Embedded System

Chapter 2
Embedded Microcontrollers
Abebaw.Z

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 Outline
Embedded Microcontrollers
1. Structure of a basic computer system
 Elements of computer
 Elements of embedded system
 Architectures(Von Neumann and Harvard Architecture)
 RISC and CISC
2. CPU families used in microcontrollers
3. Memories
4. Basic I/O devices and technologies
5. Interrupts

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 Structure of a basic computer system

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 Structure of a basic computer system
 A Microprocessor
 Intel (R) Core i7-3770 CPU 3.4GHz

 A Large Memory
 (Primary and Secondary)
 (RAM, ROM and caches)

 Input Units
 (Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, etc.)

 Output Units
 (Monitor, printer, etc.)

 Networking Units
 (Ethernet Card, Drivers, etc.)

 I/O Units
 (Modem, Fax cum Modem, etc.)

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 Structure of a basic computer system
Elements of embedded system

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 Structure of a basic computer system
 Elements of embedded system
 Processor
 Memory
 Parallel ports
 Serial communication ports
 Input interfacing device
 Output interfacing device
 Timers and counter
 Interrupt controller
 Power supply, reset and oscillation circuit

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 Structure of a basic computer system
 Von Neumann Architecture
 Shared memory (data and program )
 one data path (both instruction and data)
 CPU does one operation at a time
 Fetch or read/write
 supports simple hardware
 Slow
 Improved by cache memory

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 Structure of a basic computer system
 Harvard Architecture
 Separate storage for instructions and data
 Separate bus for data and instruction
 Simultaneous access to both instructions and data
 Programs needed to be loaded by an operator
 the processor could not boot itself

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 Structure of a basic computer system
 CISC is a Complex Instruction Set Computer
 Larger set of instructions.
 Easy to program
 Many addressing modes causing complex instruction formats.
 Instruction length is variable.
 Higher clock cycles per second.
 Emphasis is on hardware
 Slower execution, as instructions are to be read from memory
and decoded by the decoder unit.
 Pipelining is not possible.

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 Structure of a basic computer system
 RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer
 Smaller set of Instructions.
 Difficult to program.
 Few addressing modes, fix instruction format.
 Low clock cycle per second
 Emphasis is on software
 Faster execution, as each instruction is to be executed by
hardware.
 Pipelining of instructions is possible, considering single clock
cycle

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 CPU families used in microcontrollers
Processor
 A Processor is the heart of the Embedded System.
 For an embedded system designer knowledge of microprocessor and
microcontroller is a must.
 Two Essential Units: Operations
Control Unit (CU), Fetch
Execution Unit (EU) Execute

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 CPU families used in microcontrollers
Classifications of processor

1. General Purpose processor (GPP)

 Microprocessor
 Microcontroller
 Embedded Processor
 Digital signal Processor
2. Application Specific System Processor (ASSP)
3. Multi Processor System using GPPs

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 CPU families used in microcontrollers
Microprocessor
 A microprocessor is a single chip semi conductor device also which is a
computer on chip, but not a complete computer.
 Its CPU contains
 ALU,
 a program counter,
 a stack pointer,
 working register,
 clock timing circuit and
 interrupt circuit on a single chip.
 Complete micro computer must have
 memory usually ROM and RAM,
 memory decoder,
 oscillator and
 a number of serial and parallel ports.

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 CPU families used in microcontrollers
History of microprocessor
1st Generation (4 bit processors)
early 1970 by Intel (Integrated Electronics)
4004 and 4040 4 bit

2nd Generation (8 bit processors)

in 1974
8008 and 8080 8 bit

3rd Generation (16 bit processors)

8086 16 bit. Same as 8086, the 8088 introduced 8088 has only 8 bit data bus

Followed by:
The 80186 & 80286 (16 bit processor), the 80386 & 80486 (a 32 bit processor), leading to
the Pentium range of microprocessors (64 bit processors) available today. The 80x86 and
Pentium processors have all been designed for use in personal computer type applications
and have large memory maps.
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 CPU families used in microcontrollers
Various microprocessors
Intel  Zilog
4004, 4040
8080, 8085 Z80, Z180, eZ80
8086, 8088, Z8, eZ8
80186, 80188 and others
80286, 80386
x86-64

Motorola

6800
6809
68000
G3, G4, G5

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 CPU families used in microcontrollers
Microcontroller
 A microcontroller is a functional computer system-on-a-
chip.
 It contains a processor, memory, and programmable
input/output peripherals.
 Microcontrollers include an integrated CPU, memory (a
small amount of RAM, program memory, or both) and
peripherals capable of input and output.
 Computer On The Box

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 CPU families used in microcontrollers

