism, carbon dioxide requirement, temperature,
pH, light & osmotic effect; Definition of Psychrophilic & thermophiles bacteria.
Stains used in Microbiology: Introduction of stain; Importance of stain in microbiology;
Types of stain in detailed giving example- Simple stain, differential stain, negative stain,
4. impregnation method; Special staining for certain bacteria, bacterial spores, parasites &
fungi; Principle, procedure, application & result interpretation of Gram staining & Ziehl
Neelsen staining.
Bacteriological Media & Culture Techniques: Introduction of culture media; Basic
requirements & uses of culture media; Classification of culture media: Based on their
consistency (solid, liquid, semisolid), Based on constituents/ingredients (simple, complex,
synthetic or defined, special), Based on Oxygen requirement (aerobic & anaerobic media);
5.
Indication of culture media; Types of culture methods (streak culture, stab culture, pour
plate method, broth culture); Anaerobic culture methods: Displacement Method, Chemical
or biological method, Reduction of Oxygen; Automated methods (Bactec- blood culture
method).
Methods of Identification of Bacteria: Brief introduction of how bacteria is identified in
pure culture; Identification of the bacterium by staining reactions; Identification of the
bacterium by cultural characteristics; Identification by fermentation & other biochemical
6. properties (Sugar fermentation, Litmus milk, Indole production, Methyl Red test (MR),
Voges Proskauer test (VP), Citrate utilization test, Nitrate reduction, Production of
ammonia, Urease test, Triple Sugar Iron medium); Pathogenicity test into laboratory
animals.
Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases: Introduction of microbes & related terms
(commensals, pathogen, opportunistic pathogens, pathogenicity, and virulence); Definition
of infection; Types of infection; Routes of infection: Reservoir, Mode of transmission, The
7.
susceptible host; Sources of infection: Endogenous sources, Exogenous sources; Factors
predisposing to microbial pathogenicity; Types of infectious diseases: Localised,
Generalised.
Methods to Control Microorganism: Introduction & definition of sterilization,
disinfection, antiseptics, bactericidal agents, bacteriostatic agents and decontamination;
Methods of sterilization: Physical agents – sunlight, drying, filtration, radiation, ultrasonic
and sonic vibrations; Types of drying: dry heat(flaming, incineration, hot air) & moist heat
8.
(pasteurization, boiling) - Chemical agents- alcohols, Aldehydes, dyes, halogens, phenols,
surface active agents, metallic salts, gases; Control of sterilization- physical, chemical &
biological control; Types of disinfectant; Testing of disinfectants- Rideal Walker test &
Chick Martin test.
Anti-microbial Agents & Sensitivity Testing: Introduction of antimicrobial agents &
sensitivity testing; Meaning, definition of anti-microbial agents; Ideal qualities of an
antimicrobial agent; Mechanism of action of anti-microbial drugs; Resistance of bacteria to
9.
antimicrobial drugs; Definition of antimicrobial sensitivity testing; Measurement of anti-
microbial activity techniques; Factors affecting anti-microbial activity in vitro; Quality
assurance in antibiotic susceptibility testing with control strains.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A. Pelczar Mj, Chan ECS, Kleig NR. 1993. Microbiology, Tata McGraw Hill.
th
B. LM Prescott, 2002. Microbiology, 10 ed. McGraw Hill.
C. Stuart Hoggy, 2005. Essential Microbiology, Wiley.
WEB LINKS :
A. http://www.angelfire.com/pro/sak3002_assign/history_microbiology2.html.
B. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering.

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 C. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variation/mutation/

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY (P) – MBL14108P

1. Staining Techniques.

2. Media for Routine Cultivation of Bacteria.

3. Culture Techniques.

4. Control of Microbial Growth.

5. Antibiotic Susceptibility Test.

PATHOLOGY – PAT14101

UNIT CONTENT

Introduction to Pathology: Introduction and scope of Pathology; Brief resume of

1
Historical Aspects; Subdivisions of Pathology; Ethical aspects of Pathology practice.
Techniques for Studying Pathology: Basic concepts of Microscope, cryostat, Flow
2
cytometry & PCR.
Cell Structure, Injury and Cellular Adaptations: Cell morphology, mitosis of resting cell
and its mechanism, correlation to cell structure and function; Cell Injury: etiology and
3
pathogenesis of physical and chemical cell injury, morphology of cell injury; Cell death:
Discussion over – Autolysis, Necrosis, Apoptosis and Gangrene.
Inflammation & Healing: Inflammation - Types, Cells and mediators involved; Types -
Acute inflammation, Pathological features, vascular and cellular events, Morphologic
variants of acute inflammation, inflammatory cells and Mediators; Chronic Inflammation:
4
Causes, Types, Classification - nonspecific and granulomatous with examples; Repair &
Wound healing - Types by primary and secondary union, factors Promoting and delaying
the process; Healing in specific site including bone healing.
Haemodynamic Disorders: Hyperemia, Ischemia and Haemorrhage in detail; Edema:
Etiology, Pathogenesis and types; Chronic Venous Congestion: of particular organs: Lung,
Liver, Spleen- Causes, Pathogenesis, Gross features and microscopic features; Thrombosis
5
and Embolism: Formation, Fate and Effects; Infarction: Types, Common sites,
Pathogenesis, Gross and microscopic features of particular organ; Shock: Pathogenesis,
types, morphologic changes/ features.
Nutritional & Infectious Diseases: Nutritional Diseases - Definition and brief discussion;
Protein energy malnutrition - Marasmus, Kwashiorkor, and Vitamin deficiency disorders;
Classification with specific examples; Disorders of Mineral metabolism such as a) zinc, b)
calcium.
6 Infectious Diseases - Bacterial diseases: Pyogenic, Typhoid, Diphtheria, Gram negative
infection, Bacillary dysentery, Rickettsia, Chlamydial infection; Viral diseases:
Poliomyelitis, Herpes, Rabies, Measles, HIV infection, Fungal disease and opportunistic
infections, Parasitic diseases: Malaria, Filaria, Amoebiasis, Kala-azar, Cysticercosis,
Hydatid cyst.
Neoplasia: Definition, Classification, Histogenesis, Biologic behavior; Types - Benign and
Malignant, differences between carcinoma and sarcoma; Precancerous lesions - Types,
examples; Carcinogenesis - Types of carcinogens-Environmental carcinogens, chemical,
7
viral, occupational; Cellular oncogenes and prevention of cancer; Diagnostic Methods in
cancer – Exfoliative Cytology & FNAC; Tumour and host interactions - Systemic effects
including paraneoplastic syndromes, cachexia, tumour immunology.
8 Genetic & Pediatric Disorders: Basic concepts of genetic disorders and some common

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 examples and congenital malformation; Specific genetic diseases - Cause, basic genetic
defect and pathological features of Down’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s
syndrome, and Storage disorders.
Body Fluids Examination: Brief discussion; Urine examination - routine physical,
chemical and microscopic examination of urine - method of collection, normal constituents,
physical examination & chemical examination; Stool examination - routine, naked eye and
microscopic examination of stool and study of parasitic ova and cysts in the stool: method
of collection, normal constituents & appearance, abnormal constituents; CSF examination -
9
physical, chemical and microscopic examination, cell count and staining; Semen analysis -
collection & examination; Sputum examination - collection and examination, examination
of malignant cells in the sputum, stains commonly used to detect bacteria in sputum gram
staining; Ziehl-Neelsen staining, Mantoux test in Mycobacterium tuberculosis; examination
of pleural, pericardial and ascetic fluids.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Porter R 1st ed. (1997) The greatest benefit to mankind: a medical history of humanity from
antiquity to the present. HarperCollins, London.
B. Rosai J 1997 Pathology: a historical opportunity. Americal Journal of Pathology 151:3-7.
th
C. Muir’s Textbook of Pathology 15 ed.
WEB LINKS :
A. www.news-medical.net/health/Types-of-Pathology.aspx.
B. www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-pathologist-careers.htm.
C. www.sikluv-ustav-patologie.patologie.cz/vyuka/Cell-injury-death.doc.

PATHOLOGY (P) – PAT14101P

1. The Microscope.
2. Histopathology Techniques and Routine Staining.
3. Frozen Section and Special Stains.
4. Urine Examination I: Physical and Chemical.
5. Urine Examination II: Microscopy.
6. Semen Examination.
7. Examination of CSF.

GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY – BCH14106

UNIT CONTENT
General Biochemistry: Elementary knowledge of inorganic chemistry; Structure of atom,
atomic weight, molecular weight and equivalent weight; Acids, bases and salts; pH
indicators - pH meter - pH measurement; Molar solutions; Normal solutions; Buffer
solutions; Percent solution; Saturated solution; Standard solutions; Elementary knowledge
1
of organic chemistry (Organic compounds, aliphatic, aromatic, alcohol, ethers, phenols,
acids etc.); Elementary knowledge of Physical Chemistry; Osmosis, osmotic pressure,
diffusion, hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions; Definition and classification of
some Colloids and crystalloids.

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 Elementary Knowledge of Analytical Chemistry: Principles, Instrumentation, working,
uses, care, Maintenance; Balances - mono-pan, two-pan, top-pan; Centrifuges; pH meter;
2
Colorimeter; Spectrophotometer; Fluorimeter; Flame-photometer; Ion selective electrodes;
Urinometer; Chromatograph; Electrophoresis; Densitometer.
Carbohydrates: Dietary Sources; digestion; absorption; basic metabolism; regulation of
3 blood glucose & its importance; glucose tolerance test; glycocylated Hb; other parameters
and related disorders.
Proteins & Nucleic Acid: Dietary sources; digestion; absorption; fate of amino Acids;
nitrogen equilibrium; formation and detoxification of ammonia; formation of urea;
4 formation of non protein nitrogenous products e.g. uric acid, creatinine; disorders related to
protein and nitrogen metabolism; Definition of DNA, Nucleic acids- structure of DNA-
Watson & Crick model of DNA- Types of RNA.
Lipids: Dietary sources digestion; absorption; basic metabolism; lipid profile (cholesterol,
5
triglyceride, lipoproteins, phospholipids) and its significance in various disorders.
Vitamins, Minerals and Electrolytes: Fat soluble and water soluble vitamins; vitamin
6
deficiency; Na; K; Cl; Ca; Mg; I2; P; Fe and iron binding capacity.
Enzymes: Classification; properties; factors affecting enzyme Activity; isoenzymes and
coenzymes; Clinical enzymology - Therapeutic, diagnostic and analytical uses of enzymes
7
with normal values of serum enzymes; Hormones - Chemical nature and biochemical
functions.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Barbiturate; Phenobarbital; Phenytoine; lithium; lead;
8
salicylate; mercury; digitalist.
Acid Base Balance: Regulation of blood pH; Henderson Hasselbach equation; renal;
respiratory and buffer system importance of arterial blood gases; Metabolic acidosis;
9 Metabolic acidosis ; Metabolic alkalosis; Respiratory acidosis; Respiratory alkalosis; Basic
Principles and estimation of Blood Gases and pH; Basic principles and estimation of
Electrolytes.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A. Let’s Review: Chemistry, the Physical Setting, By Albert S. Tarendash, 2008.

B. Biochemistry, By Mary Campbell, Shawn Farrell, 7 th Edition, 2012.

C. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, David Lee Nelson, Albert L. Lehninger, Michael M.

Cox, 2013.

WEB LINKS:

A. http://www.t.soka.ac.jp/chem/iwanami/inorg/INO_0001.pdf.

B. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=J5NVrE_Uf-
8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=biochemistry&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mCjfU8fjOcLc8AWM24KwAg
&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=biochemistry&f=false.

GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY (P) – BCH14106P

1. Preparation of Primary standard: 1N Sodium Carbonate.
2. Preparation of 2/3N Sulfuric acid.
3. Preparation of 10g/dl Sodium Tungstate.
4. Preparation of Normal Saline (Quantity 1Lt).
5. Collection of blood.

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 6. Separation of serum from blood.
7. Separation of plasma from blood.
8. Demonstration of Vacutainers.
9. Demonstration of Colorimeter.
10. Demonstration of Spectrophotometer.
11. Demonstration of Flame photometer.

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE – CSC14105

UNIT CONTENT
Computer Application: Introduction to Computer - Advantages of computers, Limitations of
computers, Application of Computer in Different Fields of Life, Computer Generations, and
1 Classification of Computers; Characteristics of computers; Computer System; Input Unit;
Output Unit; Central Processing Unit; Storage or Memory Unit - Primary Storage or Main
Memory (MM), Memory Unit – Secondary Storage.
Computer Organization: Overview of Computer Organization; Central Processing Unit;
Control Unit; Arithmetic Unit; Instruction Set - Difference between RISC and CISC; Register;
2
Processor Speed - Higher is not Always Better, Keep-up with Technology, Price is not
Everything.
Memory: Overview of Storage Devices; Main Memory; Storage Evaluation Criteria - Access
Time, Memory Cycle Time, Effective Access Time; Memory Organization - Addressing
Strategies, Organization of Memory Units, Content-Addressable Memories; Memory Capacity;
3 Random Access Memories; Read Only Memory; Secondary Storage Devices; Magnetic Disk;
Floppy and Hard Disk - Floppy disk drive, Hard Discs; Optical Disks CD-ROM - Compact
disk, DVD, Blu-Ray disk, HD-DVD; Mass Storages Devices; and Differences between the
Primary and Secondary Memory.
Input Devices: Keyboard; Mouse; Trackball; Joystick - Joystics in aviation, Joystics in
Gamming, Analog Joystick, Digital Joystick; Scanner - Characteristics of a scanner, Types of
4
scanner; Optical Mark Reader; Bar-code reader - Types of barcode; Magnetic Ink Character
Reader (MICR); Digitizer; Card reader; Voice recognition; Web Cam; and Video Cameras.
Output Devices: Monitors - Characteristics of VDU, Types of VDU; Printers; Dot Matrix
Printers; Inkjet Printers; Laser Printers; Plotters; Computers Output Micro Files (Com) - COM
5
to CD Service, What Are the Benefits of COM?; Multimedia Projector - Criteria to evaluate
suitable Projector.
Operating System: Microsoft Windows - An Overview of different version of windows, Basic
Windows Elements, File Management through Windows 7; Using Essential Accessories - Disk
6
Cleanup and Disk Defragmenter, Entertainment, Calculator, Note pad, Paint, Wordpad,
Recycle Bin, Windows Explorer, and Creating Folder Icons.
Word Processing: Word Processing Concepts; Working with Documents - Create a New
Document, Opening an Existing Document, Saving a Document, Renaming Documents,
Working on Multiple Documents, Document Views, and Close a Document; Working with
Text in Word - Selecting text, Editing Text, Finding and replacing text; Printing Documents;
7
Formatting - Bullets and Numbering in Word, Alignment, Page designs and Layout, Editing
and Proofreading; Working With Graphics - Inserting Clip Art Images, Moving Images in
Word, Deleting images in Word, Text wrapping in Word, Creating Lines and Arrows in Word,
Drawing Shapes in Word, Adding a Text Box; Working with Tables.
Presentation Package: Creating a New and Opening an Existing Presentation; Creating the
8 look of your Presentation; Working with Slides - Adding and formatting Text, Formatting
PowerPoint; Printing Handouts with Notes making; Images and Clip Art; Slide Shows.
Internet and Email: Definition about the World wide web & brief History; Use of Internet
9 and Email – Internet, Email; Internet – Terminology, Protocols, Routing; Websites; The Mail
Protocol Suite; Using Search Engine and beginning Google search; Exploring the next using

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 Internet Explorer and Navigator; Uploading and Downloading of Files and Images; E-mail ID
creation - Opening the E-mailbox, Sending Messages, and Attaching Files in E-mails.
Hospital Information System: Hospital Information System; Architecture of a Hospital
Information System; Aim and Uses of HIS - Aim of HIS, Uses of HIS; Types of HIS; Benefits
10 of using a Hospital Information Systems; Advanced Hospital Management System - XO
Hospital Management System, LCS Hospital Management Information System, NVISH
Hospital Management System.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Sunny Handa, “Fundamentals of Information Technology”, LexisNexis Butterworths.
B. Graeme G. Wilkinson, “Fundamentals of Information Technology”, Wiley.
C. Ramesh Bangia, “Computer Fundamentals and Information Technology”, Firewall Media.
WEB LINKS:
A. http://oer.nios.ac.in/wiki/index.php/COMPUTER_ANT_ITS_COMPONENTS
B. http://http://homepage.cs.uri.edu/book/cpu_memory/cpu_memory.htm.
C. http://uwf.edu/clemley/cgs1570w/notes/concepts-7.htm

COMMUNICATION FOR PROFESSIONALS – ENG14102

UNIT CONTENT

Essentials of Grammar: Parts of Speech; Vocabulary building; Sentence; Articles; Pronouns;

