INTRODUCTION TO ICT Part 1

Alfalfa Studio

MODULE 1: Technical Drafting

Prepared and compiled by: RIZA B. CATUBAY

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enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
INTRODUCTION
Module 1 is about the basic concept of Technical Drawing. You will learn the
different tools and materials used in drafting, geometric figures, measurements,
lettering, and different types of drawing.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, students will be able to:
1. Familiarize with the basic elements in drafting;
2. Identify the standards in lettering;
3. Draw the different kinds of lines, orthographic projection and pictorial drawing;
4. Recognize the fundamentals in dimensioning and sectioning;
5. Relate drafting skills to real life situation;

This material is used for instructional purposes only and is not intended for sale. Should it be distributed to persons other than those
enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
LESSON 1: COMMON TERMS IN DRAFTING

ACTIVITY
When you hear the word technical drafting, what comes first into your mind?
Make an acrostic of what you understand about drafting:
D–
R–
A–
F-
T–
I–
N–
G–

ANALYSIS
Based on your activity, describe what technical drafting means. Do you have any idea how
technical drafting is used?

ABSTRACTION
Drafting – is the primary method of communication between designers and clients, architects
and builders, engineers and production personnel and between advertisers and costumers. A
drawing when used to show the material, dimension and shape of a product is known as
technical drafting.
Technical drawings are visual instructions used to help us determine the overall
layout and design of what is being drafted. Ex. A floor plan of a house (https://slidetodoc.com/)
Difference of Artistic Drawings and Technical Drawings
A technical drawing shows how an object should look, how it will be put together
or how it looks from different directions and is drawn to scale. Artistic drawings allow you for
distortion and artist’s interpretation. (https://slidetodoc.com/)
Common terms used in drafting:

Drawing – is considered as an international language of industry.

Freehand drawing or sketching – is a graphic language with the use of a pencil, eraser and
paper only. A good freehand sketch should not be drawn with rigidly straight lines. The line
should have certain freedom and variety.
Mechanical Drawing – are used to express the graphic language with the aid of precision
drawing instruments like T-square, triangles (45 x 90, 30 X 60), compass, scale, drawing
This material is used for instructional purposes only and is not intended for sale. Should it be distributed to persons other than those
enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
pencil, technical pen, etc. It is the next stage after the freehand sketch is drawn in preparing
working drawings.
Orthographic Projection – is the method of representing the exact shape of an object into two
or more views on planes generally at right angles or 90 degrees to each other by extending
perpendicular from the object to the plane.

APPLICATION:
1. How technical drawing differs from artistic drawing?

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2. Using the freehand drawing style, draw a human face or a beautiful view.

This material is used for instructional purposes only and is not intended for sale. Should it be distributed to persons other than those
enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
LESSON 2: DRAFTING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
ACTIVITY

Can you identify the drawing tools in the picture?

________________, ________________, _________________, _______________

ANALYSIS
Aside from the tools in the picture, do you know other drawing tools or materials?
Are these tools and materials essential in technical drawing? Why?

ABSTRACTION
Drawing Tools and Materials
Here are list of tools and materials used in drawing:
Pencils – one of the draftsman’s most important tools. They come in different grades
of hardness indicated by numbers and letters.
Soft – 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B (Softest)
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enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
Medium – 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B
Hard – 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H (Hardest)
Grades of Pencil used for General Drafting (Drawing)
 HB – used for lettering
 2H – used for line work
 4H – used for general layout purposes

Minimum requirement for drafting students

 4H – for repenciling light finished lines (center lines, dimension lines and
visible objects lines)
 F or H – for all lettering and freehand work
 6H – for light construction lines in layout work where accuracy is required
 2H – for visible object lines

Triangles – used for drawing vertical and oblique lines

Common types of triangles
 30° x 60° triangle
 45° x 90° triangle

This material is used for instructional purposes only and is not intended for sale. Should it be distributed to persons other than those
enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
Other tools:
Protractor – used for measuring and laying out arcs or circles as well as angles that
cannot be measured by either of the triangles.