Various microcontrollers
 INTEL
 8031,8032,8051,8052,8751,8752
 PIC
 8-bit PIC16, PIC18,
 16-bit DSPIC33 / PIC24,
 PIC16C7x
 Motorola
 MC68HC11

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 CPU families used in microcontrollers
Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER

 It includes functional blocks of

The functional blocks are ALU, registers,
microprocessors & has timer, parallel i/o,
timing & control units
RAM, EPROM, ADC & DAC
Bit handling instruction is less, One or
Many type of bit handling instruction
two type only

Rapid movements of code and data Rapid movements of code and data
between external memory & MP within MC

 It is used for designing general purpose  They are used for designing application
digital computers system specific dedicated systems

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 CPU families used in microcontrollers
Embedded processor

 Special microprocessors & microcontrollers often called, Embedded

processors.

 An embedded processor is used when fast processing, fast context-

switching & atomic ALU operations are needed.

Examples : ARM 7, INTEL i960, AMD 29050.

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 CPU families used in microcontrollers
Digital signal processor
 DSP as a GPP is a single chipVLSI unit.

 It includes the computational capabilities of microprocessor and

multiply & accumulate units (MAC).

 DSP has large number of applications such as

 image processing,
 audio, video &
 telecommunication processing systems.

 It is used when signal processing functions are to be processed fast.

Examples : TMS320Cxx, SHARC, Motorola 5600xx

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 CPU families used in microcontrollers
Application specific system processor (ASSP)

 ASSP is dedicated to specific tasks and provides a faster solution.

 An ASSP is used as an additional processing unit for running the

application in place of using embedded software.

Examples : IIM7100,W3100A

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 CPU families used in microcontrollers
Multi processor system using GPSS

 Multiple processors are used when a single processor does

not meet the needs of different task.

 The operations of all the processors are synchronized to

obtain an optimum performance.

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 PIC
 What is PIC?
 A family of Harvard architecture

 Derived from the PIC1650 originally developed by General

Instrument Microelectronics Division.

 PIC was originally an acronym for "Programmable

Intelligent Computer".

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 Microchip’s MCU families

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 PIC families

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 PIC microcontroller Architecture

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 Some members of PIC18 features

We will use PIC18F4520 to study the course

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 PIC18F4520 pin

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 PIC18F4520 block diagrams

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 PIC18F4520 ALU
 Arithmetic and logic unit
 8- bit ALU
 75 instruction set
 Input operands are
 Working register
 Content of file register or literals
 Result of operation stored in :
 Working register
 File register

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 PIC18F4520 Working Register
 The working Register, W
 Inside the CPU
 Usually store result of last operation by CPU

 What if result exceed 8 bit , for example a case of overflow ?

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 PIC18F4520 Working Register
 What if result exceed 8 bit , for example a case of overflow ?
 Will use status register like carry flag, DC flag , zero flag ……to indicate
the condition
 Detail of status register will be covered soon

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 PIC18F4520 memory
 There are three types of memory in PIC18
• Program Memory
• Data RAM
• Data EEPROM
 As Harvard architecture devices, the data and program
memories use separate busses;
 this allows for concurrent access of the two memory spaces.

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 Program memory PIC18F4520
 Program memory
 32 Kbytes of Flash memory
 Address range 0000H – 7FFFH
 100,000 erase/write cycles
 Location 0000H reserved for reset
 Location 0008H reserved for high priority interrupt
 Location 00018H reserved for low priority interrupt

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 Program memory map

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 Program memory
 Program counter
 Hold address of next instruction to be executed
 21 bit wide
 Has three separate 8-bit registers
 PCL
 Lower Byte
 Readable and writable
 PCH,
 Higher byte (PC<15:8> bits)
 Not directly readable or writable
 But indirectly through PCLATH register
 PCU
 Upper byte ,PC<20:16>bits
 Not directly readable or writable
 But indirectly through PCLATU register
 The contents of PCLATH and PCLATU are transferred to the program counter
by any operation that writes PCL.
 Similarly, the upper two bytes of the program counter are transferred to
PCLATH and PCLATU by an operation that reads PCL.
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  Stack
 31 level of stack
 The PC is pushed onto the stack when a CALL or RCALL instruction
or
 When an interrupt is Acknowledged.
 The PC value is pulled off the stack on a RETURN, RETLW
or a RETFIE instruction.
 Note: PCLATU and PCLATH are not affected by any of the
RETURN or CALL instructions.
 Use STKPTR (5 bits) to push on or pop from stack

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 STKPTR register

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 Top-of-Stack Access
 Only the top of the return address stack (TOS) is
readable and writable
 three registers, TOSU:TOSH:TOSL, to hold content
pointed by STKPTR
 After a CALL, RCALL or interrupt, the software can read
the pushed value by reading the TOSU:TOSH:TOSL
registers.
 Can use user defined software stack. At return time, the
software can return these values to TOSU:TOSH:TOSL and
do a return.