Quantity; Adjectives; Adverbs; Prepositions, Adverb particles and phrasal verbs, Verb; Verb
1 tenses; Imperatives; Active and passive voice; Direct and indirect speech; The infinitive;
Conditional sentences; Synonyms and antonyms; Singular and Plural; Figures of Speech;
Punctuation and Phonetics.
Nature, Scope and Process of Communication: Defining Communication; Nature of
Communication; Objectives/Purpose of Communication; Functions of Communication;
2
Process of Communication; Elements of Communication Process; Process of Communication:
Models; Working of the Process of Communication; Forms of Communication.
Channels and Networks of Communication: Channels of Communication; Communication
3 Flow in Organizations: Directions/Dimensions of Communication; Patterns of Flow of
Communication or Networks; Factors Influencing Organizational Communication.
Principles of Effective Communication: Communication Effectiveness: Criteria of
4
Evaluation; Seven Cs of Effective Communication; Four Ss of Communication.
Barriers in Communication: Categorisation of Barriers; Semantic Barriers; Organizational
Barriers; Interpersonal Barriers (Relating to Superior-subordinate); Individual or Psycho-
5 sociological Barriers; Cross-cultural/Geographic Barriers; Physical Barriers/Channel and
Media Barriers; Technical Aspects in Communication Barriers; Overcoming the Barriers in
Communication; Measures to Overcome Barriers in Communication.
Non-verbal Communication: Characteristics of Non-verbal Communication; Relationship of
6
Non-verbal Message with Verbal Message; Classification of Non-verbal Communication.
Oral Communication: Informal Conversation: Oral Communication; Informal
7 Conversation; Learning Informal Conversation; How to Go About Learning Other Tricks?;
Learning Conversational Skills; Internet Chat.
Communication in Business Organizations: Meaning of Business Communication; Types of
Information Exchanged in Business Organizations; Role of Communication in Business
8
Organizations; Importance of Communication in Management of Business Organizations;
Scope of Communication in Organizational Setting; Characteristics of Effective Business

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 Communication; New Communication Environment; Ethical challenges and Traps in Business
Communication; Role of Communication in Three Managerial Roles Defined by Henry
Mintzberg.
Formal Conversations: Meetings, Interviews and Group Discussions: Meetings; Duties of
9
Participants; Interviews; Group Discussions.
Greetings and Introduction: Basics of greetings and introduction; formal and informal
10 introduction; Reading comprehension, Vocabulary; Pronunciation: Falling and rising tone;
Speaking: Body language; Listening: body language.
Listening Skills: Importance of Listening; Listening versus the Sense of Hearing; Listening as
Behaviour; Payoffs for Effective Listening; Actions Required for an Effective Listener;
11 Approaches to Listening; Misconceptions and Barriers that Impair Listening; Planning for
Effective Listening; How to be a Good Listener?; What Speakers can do to Ensure Better
Listening?.
Formal and Informal Letters: Distinction between Formal and Informal Letters; Writing
12
Formal Letters; Informal Letters.
13 Communication on the Net: E-Mail; Netiquettes; Blog Writing; Web Writing.
Report Writing: Business Reports: Significance; Types of Reports; Five Ws and one H;
Report Planning; Report Writing Process; Outline of a Report; Guidelines for Writing Report;
14
Technicalities of Report Writing; Visual Aids in Reports; Criteria used for Judging the
Effectiveness of a Report; Illustrations.
Job Applications and Resume Writing: Job Application/Covering Letter; Resume/CV
15
Writing.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Harvard Business School Press (2003), Business Communication: Harvard Business Essentials,
Boston, Massachusetts.
B. Krizan, A.C. Buddy, Merrier, Patricia, Logan, Joyce and Williams, Karen (2008), Business
Communication, Thomson South-Western.
C. Guffey, m Mary E. (2000), Business Communication: Process and Product, South-Western
College Publishing.;

WEB LINKS:
A. http://www.commissionedwriting.com/GRAMMAR%20ESSENTIALS.pdf.
B. http://www.esf.edu/fnrm/documents/FNRM_Communications_Handbook2008.pdf.
C. Http://books.google.co.in/books?id=RETE15K43qsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=essentials+of+
english+grammer+pdf&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XlpSU6PEKY2HrgfyqoDoAQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEw
AQ#v=onepage&q&f=false.

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

YEAR II

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-II – ANT14202

UNIT CONTENT

SECTION A (HUMAN ANATOMY-II)

The Urinary System: Gross anatomy of the Human Urinary System - Kidney, Ureter,
1. Urinary Bladder, Male and Female Urethra; Histology of organs of urinary system - Kidney,
Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Male Urethra (Penile Urethra) & Female Urethra.
The Reproductive System: Definition and general consideration; Parts of male
reproductive system - Testis, accessory organs; Parts of female reproductive system -
2.
Ovary, Mammary Gland and accessory organs; Histology of –Testis, Prostate, Ovary,
Uterus, Fallopian Tubes, Umbilical cord and Placenta.
The Nervous System: Neuron; Classification of Nervous System; Central nervous system –
Cerebrum, basal nuclei, Cerebellum, Brainstem, Spinal Cord; Peripheral nervous system -
3. Cranial nerves, Spinal nerves, Segmental innervations of skin; Meninges; Ventricles and
Cerebrospinal fluid; Blood supply of the brain; Histology of - Cerebrum, cerebellum,
spinal cord, peripheral nerve and ganglia.
The Endocrine System: General consideration of endocrine system; Anatomy of glands
and endocrine system – Anatomy of Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland,
4.
Suprarenal Gland and Pineal Gland; Histology of Endocrine Glands - Pituitary gland,
Thyroid gland, Parathyroid & Suprarenal Glands.
The Sensory Organs: Anatomy of eye – Extraocular structures, Intraocular structures,
5. visual pathways, microscopic anatomy (histology) of retina, microscopic anatomy
(histology) of cornea; Anatomy of ear – external ear, inner ear (labyrinthine).
General Embryology: Ovum & Sperm – sperm, ovum; Fertilization – acrosome reaction,
only one sperm fertilizes the egg; Embryogenesis - Cleavage of zygote and formation of
6. blastocyst, Implantation, Bilaminar Germ Disc, Gastrulation, Neurulation, Development of
somites, Organogenesis, Folding of embryo, Germ layer derivatives, Placenta, Parturition,
Amnion & amniotic fluid, Yolk sac, and Allantois; Multiple pregnancies.
Surface Anatomy & Radiology: Techniques for examining body – Inspection, Palpation,
Percussion and Auscultation; Surface Marking – Joints (Shoulder, elbow, wrist, knee),
Organs (Heart, Lungs, Pleura, Liver, Spleen, Stomach and caecum), Glands (Parotid,
Pituitary fossa and gland, sub-mandibular salivary gland), Surface markings and Arteries
Aorta (Carotid, Brachial, Radial and Dorsalis Pedis artery), Surface marking of Veins
7.
(Jugular, Median Cubital, Cephalic), Surface marking Nerves (Median, Ulnar, Lateral
popliteal and Sciatic); Radiological Anatomy and Basic Concepts - Radio-opacity,
Positioning, Properties of x-rays, Basic radiographic procedure, and Other imaging
techniques; Radiological anatomy of different regions of the body – chest, abdomen, joints
of upper and lower limbs.
Anatomical Techniques: Embalming of human cadaver – Purpose of embalming, modern
embalming, embalming chemicals, specialist embalming, and hazards of embalming;
Museum Techniques – collection of material, fixation, storage of specimens before
8. mounting, mounting of jars, mounting of solid-perspex, labeling of museum jars, methods
of presentation; Basic principles of Karyotyping – Purpose, preparing karyotypes form
mitotic cells, banding patterns reveal the structural details of chromosomes, and organizing
chromosomes in karyograms for review.
SECTION B (PHYSIOLOGY-II)
Excretory System & Body Fluid Homeostasis: Functional anatomy of kidney – Nephron,
Juxtaglomerular apparatus, renal regulation; Glomerular filtration - filtration barrier, forces
9. governing filtration; Tabular functions – Mechanism of tubular reabsorption, Mechanism of
tubular secretion, Renal function test; Excretory functions of skin; Homeostatic imbalances
– Glomerular disease.