Triangular Scale – used to reproduce the dimensions of an object full size/ reduced/
or enlarged to some regular proportion.

French Curve – a curved ruler (called irregular curve) used to draw curves except
circles and arcs.

Divider – used for diving lines into any number of equal parts and transferring
measurements and spacing points or lines.

Compass – used for drawing arcs and circles

T-Square – used for drawing horizontal lines and serves as guide for triangles when
drawing other kinds of lines.

Types of T-Squares:

 Fixed head
 Adjustable head
 Removable head

APPLICATION:
1. How drawing tools differ from each other? List down the drawing tools according
to its uses.

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2. Draw your dream house using two or three drawing tools.

This material is used for instructional purposes only and is not intended for sale. Should it be distributed to persons other than those
enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
TOPIC 3: GEOMETRIC FIGURES
ACTIVITY

How many squares can you see in this picture?

Answer: _______

https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/

ANALYSIS

Do you observe other figures aside from squares in the picture? Can you tell what these
figures are called?

ABSTRACTION

Yes they are called geometric figures, and the square is a quadrilateral geometric
figure. Geometric figures commonly used in drawing are lines, angles, quadrilaterals, regular
polygons, circles and arcs and solids. In this topic, we will explore on different geometric
figures.
Line – is a set of points. A portion of the line between two distinct points is called a line
segment.
Straight Line – is the shortest distance between two points.
Parallel Lines – are lines on the same plane which will not meet no matter how long
you extend them.
Perpendicular Lines – are two intersecting lines which form right angles.
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enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
 Intersecting Lines – are two or more lines that cross each other, forming or not
forming right angles.

Straight Lines

Angle – is a figure formed by two rays with common end point.

Straight angle – an angle whose measure is 180°.

Right angle – an angle whose measure is 90°.
Acute angle – an angle whose measure is less than 90°.
Obtuse Angle – an angle whose measure is more than 90° but less than 180°.
Complimentary angles – two angles whose sum measures 90°.
Supplementary angles – two angles whose sum measures 180°.

This material is used for instructional purposes only and is not intended for sale. Should it be distributed to persons other than those
enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
 http://mrspouliot.weebly.com/

ProProfs
Polygon – is a closed figure formed by line segments intersecting at end points. The line
segments are called sides of the polygon. Polygon is classified according to the
number of sides.
Triangle – is a three-sided polygon.
Equilateral triangle – has all three sides equal.
Isosceles triangle – has two of sides equal.
Scalene triangle – has three sides of unequal length.
Right triangle – has one of the angles that is a right triangle

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enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
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Quadrilateral – is a four-sided polygon.
Parallelogram – is a quadrilateral with a right angle.
Rectangle – a parallelogram with right angle.

Square – a rectangle with four equal sides.

Rhombus – a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are unequal and whose angles are
not right angles.
Trapezoid – a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel in which one of
them is longer than the other.
Isosceles trapezoid – is a trapezoid with its non-parallel sides equal.
Trapezium – a quadrilateral with no parallel sides and no equal angles.

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enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
 A Plus Topper

Pentagon – is a five-sided polygon. If all sides of pentagon are equal, it is a regular

pentagon the measure of each inclined angle is 108°.

Hexagon – is a polygon with six sides. If all the sides and angles are equal, it is a regular
hexagon. The measure of each angle of a hexagon is 120°.

Heptagon – is a polygon with seven sides. If all sides and angles are equal, it is a regular
heptagon and the measure of each angle is approximately equal to 128.56°.

Octagon – a polygon with eight sides. If all sides and angles are equal, it is a regular
octagon and the measure of each angle is 135°.

Nonagon – is a polygon with nine sides. If all sides and angles are equal, it is a regular
nonagon and the measure of each angle is 140°.

Decagon – it is a polygon with ten sides. If all sides and angles are equal, it is a regular
decagon and the measure of each angle is 144°.

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enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
Circle – is a closed curve, all points are equidistant from the center. An arc is a portion of
the circumference of a circle. The following are terms related to a circle or parts of a circle.