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 Return Stack Pointer (STKPTR)
 The stack pointer increments before values are pushed onto
the stack and
 decrements after values are popped off the stack.
 On Reset, the stack pointer value will be zero

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 Data memory
 Implemented as SRAM
 12 bit address = 4096 memory space
 16 banks that contain 256 bytes
 Special Function Registers(SFRs) and
 control status of the controller and peripheral functions,
 General Purpose Registers (GPRs)
 Data storage
 Access: Direct, Indirect or Indexed Addressing.

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 Data memory map

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 Data memory
 Access Bank
 first 128 bytes of memory (00h-7Fh) in Bank 0
 For frequently used data
 Default bank when we power up the PIC
 For GSR
 And the last 128 bytes of memory (80h-FFh) in Block 15
 For SFRs
 For access efficiency
 single cycle operation
 No need of BSR(accessed directly by its address)
 GPR general purpose registers
 available for use by all instructions.
 start at the bottom of Bank 0 grow toward SFRs

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 The Special Function Registers (SFRs)
 For controlling desired operation of devices.
 used by the CPU and peripheral modules
 static RAM.
 SFRs start at the top of data memory (FFFh) and
 extend the top half of Bank 15 (F80h to FFFh).

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 Status register
 arithmetic status of the ALU
CLRF STATUS
Set the Z bit

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 Basic I/O devices and technologies
 Peripherals such as LEDs and keypads are essential
components of microcontroller-based systems
 Input devices
 Provide digital information to an MPU
 Examples: switch, keyboard, scanner, and digital camera
 Output devices
 Receive digital information from an MPU
 Examples: LED, seven-segment display, LCD, and printer
 Devices are interfaced to an MPU using I/O ports

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 I/O Interfacing

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 Interfacing and Addressing
 I/O ports
 Buffers and latches on the MCU chip
 Assigned binary addresses by decoding the address bus
 Generally bidirectional
 Internal data direction registers
 To read binary data from an input peripheral
 MPU places the address of an input port on the address bus
 Enables the input port by asserting the RD signal
 Reads data using the data bus
 To write binary data to an output peripheral
 MPU places the address of an output port on the address bus
 Places data on data bus
 Asserts the WR signal to enable the output port

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 PIC18F4520 I/O Ports
 MCU includes five I/O ports
 PORTA, PORTB, PORTC, PORTD, PORTE
 Ports are multiplexed
 Can be set up to perform various functions
 Each I/O port is associated with several SFRs
 PORT
 Functions as a latch or a buffer
 TRIS
 Data direction register
 Logic 0 sets up the pin as an output
 Logic 1 sets up the pin as an input

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 Interfacing Output Peripherals
 Commonly used output peripherals in embedded systems
 LEDs
 Seven-Segment Displays
 LCDs
 Two ways of connecting LEDs to I/O ports
 Common Cathode
 LED cathodes are grounded
 Logic 1 from the I/O port turns on the LEDs
 Current is supplied by the I/O port called current sourcing
 Common Anode
 LED anodes are connected to the power supply
 Logic 0 from the I/O port turns on the LEDs
 Current is received by the chip called current sinking

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 Interfacing Output Peripherals

Common Cathode Common Anode

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 Seven-Segment Display
 Seven-segment Displays
 Used to display BCD digits
 0 thru 9
 A group of 7 LEDs physically
mounted in the shape of the number
eight
 Plus a decimal point
 Each LED is called a segment
 ‘a’ through ‘g’
 Two types
 Common anode
 Common cathode

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 Seven-Segment Display
 Common Anode
 All anodes are connected together to a power supply
 Cathodes are connected to data lines
 Logic 0 turns on a segment
 Example: To display the digit 1
 All segments except b and c should be off
 11111001 = F9H
Common Anode

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 Seven-Segment Display
 Common Cathode
 All cathodes are connected together to ground
 Anodes are connected to data lines
 Logic 1 turns on a segment
 Example: To display digit 1
 All segments except b and c should be off
 00000110 = 06H

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 Example
 Interfacing Seven-Segment Display to PORTB
 Common Anode
 Table Look-Up

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 Interfacing Input Peripherals
 Commonly used input peripherals
 DIP switches, push-button keys, keyboards, and A/D converters
 DIP switch
 One side of the switch is tied high
 To a power supply through a resistor called a pull-up resistor
 The other side is grounded
 The logic level changes when the position is switched
 Push-button key
 Same as the DIP switch except that contact is momentary

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 Interfacing Dip Switches

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 Thank you

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