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 Endocrine & Reproductive System: General considerations: Endocrine glands and
hormones – Pituitary gland, thyroid glands, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, thymus,
pancreas; Homeostatic imbalances – Pituitary disorders, Thyroid gland disorders,
10.
Parathyroid gland disorders, Adrenal gland disorders, Pancreatic disorders; General
consideration of Reproduction - Male Sex Hormones, Female Sex Hormones, Menstrual
cycle, Ovulation, Function of Placenta.
Nervous System: Functional anatomy of the nervous system – Central nervous system,
peripheral nervous system, neuron and nerve, synapse; The sensory system - Cerebral
cortex, sensory tracts; The motor system - Cerebral motor cortex, the descending tracts in
the spinal cord; Structures associated with motor activity - Cerebellum, Basal ganglia,
11.
Thalamus, Red nucleus, Reticular formation, Muscle tone, Posture and equilibrium, ANS,
Hypothalamus, Neural function, Cerebral hemispheres, electrical activities of the cerebral
cortex; Clinical connection - Hydrocephalus; Homeostatic imbalances – Epilepsy, Spinal
cord compression, Parkinson’s disease.
Special Senses: Olfaction the sense of smell; Gustation the sense of taste; Vision -
Functional anatomy of the eye ball, neurophysiology of vision; Hearing - Organ of corti,
12.
transmission of sound, mechanism of hearing; Clinical connection - Hyposmia, Taste
Aversion, Detached Retina, Presbyopia.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A. William Arnould, A Textbook of anatomy and physiology, Taylor, 1998.

B. Adeyemi Olubummo, Human Anatomy and Physiology: Study Notes, 2010.

C. Paul D. Anderson, Human Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook, 2009.

WEB LINKS:

A. http://www.phschool.com/atschool/florida/pdfbooks/sci_Marieb/pdf/Marieb_ch25.pdf.

B. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=jVHkyWzY-_4C&printsec=fronthcover&dq=human+
anatomy+and+physiology&hl=en&SA=X&ei=z5PxU5i3L4XvoAS4-YKIAg&sqi=2&ved=
0CEsQ 6AEwCA#v=onepage & q=human%20anatomy%20and%20physiology&f=false.

C. http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-II (P) – ANT14202P

1. Histology

a) Histology of Kidney

b) Histology of Ureter

c) Histology of Urinary Bladder

d) Histology of Testis

e) Histology of Prostate

f) Histology of Ovary

g) Histology of Uterus

h) Histology of Fallopian tube

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 i) Histology of Umbilical cord

j) Histology of Cerebrum

k) Histology of Cerebellum

l) Histology of Spinal cord

m) Histology of Thyroid gland

n) Histology of Cornea

o) Histology of Retina

2. Specimen

a) Kidney

b) Testis

c) Uterus

d) Brain

e) Cross section of Spinal cord

f) Eye

3. Radiological Anatomy

a) Chest X-ray

b) KUB

c) X-ray of Shoulder joint

d) X-ray of Elbow joint

e) X-ray of Wrist joint

f) X-ray of Hip joint

g) X-ray of Knee joint

h) X-ray of Ankle joint

4. Perimetry (Charting the Field of Vision).

5. Examination of Visual Acuity.

6. Examination of Color Vision.

7. Tuning-Fork Tests of Hearing.

8. Determination of sensation of Taste.

9. Determination of sensation of Smell.

10. EEG.

11. Electroneurodiagnostic Tests.

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 BACTERIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY –
MBL14215

UNIT CONTENT

Systemic Bacteriology: Introduction to bacteriology; Study of different organism -

Staphylococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhea, Neisseria meningititis,
Corynebacterium diptheriae, Mycobacterium, Clostridium, Spirochaetes; Resistance &
1. virulence factors of staphylococcus aureus - cell wall structure associated, extracellular
factors, extracellular enzymes, methicillin resistance in staphylococcus aureus; Food
poisoning and staphylococcal diseases – Staphylococcal food poisoning and staphylococcal
diseases; Toxic shock syndrome caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Enterobacteriaceae and V. Cholera: Enterobacteriaceae - Isolation and Identification of
Enterobacteriaceae, classification of Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli – morphology and
2. culture, biochemical reaction, antigenic structure, toxins, pathogenesis and types of
Escherichia coli; Cultural characteristics and morphology, pathogenesis, and laboratory
diagnosis of Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Citrobacter, and Vibrio cholera.
Immune System: Host defence against infection – infectious agents, host defence, and
immune recognition; Structure and function of immune system – organs of immune system,
cells of immune system, function of immune system; Immunity and Immune Response –
cellular basis of immunity, molecular basis of immunity, immune response and disease;
3. Types of immune system – Innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and passive immunity;
Production and function of B cells during bacterial infections – Production of B cells,
activation of B cells; Production and function of T cells during bacterial infections – types
of cells, production of T cells, activation of T cells; Immune based therapies – vaccines,
monoclonal and therapeutic antibodies.
Complement System: General properties of complement; Types of complement;
Activation and regulation of complement pathways – Pathways of complement activation;
Biosynthesis of complement; Biological effects of complement; Deficiencies of the
4.
complement system – Deficiencies in the classical pathways, Deficiencies in lectin
pathways component, and Deficiencies of the alternative pathways; The effects of microbial
infection on complement.
Immunology and Serology: Introduction to immunology; Antigens – Properties and types
of antigens, types of antigens; Biological classes of antigens; Various determinants of
antigenicity; Structure and function of immunoglobulins/antibodies – general functions of
immunoglobulins, structure of immunoglobulins and different types of immunoglobulins;
5. Brief aspects of abnormal immunoglobulins; Serology; Common serological tests – ELISA,
WIDAL, VDRL, ASLO, CRP, RF, HIV (Rapid test), HBsAG (Rapid test); General features
of antigen-antibody reactions – precipitation reactions, agglutinations, complements fixation
test, neutralization, opsonization, radioimmunoassay (RIA) test, and immunofluorescence
(IF) test.
Parasitology: Introduction to parasitology - description of parasitology and different fields
of parasitology; Definition of parasitism, host, vectors; Classes of parasites – Protozoa,
Helminths, and arthropods; Classes of host; Classification of Protozoa - Non-pathogenic
6.
protozoa, pathogenic protozoa; Host parasite relationship; Classification of Helminthes –
cestode, trematode, nematode; Laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infections – direct and
indirect identification of parasites.
Protozoa: Morphology, lifecycle, pathogenicity, clinical features, lab diagnosis,
prophylaxis & treatment of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Giardia lambia,
7.
Trichomonas vaginalis, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium falciparum; Difference
between P. vivax, P. malariae, P. falciparum and P. ovale.
Nematodes: Morphology, lifecycle, pathogenicity, clinical features & lab diagnosis of
Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichinella spiralis, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis,
8.
Ancylostoma duodenal, Wucheria bancrofti, LoaLoa, Onchocerca volvulus, and
Dracunculus medinensis.

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 Helminthes: Difference between Platyhelminthes and Nemathelminthes; Morphology,
9. lifecycle, pathogenicity, clinical feature & lab diagnosis of Taenia solium, Taenia saginata,
Echinococcus granulosus, Fasciolopsis hepatica, Schistosoma haematobium.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A. Barbara H. Estridge, Anna P. Reynolds, Basic Clinical Laboratory Techniques, Cengage

Learning; 6th edition.

B. Kawai T, Akira S (February 2006), “Innate immune recognition of viral infection” Nature
Immunology.

C. Plotkin SA (April 2005). “Vaccines: past, present and future”, Nature Medicine.

WEB LINKS:

A. http://textbookofbacteriology.net/staph_2.html.

B. http://www.austincc.edu/microbio/2993t/tss.htm.

C. http://www.livescience.com/26579-immune-system.html.

BACTERIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY (P) –

MBL14215P
1. Staining.
2. Hanging Drop Method for Motility.
3. Bacterial and Fungal culture by Conjunctival Scrapping.
4. Techniques for Isolation of Pure Cultures.
5. Preparation of Bacterial Smears.
6. Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing- Kirby-Bauer Method.
7. Rapid Detection of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HbsAg).
8. Qualitative Determination of HIV 1/2 Antibody.
9. Widal Test.
10. VDRL Test.
11. Determination of CRP.
12. RA Test.
13. ASO Test.
14. ELISA Test.

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY – BCH14212

UNIT CONTENT

Overview of Clinical Biochemistry: Introduction & importance to clinical biochemistry;

1. Review of clinical aspects of carbohydrates; Lipids; Proteins and Amino Acids metabolism;
Enzymes; Integration of Metabolism; Genetic Metabolism.