Concentric circle – consist of two or more circles having a common center,

Eccentric circle – are circles having no common center.
Ellipse – an oblique circle with two axes, the minor axis and the major axis.
Radius – a line segment from the center to any point on the circle.
Chord – a line segment whose endpoints lie on the circle.
Diameter – a chord that passes through the center of the circle.
Sector – is a portion of a circle bounded by two radii and the intercepted arc.
Segment – is a portion of a circle bounded by an arc and a chord.
Circumference – is the distance around the circle.
Quadrant – is one fourth of the entire are of a circle.

This material is used for instructional purposes only and is not intended for sale. Should it be distributed to persons other than those
enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
 A Plus Topper

Solid – is a three-dimensional figure. The three dimensions are the length, width, and
height. The following are the different kinds of solids:
Sphere – is a three-dimensional figure whose points are located at a constant
distance away from the center.
Prism – is a three-dimensional figure whose points are located at a constant distance
away from the center.
Cube – is a prism whose faces are congruent squares. An example is a dice.
Cylinder – is a solid figure with two circular bases in parallel plane and parallel line
segments connecting to these bases. Ex. A tin can
Cone – is a solid figure with a circular base and a surface formed by line segments
joining every point on the edge of the base to a common point in a
parallel plane.
Tetrahedron – is a solid figure composed of four equilateral triangles.
Dodecagon – is a solid figure bounded by twelve equal regular pentagons.
Icosahedrons – is a solid figure bounded by twenty equilateral triangles.

This material is used for instructional purposes only and is not intended for sale. Should it be distributed to persons other than those
enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
 This material is used for instructional purposes only and is not intended for sale. Should it be distributed to persons other than those
enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
APPLICATION:
List down the following:
1. Kinds of Lines:
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2. Types of Angles:
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_________

3. Polygons:
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_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________

4. Circles:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________

5. Solids:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________

This material is used for instructional purposes only and is not intended for sale. Should it be distributed to persons other than those
enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
6. Draw and label the names of the different geometric figures you can find in the picture
below?

This material is used for instructional purposes only and is not intended for sale. Should it be distributed to persons other than those
enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
TOPIC 4: MEASUREMENTS
ACTIVITY

Using a tape measure or a ruler, measure the height and width of a long bond paper,
the radius of a ten peso coin, length of a Mongol pencil and the circumference of Alaska
evaporated milk tin can.
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_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________

ANALYSIS
Do you enjoy getting the measurement of the objects? Have you got the exact
measurement?

ABSTRACTION
Measuring accurately is a skill that should be developed. Inaccurate measurement
would mean waste of time, effort and materials. The development of the skill starts with the
ability to read measurements.

Two systems of measurement

English system – originated in England
Metric system or Systems International (SI) – originated in France

In English system, the inch is divided into 16 graduations and the smallest is read 1/16.

https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net

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enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
In the SI or Metric System of measurement, the basic unit is meter. The meter is divided into
100 centimeters. Each centimeter is divided into 10 millimeters. They are abbreviated as
follows:
Millimeters ……………..mm
Centimeters ……………cm
Decimeters …………….dm
Meters ………………….m

Methods of Conversion
System International (SI) to English
Simple Guide to Conversion from Inch to Meter or vice versa
Example:
1. To convert Meter to Feet, divide the length by 0.30
Say 6.0 m / 0.30 = 20ft.
2. To convert Feet to Meter, multiply by 0.30
Say 30 ft. x 0.30 = 9.0 meters
3. To convert inches to meters, follow the conversion table below:
1 inch 0.025 meter
2 inches 0.050 meter
3 inches 0.075 meter
4 inches 0.10 meter

APPLICATION:
1. Measure the length of your height in foot and convert it to centimeters.
2. Measure the width of your dining table by meters and convert it to millimeter.
3. Take the measurement of the length of your house in meters and convert it to feet.

This material is used for instructional purposes only and is not intended for sale. Should it be distributed to persons other than those
enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
TOPIC 5: LETTERING
ACTIVITY

Using your own handwriting, write your name in a short bond paper in a landscape
orientation.