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 The Clinical Chemistry Laboratory and Organ Systems: The Role of clinical
biochemistry in medicine; Interpretation of the laboratory data of - Cardiovascular
2.
Circulatory system, Respiratory tract, Liver, Renal system, Digestive system, Endocrine
system, Bone, Central nervous system.
Hemoglobin Production Disorders and Testing: Heme synthesis; Absorption; Transport
3. and Storage of iron; Assessing iron levels and forms; Iron deficiency; Practice calculation:
cubic and percentage saturation of iron; Interpretation of Iron Results.
Metabolic Bone Diseases: Normal physiology and Metabolism of bone, calcium, phosphate
and magnesium; Clinical disorders of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium metabolism, their
4. etiology, pathophysiology, metabolic abnormalities, complication and management;
Metabolic disorders of bone, biochemical markers of bone turnover, biochemical profile in
various clinical disorders of bone.
Assessment of Cardiovascular Disorders: Acute myocardial infarction; (Cardiac
markers); The role of HDL; Physiological changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels; Diabetes
5. and Cardiac disease; National cholesterol education program; C-reactive protein; Primary
and Secondary Hyperlipoproteinemia; Apoproteins; Hypoalphalipoproteinemia;
Hyperbetalipoproteinemia; Abnormalities with apoprotein E; Abetalipoproteinemia.
Assessment of Respiratory Disorders: Collection and handling of arterial blood gases;
Assessment for arterial blood gases; Calculations in arterial blood gas analysis; Arterial
collection; Venous versus arterial samples; Acid-base status; Metabolic acid-base
disturbances; Respiratory acid-base disturbances; Approach to interpreting acid-base
6.
disturbance; Oxygenation status; Oxygen-carrying capacity and content; Chronic bronchitis;
Fetal lung maturity; Respiratory distress syndrome; Analysis of oxygenation; Toxic gases;
Cyanide poisoning; Carbon monoxide poisoning; Distribution of gases via circulation of
erythrocytes; Pathological effects of carbon monoxide; Analysis of carboxyhemoglobinent.
Assessment of Nutrition and Digestive Function: Nutrition - Nitrogenous biomarkers of
nutritional status, Vitamins, Trace elements; Nutritional disorders - Vitamin A metabolism,
7. Vitamin A night blindness, Vitamin-related macrocytic anemia; physiological and
nutritional changes with age; Pre-diabetes and metabolic syndrome; Testing strategies for
macrocytic anemia.
Digestive and Endocrine Disorders: The gastrointestinal tract; Malabsorption; Gastric
fluid analysis; Zollinger-ellison syndrome; Cystic fibrosis; Gastric fluids and electrolyte
levels; Other electrolyte disturbances resulting from gastrointestinal disturbances, Intestinal
8.
loss, Bulimia nervosa; Classification of hormones; Hormone receptors; Feedback control;
The pituitary gland; The adrenal glands; Cortisol synthesis; Cortisol activity; Diseases of the
adrenal cortex.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology: Therapeutic drug monitoring; Drug
9. metabolism; Drug action of antibiotics; Drug action of cardioactive agents; Toxicity of
cardioactive drugs; Methods of analysis for therapeutic drugs; Immunosuppressive Drugs.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A. Henry, John Bernard. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods (20th Ed.)
Philadelphia: Saunders 2001.

B. Rose S. and Mileusnic, R. The Chemistry of Life. Penguin Press Science, 1999.

C. Lane, N., Oxygen: The Molecule that Made the World. Oxford University Press. USA, 2004.

WEB LINKS:

A. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Carbohydrate+Metabolism&fie
ld=entry.

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

B. http://www.si.mahidol.ac.th/department/Biochemistry/home/sibc511/integration_of_metabolis
m_web.pdf.

C. http://www.merckmanuals.com

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (P) – BCH14212P

1. Determination of blood glucose.
2. Glucose tolerance test.
3. Qualitative Identification of Ketone Bodies in Urine.
4. Determination of total Protein in blood.
5. Determination of Albumin in blood.
6. Estimation of Urea in urine.
7. Determination of Urea.
8. Estimation of Creatinine in urine.
9. Estimation of Creatinine in blood.
10. Determination of Uric Acid.
11. Estimation of sodium, potassium & chloride.
12. Qualitative Detection of Bile Pigments by Fouchet’s Method.
13. Qualitative Detection of Bile Salts by Hay’s Test.
14. Determination of bilirubin.
15. Determination of SGOT.
16. Determination SGPT.
17. Determination of Alkaline phosphatase.
18. Determination of Cholesterol.
19. Determination of serum Triglycerides.
20. Determination of LDL.
21. Determination of HDL.
22. Estimation of LDH Enzyme.
23. Estimation of Serum CPK.
24. Estimation of serum Amylase.
25. Estimation of Acid phosphatase.
26. Estimation of serum Calcium.
27. Estimation of serum phosphorus.
28. Collection of Blood for ABG.
29. Estimation of Vitamin A.

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 HEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD BANKING – BBN14201

UNIT CONTENT

Hematology: Hematology – Composition of blood, formation of blood and functions of

blood; Collection of blood - Different routes of blood collection, difference between
1.
capillary and venous sample; Anticoagulants - Different types of anticoagulants, method of
preparation and uses of anticoagulants.
Haemoglobin: Colorimetric Method; Chemical Method; Specific Gravity Method;
2.
Gasometric Method; Clinical importance.
Red Blood Cells: Red Blood Cells - Red Blood Cells (RBC) Total Count, Normal and
abnormal values, and Physiological variations; Haemocytometer; Anemia – Classification
3. of Anemia; Sickle cell anemia: slide Preparation - Haematocrit, Red cell indices: normal
and abnormal values; Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate - Westergrens & Wintrobe’s Method,
Factors affecting values; Limitations and Significance.
White Blood Cells: White Blood Cells - Differential Count, Normal and abnormal values
and physiological variation; Preparation of peripheral blood smear; Staining by different
4.
methods - Methods of examinations and reporting, White Blood Cell Count, Normal and
abnormal values, Haemocytometer.
Reticulocytes: Methods of Reticulocytes; Normal values and Significance; Osmotic
5.
Fragility test.
Haemostasis and Coagulation Mechanism: Coagulation Factors – The coagulation
mechanism; Coagulation Tests – Tests evaluation primary hemostasis and Tests evaluation
6.
secondary hemostasis; LE cell - Demonstrating LE cells; Parasitic infections in Blood and
their demonstration – Malaria plasmodium, Leishmania and LD bodies, and Microfilaria.
Bone Marrow: Peripheral blood smear - Thin smear, thick smear, Buffy coat smear, and
wet smear; Bone Marrow smear; Romanowsky staining - Principle and methods of staining
7.
Blood smears and bone marrow smears; Supravital staining - Recticulocyte count, and
Heinz bodies; Application of Radioisotopes in haematology.
Blood Banking: Immunohematology - Blood group antigen and their inheritance; ABO
blood group system – Antigens and antibodies: blood typing; Rh blood group system -
Nomenclature, The rhesus antigens, Rh antibodies, and Rh inheritance; Other blood group
8. systems – MNS blood group, Kell blood group, and Bombay Blood group; Preparation and
Preservation of antisera; Blood grouping and cross matching; Coomb’s test - Titration of
antibodies; Transfusion - Selection of the donor, Screening test for donor, Preparation and
properties of anticoagulant solution, and Apparatus for blood transfusion.
Investigation of Transfusion Reaction: Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN);
Exchange transfusion; Transfusion transmitted diseases – viral diseases, bacterial diseases,
9.
and protozoal diseases; Cell preparation and transfusion of various components of blood;
Serum immunoglobulin; Administration and operation of blood bank.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A. Briggs C. Quality Counts: New parameters in blood cell counting. International Journal of
Laboratory Hematology 2009; 31:277-297.

B. Taylor M.R.H., Holland C.V., Spencer R., et al: Haematological reference ranges for school
children. Clin Lab Haematol 1997; 19:1-15.

C. Wenk RE. Comparison of five methods for preparing blood smears. Am J Med Technol. 1976;
42: 71-78.

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

WEB LINKS:

A. http://www.cliffsnotes.com/cliffnotes/sciences/what-is-the-composition-and-volume-of-whole-
blood.

B. http://sydney.edu.au/science/biology/learning/blood_composition/Plasma.html.

C. http://www.healthline.com/health/white-blood-cell-count-and-differential#Procedure3.

HEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD BANKING (P) – BBN14201P

1. Paraffin section cutting.
2. Staining by Hematoxylin & Eosin and other special stains.
3. Determination of Hemaglobin and Hematocrit.
4. Red blood cell count.
5. Total white blood cell count.
6. Platelet count.
7. Differential count of white blood cells.
8. Absolute Eosinophil count.
9. Reticulocyte count.
10. Calculation of red cell indices.
11. Determination of ESR.
12. Determination of BT, CT, Whole blood clotting time.
13. Determination of PT and PTT.
14. Blood smear preparation and staining.
15. Osmotic fragility test.
16. Sickling test.
17. LE cell preparation.

COMMUNITY MEDICINE – MED14201

UNIT CONTENT

Natural History of Disease: Determinants of health, multi – factorial causation of disease

1. host, agent, and environment relationship primary, secondary and tertiary levels of
prevention with examples related to few diseases of national importance.
2. Mode of Transmission of Disease: Air – borne, vector and vehicle transmission; Methods
of control with examples for control of each mode.
Disinfection: Disinfection of the infective materials received in the Laboratory by using
3.
the appropriate disinfection methods, at the health centre level.
Health Services: Brief description of organization of health services at the centre and state
levels; Primary Health Care - Definition, components and principles of primary health care;
4.
Health for all indicators; Primary Health Centre - The functions, staffing pattern and the
role of laboratory technicians in primary Health Centre.
5. National Programmes of Health and Disease Eradication /Control: Health Programmes

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 - Family Welfare Programme, National Programme for water supply and sanitation,
Nutritional Programmes, Immunization and universal immunization programme; Disease
Eradication programme - Leprosy & Guniea worm; Disease control programmes -
Tuberculosis, Malaria, Filaria, S.T.D, Goitre, Cholera and other diarrhaeal diseases and
National Programme for prevention of blindness including trachoma.
Demography & Population Control: The factors influencing population growth, death
6.
rate, birth rate and methods of contraception.
Biostatistics: Application of statistical principles in history; Presentation of data,
7. calculation of mean, median and mode, range and standard deviation and their significance;
Significance of ‘T’ test, Chi square values.
Environmental Sanitation: Methods of water purification and disinfection, collection of
8.
water samples, their transport and bacteriological analysis; Methods of excreta disposal.
Health Education: Definition, principles, objectives, purpose, types and AV aids;
Communication - definition, process and types, Behavioral change communication; IEC
(Information education and communication) - aims, scope, concept and approaches; Inter
9.
personal relationship - Co-ordination and co-operation in health education with other
members of the health team; Teaching and learning process, concept, characteristics of
leaner and educator; Role and skill of health professional in Health Education.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A. Wise Geek. “What is the difference between communicable and non-communicable disease?
Conjecture Corporation 2008.

B. Duffy, FD. Gordon, GH., Whelan, G., Cole-Kelly, K., & Frankel R. Assessing competence in
communication and interpersonal skills: The Kalamazoo II report. Academic Medicine, 79, 495
– 507.

C. “Health Centres the Next Step”. Socialist Health Centres. 1975 Retrieved 18 October 2014.

WEB LINKS:

A. http://www.diseaseprevention.com/

B. http://preventdisease.com/prevention/prevention.html.

C. http://www.healthline.com/health/disease-transmission#IndirectContact3

BASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY – PHM14202

UNIT CONTENT

General Pharmacology: Pharmacology; Different branches of Pharmacology; Routes of

drug administration; Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and excretion of drugs; General
1.
mechanism of drug action; Animal used in experiments; Animal handling and ethics;
Bioassay procedures; Instruments used in Pharmacology; Basics of Clinical trials.
Drugs Acting on CNS: General anesthetics; Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs; Psychotropic
agents; Epilepsy and Anticonvulsant drugs; Narcotic analgesics and antagonists; Centrally
2.
acting muscle relaxation and antiparkinsonism agents; Analgesics; antipyretics; anti-
inflammatory agents and Central nervous system stimulant; Local anesthetics.
Drugs Acting on ANS: Autonomic nervous system and neurohumoral transmission;
3.
Cholinergic or parasympathetic drugs; Anticholinergic or parasympathomimetic drugs;

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 Adrenergic or sympathomimetic drugs; Sympatholytic drugs; Drugs acting on autonomic
ganglion; Neuromuscular blockers.
Drugs Acting on Respiratory System: Bronchodilators; analeptics; Nasal decongestants,
4.
expectorants; antitussive agents.
Drugs acting on Cardiovascular System: Antiarrhythmic drugs; Cardiotonics;
5.
Antianginal drugs; Antihypertensive drugs; Drugs used in atherosclerosis.
Drugs Acting on Blood and Blood Forming Organs: Haematinics – Iron (Fe);
6.
Coagulants; Anticoagulants; Blood and plasma expanders.
Hormones and Hormone Antagonists: Antithyroid drugs; Hypoglycaemic agents; Sex
7.
hormones and oral contraceptives; Corticosteroids.
Opioid Analgesics: Endogenous opioid peptides; Opioid receptors; Effects of clinically
8. used opioids; Morphine and related opioid agonists; Acute opioid toxicity; Opioid agonist &
antagonist; Therapeutic uses of opioid analgesics.
Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse: Drug dependence; Physical dependence on Drugs;
9.
Clinical issues.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Bertram G. Katzung, McGraw-Hill Medical, 2007.

B. Pharmacology, 2/e, Bhattacharya, Elsevier, 2nd edition – 2003.

C. Desk Reference of Clinical Pharmacology, Second Edition, Manuchair Ebadi, 2007.

WEB LINKS:

A. http://4my1616.blogspot.in/

B. http://howmed.net/pharmacollgy/mechanism-of-drug-action-an-introduction.

C. http://www.ppdi.com/About/CRO-Overview/Clinical-Research-Basics.aspx

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

YEAR III

HISTOTECHNOLOGY – PAT14301

UNIT CONTENT

Introduction to Histopathology: Histology - Automated histology equipment, Sections of

1.
histology, Histological techniques, Fixation, Embedding, Staining, Tissue preparation.
Microtomes: Introduction; Types of Microtome - Sliding or Base Sledge Microtome,
Rocking Microtome, Rotary Microtome, Freezing Microtome; Principle of working of
2.
microtome, Maintenance of Microtome; Parts and types of Microtome knife; Sharpening
and maintaining Microtome Knives - Honing, Stropping.
Section Cutting: Techniques of section cutting - Requirements, Methods of section cutting;
3.
Faults occurring during section cutting and their remedies.
Routine Staining Procedures: Introduction; Types of forces responsible for attachment of
4. tissue and stain; Dye Chemistry; Routine staining procedure of tissue in Histotechnology-
Steps in routine staining.
Basic and Acid Dyes: Terms related to dyes- Mordant, Amphophilic, Neutrophilic,
Metachromatic; Methods of staining - Acid phosphatase, Alkaline phosphatase,
5.
Azocarmine, Berlin blue, Bielschowsky’s silver method, Bodian silver method, Cajal’s
silver stain, Chrome Hematoxylin and phloxin, Hematoxylin & Eosin, Wright’s blood stain.
Controls in Various Staining Procedures: Staining procedures and controls - Van
6. Gieson’s stain for collagen fibers, Alkaline Congo Red stain for amyloids, Periodic Acid
Schiff’s stain (PAS) for carbohydrates, Masson’s Trichrome stain for collagens.
Collection and Processing of Cytological Specimen: Introduction; Collection - Fine
7. Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC); Processing - Preservation, Fixation, Preparation of
Smear for microscopic study.
Histopathology Laboratory Organization: Quality Control in Histopathology Laboratory
8. (pre-analytical phase, analytical phase, post analytical phase), Quality Control to Total
Quality Management.
Laboratory Mathematics and Solution Preparation: Percentage solutions; Use of the
Gravimetric factor in solution preparation; Hydrates; Normal and Molar solutions; The
9.
Metric system; Temperature conversion; Buffers; General guidelines for Solution
preparation, Use and Storage; Stability of solutions.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:
rd
A. Carson F, Hladik C. (2009), Histotechnology: A Self-instructional Text, 3 Ed.
th
B. Kiernan J. Histological and Histochemical Methods: Theory and Practice, (2008), 4 ed.
th
C. Bancrof JD, Gamble M. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, (2007), 6 Ed.