ANALYSIS

What can you observe on the way you write your name? Or the style of font or letters of your
handwriting?

ABSTRACTION

Do you know that lettering is a fundamental part of drawing? It is closely related to design.
What is essential regardless of style is ease in reading.
An engineering drawing shows the exact shape of an object. Dimensions, notes, and
specifications have to be decided to communicate with the fabricator.
The lettering must be uniform, accurate, sharp, dark and easy to read to eliminate many
costly production errors.

Three Basic Classifications of Letters

1. Roman
2. Gothic
3. Text Styles

Roman Letters – all letters having strokes “accented” or made up of thick and thin elements.

ABCDE Roman
abcdef

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enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
Gothic Letters – all letters composed of uniform width elements.

ABCDE Gothic
abcdef
Single stroke Gothic – recommended by ANSI (American National Standards Institute) as it
is easier to read and letter than other styles of lettering.

HIJKLMNOPQRST

&1234567890
Text Letters – this includes all styles of Old English Text, Church Text, etc. whose elements
are made with style C or D speedballs pens.

ABCDE Text
abcdef
Italic Letters – all slanting or inclined letters are classified as italic style. They are made with
style C or D pens. The inclination of the guide line is an angle of 67.5
degrees with the horizontal guide line.

ABCDE Italic
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enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
 abcdef
Proportions of Letters

1. Normal Letters – these are used when the space for lettering is adequate. They are
neither too narrow nor too wide and have the same height.

RELATIVELY

RELaTiVELy RE LATIV ELY REL ATIVE LY

Letters not uniform in style Letters not uniformly vertical Areas between letters
not or inclined uniform

2. Extended Letters - are letters wider than normal letters and are used when the space to
be used is wider than normal.

3. Compressed or Condensed Letters – letters are narrower than normal. Used when the
space is limited.

4. Lightface and Boldface – Letters with very thin stems are called lightface. While those
having heavy stems are called boldface.

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enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
 LIGHTFACE lightface
BOLDFACE boldface
Uniformity and Design in Lettering – In any style of lettering, uniformity is essential
Uniformity in height, proportion, inclination, strength of lines, spacing of words ensures a
pleasing appearance.
Uniformity in height and inclination is prompted by the use of light guide lines.

Stability in Letters and Numbers

The upper portions of certain letters and numerals are equal in the width to the lower
portions, the characters appear top-heavy. To correct this, the upper portions are reduced in
size where possible, thereby producing the effect of stability and a more pleasing
appearance.
If the central horizontal strokes of the letters B, E, F and H are placed at the mid-
height, they will appear to be below center. To overcome this optical illusion, these strokes
should be drawn slightly above the center.

Guidelines
Extremely light horizontal lines are necessary to regulate the height of letters. In
addition, light vertical or inclined lines are needed to keep the letters uniformly vertical or
inclined.

I ALWAYS USE GUIDE LINES. I always use guide lines.

I AM TOO LAZY TO USE GUIDE LINES

Four parts of Guide Lines in Lowercase Lettering cap line

waist line

Lettering base line

This material is used for instructional purposes only and is not intended for sale. Should it bedrop line to persons other than those
distributed
enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
Cap Line – the uppermost horizontal guideline drawn for uppercase letters and stroke of
letters that extends up which is known as ascender.
Waist Line – A horizontal guide line drawn between the Cap and base lines used to
determine the general height of lower case letters.
Base Line – A horizontal guide line where all the letters rest to stand.
Drop Line –A horizontal guide line drawn for letters with strokes that extend down known as
descender.

Sketching – It is the most basic form of expression for drafting beginners, for them to be able
to present their ideas and decisions to those whom they are communicating with in an
understandable manner.

Uses of Sketches
1. Sketches are used to present idea in either orthographic or pictorial form.
2. As problems arise and possible solution considered, orthographic and pictorial sketches
follow one another.
3. Sketch making continues up to the preliminary design making.
4. Sketches are liberally availed of in presenting instructions to others.
5. Sketches are used extensively to exchange ideas during conferences.
6. Sketches are most helpful from the preparation of the preliminary design drawing up to the
making of the working (shop) drawing.

Alphabet of Lines
Alphabet of Lines – are lines used in drafting to identify the types of lines, thick, thin or
medium. They have the same relation to drawings as letters to do the words.
Border line – visible line, cutting plane line, short break line.
Medium line – hidden line
Thin lines – long break line, section line, center line, dimension line, extension line
and phantom line.

Meaning and Purpose of the Alphabet of Lines

1. Visible line or object line – represents the visible edges of an object.
2. Hidden line or invisible line – used to represent the hidden edges of an object. It is made
of short dashes.
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enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
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3. Center line – is the lightest or finest line in a drawing used to show the center of the
object.
4. Dimension line – used to indicated the measurements of objects.
5. Leader line – a fine broken line with an arrowhead at one end used for indicating the
measurement and name of a part.
6. Reference line – an irregular fine curved line with an arrowhead at one end used for
indicating the measurement and name of a part.
7. Long break line – a limiting line used to limit the length of an elongated object so that it
can be shown without changing the size of its view.
8. Short break line – is similar in use with long break line. It is commonly used to limit the
length of a cylindrical object.
9. Cutting plane line - consist of long and short dashes used to indicate the cut-view of
objects.

APPLICATION
Write your name in a short bond paper using the different text styles, including the
compressed, extended and italic forms. Use guide lines.

This material is used for instructional purposes only and is not intended for sale. Should it be distributed to persons other than those
enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
TOPIC 6: ISOMETRIC DRAWING, ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING, OBLIQUE DRAWING
AND PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

ACTIVITY
Can you label the top view, side view and front view of the picture below?

ANALYSIS
What do you think about the picture? Does it give enough detail to the house’s design? What
would be the architect or the draftsman wants to convey in this picture?

ABSTRACTION
Isometric Drawing
Form the picture above, we can see three dimensions. The top view, front view and right
side view or the height, width and depth are all drawn in a single plane. The object is
represented by three sides at one time. This type of drawing is called isometric drawing.
Isometric drawing also called isometric projection method of graphic representation of three-
dimensional objects, used by engineers, technical illustrators, and, occasionally, architects. It
is made with 30 x 60 degree triangle.

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enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
Constructing the Basic Isometric Box
5

3 6

4 7

Given this isometric box, study the figure. Using your T-square and 03x60x90 degree
triangle, draw the isometric axes. Be sure the left and right cross-axes are exactly 30
degrees.

Layout the total width, depth and height of the object

Project the vertical lines using 90 degrees and the other lines at 30 degrees to complete the
box.

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enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
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Ink visible edges and label the drawing. Erase the unnecessary lines.

The box method is the starting point for all isometric drawings. Once the overall isometric
form is blocked in with the correct dimensions, the actual shape of the object can be drawn
with less chance of error.

ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

The term orthographic came from the Greek words orthos and graphos, which mean straight
line drawing. Orthographic projection, common method of representing three-dimensional
objects, usually by three two-dimensional drawings in each of which the object is viewed
along parallel lines that are perpendicular to the plane of the drawing. For example, an
This material is used for instructional purposes only and is not intended for sale. Should it be distributed to persons other than those
enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
orthographic projection of a house typically consists of a top view, or plan, and a front view
and one side view (front and side elevations).
(https://www.britannica.com/technology/orthographic-projection-engineering)

In this drawing, it is assumed that the object is at infinity.

The shape of an object is seen in actual size in such drawing.

A plane is an imaginary surface on which pictures are prepared imaginably. Then it is

transferred to the paper.

This plane is faced toward the object whose view is to be prepared.

Generally, three views of an object are prepared. These are Top View, Front View, and Side
View.

If the plane is kept in a vertical position, then it is called the vertical plane.
If the plane is kept in a horizontal position, then it is called the horizontal plane.

The plane, horizontal or vertical, which are kept perpendicular to each other are
called Principal Planes.

Views of Orthographic Projection

Following views are formed of an object in Orthographic Projection.