WEB LINKS:

A. http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/fine-needle-aspiration?page=2.

B. http://www.slideshare.net/biotechvictor1950/histological-techniques.

C. http://www.pdn/ac.lk/dental/dental/about/Histology%20Techniques.pdf.

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 VIROLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY –
MBL14310

UNIT CONTENT

Medical Virology: Virus host interaction; Virus - Morphology, Structure and Properties,
Classification of DNA and RNA Virus, Viroids, Prions, Bacteriophage; Common viral
1. diseases - HIV, Hepatitis virus, Pox virus, Poliovirus, Influenza virus, Mumps, Measles,
Herpes virus, Rubella, Respiratory syncytial, Arbovirus prevalent in India,
Cytomegalovirus, Prevention & treatment of viral infections.
Medical Mycology: Meaning and definition of fungi - Classification of fungi,
Zygomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes, Morphology, characteristics
2. and structure of fungi; Fungal diseases - Classification of fungal diseases, Laboratory
diagnosis and treatment, Opportunistic mycoses, Candidiasis, Pneumocystis Pneumonia,
Antifungal agents.
Serological Tests for Fungal Infections and Skin Tests: Antigen and antibody tests -
Agglutination, Immunodiffusion, Counter-Immunoelectrophoresis, Complement fixative
3.
test, Immunofluorescence, Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Test, ELISA; Skin tests in mycology -
Histoplasmin Skin Test, Candida Skin Test, Limitation of Skin Test.
Diagnosis of Bacterial, Fungal and Viral Infections: Direct Examination of Specimens -
4. Direct Examination; Microscopy & Stains - Microbiological Staining, Identification in
Histopathologic Material, Antigen detection, Molecular diagnostics.
Managing Microbiology Laboratory: General concept on Managing microbiology -
Laboratory organization, Laboratory Operations Manual, Recording of specimen and
Laboratory Records, Recording of results; Care and maintenance of glassware -
5. Recommended Glassware Cleaning and Handling Procedures, Heating Glassware,
Maintenance of Laboratory Equipment; Quality control in microbiology - Ordering and
Storage of Dehydrated Media, Stains and Reagents, Diagnostic Antigens and Antisera,
Maintenance and Use of Stock Cultures, Preservation.
Technique Oriented Examination of Specimen: Macroscopic and microscopic
6. examination of the specimen - Pus, Urine, Stool, Sputum & throat swab; Wet and Dry
Mount Techniques - Wet Mount Slide, Dry Mount Slide.
Epidemiology of Infectious Disease: Introduction; Meaning and definition of
7. Epidemiology - Definition of Infectious Diseases, Sources and Types of Infections; Types
of Diseases - Epidemic, Endemic, Pandemic, Control and prevention of diseases.
Healthcare Associated Infections: Healthcare Associated Infections - Types of healthcare
8. associated infection; Nosocomial Infections (Hospital Infection) - Sources and types of
nosocomial infections, Symptoms and Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment.
Biomedical Waste Management: Management of Biomedical Waste - Types of
biomedical waste and their sources, Types of Hospital Risk Wastes, Hospital Non-Risk
9.
Waste, Risk from Waste, Techniques to Segregation of Waste; General principles of waste
management - Important precautions.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Chernecky, Cynthia C., and Barbara J. Berger. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures, 3rd
ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company, 2001.
B. Bauman, R. (2004) Microbiology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
WEB LINKS:
A. http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mayer/phage.htm.
B. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 C. http://www.bamed.cz/soubory/soubor/Diapath/SS%20Handbook_ENG_070313_def.pdf.

VIROLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY (P) –

MBL14310P
1. Complement Fixative Test (CFT).
2. Examination of Skin, Nail and Hair for Fungi.
3. Bacterial Culture of Urine.
4. Examination of Sputum Specimen.
5. Bacterial & Fungal Culture - Throat Swabs.
6. ELISA.
7. Qualitative Determination of HIV ½ Antibody.
8. Rapid Detection of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg).
9. RIA.
10. Bacterial and Fungal Culture (Other specimen).
11. Immunofluorescence Staining for Viruses.

ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY – PHM14301

UNIT CONTENT

Drugs Acting on Gastro-Intestinal System: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics -

Gastric Acid-Related Conditions, Peptic Ulcers, Agents used for Upper GI Tract Disorders,
Nausea and Vomiting, Disorders of the Bowel, Gallstones, Prokinetic Agents, Digestive
1.
Enzyme Replacements; Side Effects - Common agents used in GERD/Hyperacidity,
Common Agents used for Bowel Motility, Common Agents used for Constipation, Common
Anti-Diarrhoeal Agents, Antinaus scouts and Antiemetic Agents; Applications/Uses.
Antibiotics: Antibiotics Inhibiting Protein Synthesis - Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines,
2. Chloramphenicol, Macrolide; Antibiotics affecting Membrane Permeable - Polymyxins,
Gramicidin, Antibiotics that affect Bacterial cell structure.
Antituberculosis and Antileprotic Drugs: Antituberculosis Drugs - Purpose,
Recommended Dosage, Classification of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs, Pharmacokinetics and
3. Pharmacodynamics, Precautions, Side Effects, Drug Interactions, Uses of Isoniazid;
Introduction to Antileprotic Drugs - Dosage Administration, Pharmacokinetics and
Pharmacodynamics, Contradiction, Side Effects, Uses of Antileprotic Drugs.
Antifungal Drugs: Antifungal Drugs, Classes of Antifungal Drugs - Mechanism of Action,
4.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Side Effects, Medicinal Uses.
Antiviral Drugs: Antiviral Drugs - Virus Life Cycle, Key Characteristics of Antiviral
Drugs, Anti-viral Targeting, Antivirals for Treatment of Influenza in Children;
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antiviral Drugs - Treatment of Respiratory
5. Viral Infections, Treatment of Hepatic Viral Infections, Treatment of Herpes Virus
Infections, Treatment for HIV Infection; Side Effects of Antiviral Drugs - Variation in Side
Effects, Duration of side effects, Preparing to Start Treatment, Reporting Side Effects; Uses
of Antiviral Drugs.
Antimalarial drugs: Antimalarial Drugs - Life cycle of Malarial Parasite, Symptoms,
Causes, Complications, Medication; Pharmacokinetics of Antimalarial Drugs, Drugs used to
6.
treat the acute attack, Drugs that affect a Radical Cure, Drugs used for Chemoprophylaxis,
Drugs used to Prevent Transmission; Pharmacodynamics of Antimalarial Drugs; Side

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 effects and uses of Antimalarial Drugs.
Antiamoebic, Antigiardial and Miscellaneous Antiprotozoal Drugs: Antimicrobial
Drugs - Introduction to Antiamoebic Drugs, Chemical Classification, Therapeutic
Classification, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Side Effects and Uses; Introduction
7.
of Antigiardial Drugs - Mode of Action and Drug Targets, Pharmacokinetics and
Pharmacodynamics, Side Effects, Uses; Miscellaneous Antiprotozoal Drugs - Classes of
Oral Antiprotozoal Drugs, Overview of Miscellaneous Antiprotozoal Drugs.
Antineoplastic Drugs: Antineoplastic Drugs - Principles of Antineoplastic Chemotherapy,
Resistance to Antineoplastic Agents, Patterns of Toxicity, Biologic Response Modifiers in
Cancer Therapy, Safe Handling of Antineoplastic Agents, Classification of Antineoplastic
Chemotherapeutic Agents; Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antineoplastic
Drugs - Antimetabolites, Camptothecins, Miscellaneous, Vinca Alkaloids,
8.
Podophyllotoxins, Taxanes, Alkylating Agents, Nitrosoureas, Antitumor antibiotics,
Hormones and Hormones Antagonists; Side Effects of Antineoplastic Drugs - Blood
Problems, Gastrointestinal Side Effects, Hair Loss, Fatigue, Nerve Problems, Sexual and
Reproductive Side Effects, Skin and Nail Changes, Fluid Changes; Uses of Antineoplastic
Drugs - Children, Adults, Older Adults.
Antiseptics, Disinfectants and Miscellaneous Antibacterial Drugs: Antiseptics and
Miscellaneous antibacterial Drugs - Mechanism of Action, Types of Antiseptics;
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antiseptics - Disinfectants and Miscellaneous
Antibacterial Drugs, Povidone-Iodine: Pharmacology, Chlorhexidine: Pharmacology; Side
9.
Effects and Uses of Antiseptics and Miscellaneous Antibacterial Drugs; Disinfectants;
Instruments and Different Types of Disinfection; Side Effects and Uses of Disinfectants and
Miscellaneous Antibacterial Drugs, their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, side
effects and uses.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Gary C. Rosenfeld and David S. Loose, “BRS Pharmacology”, 6th edition published by Wolters
Kluwer.
th
B. Brunton LL. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11 ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill
Companies Inc; 2006.
C. Taketomo CK, Hodding JH, Kraus DM. Pediatric Dosage Handbook. 16th ed. Lexi-Comp;
2009.
WEB LINKS:
A. http://dvm5.blogspot.in/2010/10/drugs-acting-on-digestive-systemlab-1.html.
B. https://www.inkling.com/read/brs-pharmacology-rosenfeld-6th/chapter-8/ch08-reader-0.
C. http://health.howstuffworks.com/medicine/medication/understanding-gastrointestinal-
medications-ga.htm.

HISTOPATHOLOGY AND CYTOPATHOLOGY TECHNIQUES –

PAT14302

UNIT CONTENT

Histopathology: Definition and Overview of Histopathology - Branches of Histopathology;

1. Sources and Types of Histological Specimens - Kinds of histological presentations; Method
of Specimen Collection - Preparation for histology; Popular Fixative Solutions.