1. Front View.
2. Top View.
3. Back View.
4. Bottom View.
5. Right Side View.
6. Left Side View.
This material is used for instructional purposes only and is not intended for sale. Should it be distributed to persons other than those
enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.
https://civilseek.com/orthographic-projection-drawing/

OBLIQUE DRAWING

The word oblique drawing means inclined. Oblique drawings have one plane parallel to the
picture plane which is the same size as the orthographic view.

The oblique drawing may be drawn at any convenient angle. The angle that should be used
depends on the shape of the object and the location of significant features.

Characteristics of Oblique Drawing.

1. One view (front view) is parallel to horizon.

2. The right side and top views are inclined to the horizon. The inclination of projection may
either be 30, 45 or 60 degrees.
3. Oblique drawing is always made to the exact measurements of the object.

It can be drawn in various direction as shown below:

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 https://civiljungle.com/oblique-drawing/

Cavalier Oblique

Oblique drawing can be called cavalier when the width, depth and height of drawings are the
true length. It means the front, top and side views are drawn in true size and shape.

Cabinet Oblique

It is drawn when the measurement of the depth _is reduced to one-half to the actual size.

Cabinet drawing is commonly applied in furniture industries.

PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

It is s the pictorial view as seen by the observer’s eye.

Principles of Perspective drawing:

1. The farther the objects from your eyes, the smaller it appears.
2. The farther the color, the lighter it appears.
3. Theoretically, vertical lines or edges do not vanish in the horizon.
4. If extended or prolonged the entire horizontal receding lines or edges of an object seem to
vanish in the horizon.
5. Equidistant objects of the ground such as telegraph or light posts seem to come closer to
each other as they recede from our view.
6. All horizontal lines or edges below the eye level and receding seem to go up and vanish in
the horizon.
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7. All horizon lines or edges below the eye level and receding seem to go up and vanish in
the horizon.
8. All horizontal lines or edges which are not receding remain horizontal in the picture.
9. Never show hidden lines in perspective drawing. They spoil the view.

Two Kinds of Perspective Drawing:

1. Parallel perspective – otherwise known as one-point perspective drawing. One surface of

the object is drawn parallel to the picture plane.

A picture drawn in perspective shows the object not as it actually is, but as it appears
to be from the view of the observer.

In the above lesson we come back to first drawing our simple box, and in easy steps
developing this box into a table or chair. Now you are on your way to learning to draw! After
practicing the above exercise you may elaborate on the design of the table and chair—using
your own furniture for ideas. Observe that the objects are drawn in parallel perspective; that
is, the table and chair are parallel to our line of vision. What is this imaginary eye level called?
The horizon line—of course. Practice drawing the table and chair in different relationships to
above and below the horizon line.
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 As you have looked directly down a railroad track undoubtedly you have observed that the
rails appeared to become narrower in the distance and converge to an imaginary point. Of course,
you were aware that the rails were actually parallel, or equidistant to each other, but in observing
them, an optical illusion tricked your vision into seeing these rails converge. The railroad track is
basic in illustrating what we mean by drawing in perspective.

Our entire picture is constructed in one-point (or parallel) perspective. This means, of course, that
all objects vanish to a single point. To space the telephone poles mechanically—first establish the
first and second poles. From the top and bottom of the first pole. Respectively, draw vanishing
lines to the vanishing point. Now draw a center line from the first pole to the vanishing point. From
the top of the first pole now draw a line through the intersection of this center line and the second
pole. At the point where this diagonal meets the base vanishing line will establish the location of
our third pole. Using a similar procedure will locate the positions of the other telephone poles.

2. Angular Perspective – is known as two-point perspective drawing where no surface of the

object is parallel to the picture plane.

Up to this point we have been concerned only with objects which have been parallel to our
line of sight, or what we know as parallel or one-point perspective. Instead of seeing one face of
the object parallel to our line of vision (as in true parallel perspective), we shall now learn how to
draw objects which are viewed at an angle. Whether the top or bottom of the object may be seen
is determined by its relationship to the horizon line. Thus when objects are viewed at an angle we
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term this angular perspective. In as much as we are now concerned with two sides – an individual
vanishing point is needed on the horizon line for the perspective construction of each side.
Therefore, to repeat, in angular perspective we use two vanishing points to draw our sides.