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 Histopathology Laboratory: General organization of a Histopathology Laboratory- Basic
Requirements for a Histopathology Laboratory; Role of Histopathology Laboratory in the
2. Diagnosis of Diseases - Reception of Specimens, Identification and Recording in the
Registers; Methods of Examination of Fresh Tissue Specimens - Teased preparations,
Squash preparations, Smears, Frozen sections.
Processing: Tissue Processing - Dehydration, Clearing, Infiltration; Embedding -
3.
Sectioning; Staining - Commonly used stains and their interpretation, artifacts.
Museum Technique: General introduction - Organization of a museum, Source of
materials, Reception, Preparation, Labeling; Fixation of various specimens and organs -
4. Storage of specimen, Mounting of museum specimens, Advantages and disadvantages of
Perplex and Glass Jar; Demonstration of Bone - Calculi, Transparent specimen (Fetal
skeleton and amyloid), Modern methods in museum technique.
Enzyme Histochemistry and Its Diagnostic Applications: Overview of Enzyme
Histochemistry & Its Diagnostic Applications - Histochemical reactions, Types of Enzymes;
5. Hydrolytic Enzymes - Demonstration of Alkaline Phosphatase, Demonstration of Acid
Phosphatase; Demonstration of Specific Phosphates - Dehydrogenases; Enzyme
Histochemistry and Diagnostic Applications, Application.
Lipids, Identification and Demonstration: Overview of Lipids and their Functions - Oil
6. Red O method for fats, Sudan Black B for Phospholipids in Paraffin sections and fats in
frozen sections.
Microorganisms, Identification & Demonstration: Overview of Microorganism -
Identification and Demonstration, Charles Churukian Microwave Ziehl-Neelsen method for
7.
Acid-fast bacteria, Gridley’s method for Entamoeba histolytica; Modified Brown and Brenn
method for Gram positive and negative bacteria.
Neuropathological Technique: Staining of the components of Nervous tissue - Handling
8. of neuropathological specimens; Processing brain and spinal cord tissue - Celloidin and
Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose, Technique to stain axon in Peripheral Nervous System.
Advance Techniques in Histopathology: Introduction; Cryostat and their uses - Principle,
care and operation of cryostat, Automation in histopathology, Immunocytochemistry and its
9.
application; Immunofluorescence techniques in tissue sections - In situ hybridization,
Electron microscopy processing and Techniques.
Cytology: Definition and Overview of Cytology - History, Development and Scope of
10. Cytology; Types of cytological specimen and collection - Preparation of slide for
microscopic studies, Stains used in Cytology.
Analysis of Nucleic Acids & Cytoplasmic Techniques: Introduction, Microwave
Ammoniacal Silver Method for Argentaffin & melanin - Microwave Schmorl’s method for
reducing substances, Churukian Schenk Argyrophil method, Microwave Giemsa method for
Plastic bone marrow sections; Aldehyde Fuchsin method for Hepatitis B antigen -
11.
microwave Orcein method for Hepatitis B surface antigen, Toluidine Blue method for Mast
cells, Long Ziehl-Neelson method for Ceroid; Methyl Green – Pyronin Y method for DNA
and RNA - Aldehyde Fuchsin method for Pancreatic Beta cells, Wilson-Ezrin method for
Pituitary, Feulgen staining procedure.
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology: Overview to Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology -
Branches of Diagnostic cytology, FNAC & its clinical applications, Advantages &
12. limitation of FNAC, Precautions & contradictions; Preparation for Biopsy equipment -
Fixation & staining, Main aspects of safety in a cytology laboratory, Imaging method for
Aspiration cytology.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Carson F, Hladik C. (2009): Histotechnology: A Self-instructional Text. (3rd Ed.)
th
B. Kiernan J. (2008): Histological and Histochemical Methods: Theory and Practice (4 ed.).
rd
C. Luna, LG.: Histologic Staining Methods, 3 ed.: New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., C. 1968,
p228.

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

WEB LINKS:
A. http://www.nationaldiagnostics.com/histology/article/decalcifying-tissue-histological-
processing.
B. http://histologylab.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/histological_techniques/
C. http://www.medicalcareers.nhs.uk/specialty_pages/pathology/histopathology.aspx.

HISTOPATHOLOGY AND CYTOPATHOLOGY TECHNIQUES (P) –

PAT14302P
1. Rotary Microtome.
2. Tissue Processing.
3. Embedding.
4. Aldehyde Fuchsin Method for Pancreatic Beta Cells.
5. Modified Brown and Brenn Method for Gram Positive and Negative Bacteria.
6. Ziehl Neelsen Method for Acid Fast Bacteria.
7. Tissue Freezing Method for Cryostat Sectioning.
8. FNAC.
9. Pap Test.

BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES, LAB MANAGEMENT AND ETHICS –

MLT14301

UNIT CONTENT

Biomedical Techniques: Methods of qualitative analysis of biomolecules; Principles,

experimental procedures and application of chromatography – paper, thin - layer, ion
1. exchange, affinity, gel filtration, gas-liquid and HPLC; Principles, procedures and
application of Electrophoresis – paper, polyacrylamide gel, agarose gel, capillary and
cellulose acetate.
Centrifugation Techniques: Principle and technique of preparative and analytical
2.
Centrifugation, differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, ultracentrifuge
and its application.
Quantitative Methods: Principles and applications of Photometry, Spectrophotometer,
3.
flame photometry, flow cytometry; ELISA, RIA Western Blotting, Immunoelectrophoresis.
Biomedical Instruments I: Working principle and maintenance of common laboratory
instruments-heating mantle, refrigerator, deep freezer, walk-in cooler, hot air oven,
4. electronic balance, CRO, Multimeter, Calorimeter, Incubator, Laser application in medicine,
maintenance of equipments-preventive maintenance and break down maintenance,
calibration of equipments, Electrodes, pressure transducers.
Biomedical Instruments II: EEG Recorder, EMG Machine, NCV and evoked potential
recording, surgical diathermy, suction apparatus, Echo Encephalography, Ventilators,
Nebulizer, humidifier, Spiro meter, multiparameter monitor; Normal ECG, ECG
5. abnormalities, ECG recorder-single channel, multichannel, Tread mill ECG, ECG monitor,
cardiac defibrillator, pacemaker, digital subtraction angiography; Oxymetry-transmission
oximetry, reflection oximetry, fingertip Pulse oximeter, Eco cardiography, colour Doppler,
Heart lung machine, infusion pump, blood gas analyzer.
Biomedical Instruments III: Fiber optics, Endoscope, Sigmoidoscope, Audiometer – Pure
6.
tone, speech, Bekesey audiometers, Hearing aids, radioactivity, radiation detectors-

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT

 ionization detector, GM counter, scintillation detector, photomultiplier tube, pulse height
analyzer, collimator, gamma camera, cyclotron, CT scan, MRI, Positron Emission
Tomography, SPECT, dialysis machine – peritoneal and haemodialysis, dialyzers.
Laboratory Management I: Preparation of operating budgets; general aspects of financial
management of laboratories; Cost-analysis (tests and instruments); justification of providing
7.
new services or rejecting existing ones; lease and purchase decision analysis; delegation of
budget responsibilities, work load statistics.
Laboratory Management II: Laboratory safety: Fire, chemical, radiation and infection
control (body substance precautions), hazardous waste and transport of hazardous materials.
Maintenance of records: Procedure manuals, ward manuals, quality control programs,
8. patient data retrieval; Personnel management: Personnel policy manual; job descriptions;
labor, supervision relations; conducting job interviews; motivation, recognizing job distress
syndrome; delegation to a laboratory manager; Hospital organization; interactions between
the laboratory service and the rest of the hospital.
Ethics in Laboratory Medicine: Principles of ethics; General application of ethical
9. principle; Collection of specimen; performance of tests; Reporting of results; Storage and
retention of medical records; Access to medical records; Some special application.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A. Sarah Jane Pitt, James M. Cunningham, “An Introduction to Biomedical Science in

Professional and Clinical Practice?, John Wiley & Sons, 6 April 2009 Medical.

B. Barbara H. Estridge, Anna P. Reynolds, Norma J. Walters, “Basic Medical Laboratory

Techniques”, Cengage Learning, 2000.

C. “Research Training in the Biomedical, Behavioural and Clinical Research Sciences” National
Academics Press, 28 Feb 2011.

WEB LINKS:

A. http://www.mdx.ac.uk/courses/postgraduate/biomedical-science-clinical-biochemistry.

B. http://www.uthsc.edu/grad/PROGRAMS/BCLRMMO.php.

C. http://www.unimib.it/go/46156/Home/English/Academic-Programs/Medicine-and-
Surgery/Biomedical-Laboratory-Techniques

HOSPITAL TRAINING – TRN14301

BACHELOR OF MEDICAL LAB. TECHNOLOGY-BMLT