In the above diagram the horizon line is drawn first. The two vanishing points are then
established in any relationship on this line—preferably at a reasonable distance from each other.
If the two vanishing points are too close together the object, while basically correct, appears
distorted. Now proceed to construct the box as demonstrated.

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 In the further study of drawing objects at an angular view, we shall learn how a box is
observed in relationship to its horizon line. In Fig. A, the box is shown above the eye level, in
Fig. B, it is on a plane with our eye level, and in Fig. C, it is viewed from an angle below eye
level. Particularly notice in diagram C that each side recedes as it is seen in the distance. If
these sides were to be extended each would eventually meet at its imaginary vanishing point.
This premise would hold true also in the other drawings of the box. To emphasize, we of
course know that in actuality the edges of each box are parallel to each other, but in a
perspective drawing. they are shown as converging or becoming narrower in height as they
recede. In order to create greater interest in compositions, most objects are drawn in angular
perspective in pictures, and it is important to remember the above facts. You have been
instructed to first establish the edge of the box nearest you—the other edges are determined
by the proportions of the object. The top or bottom of the box should be drawn last.

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 The drawing of the building may appear complicated, but it is really not difficult to
execute. At the top of the diagram is shown three successive steps in its construction: First,
draw a box so constructed that its horizon line is slightly above center; second, add a second
box on top of the first—thus forming another tier to the building; third, next to the latter, a third
box is added, somewhat larger, which will add height to the building. Make certain that all
edges of the boxes vanish to the left and right to their respective vanishing points. Remember
that the two vanishing points are both on a single horizon line.
Now that the basic skeleton of our building is constructed, proceed to draw in the
windows, doors, etc. Note that as the windows recede into the distance, they appear to be
smaller and closer together. Observe this optical illusion through studying an actual building.
Windows, etc., on the left side of the building will vanish to the left vanishing point, while those
to the right will vanish to the right vanishing point. Note particularly the manner in which the
marquis vanishes. Your building may be made more convincing by adding cornices,
suggesting texture, etc.

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 We are continuing to deal with angular perspective. In our top view is shown the basic
box construction of the house. Observe that it is drawn both above and below the horizon line.

To start the house, the eye level is first drawn, with the two vanishing points established
on it. Keep these two vanishing points as far apart as the width of your paper will allow, thus
giving your house convincing proportions. Proceed now to construct your basic box—vanishing
each side respectively to its own vanishing point. Now establish the pitch of the roof by drawing
diagonals through the front of the house. Any point on the perpendicular through the intersection
of the diagonals may be used as a basis for the start of your roof. From this point, vanish the roof
to the right vanishing point. Notice particularly that the top edge of the roof is found through a
third vanishing point known as the oblique vanishing point (O.V.P.).

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 Now we shall make a drawing of a skyscraper looking up at it. This representation in
perspective is referred to as a worm’s eye view. We proceed to construct this quite similarly to that
of the previous building.
However, in the drawing of the skyscraper, we add a third vanishing point, the oblique
vanishing point (O.V.P.). All of the vertical lines will vanish to this point. The horizontal lines will
vanish respectively, on each side, to the left and right vanishing points.
In order to accentuate the height of the skyscraper use a low horizon line—keeping your
two vanishing points widely separated. If you wish to draw a skyscraper “looking down” on it from
above, this may he accomplished by placing your oblique vanishing point considerably beneath
the horizon line. Proceed then to construct the building similarly to that of above. Drawing an object
from a skyward position is termed a bird’s-eye view. (https://www.drawinghowtodraw.com/)

APPLICATION:

1. Discuss the difference between the four types of drawings.

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2. Using the tools in drafting (you can use ruler, pencil, triangle or protractor) draw a box
applying the isometric drawing.
3. Draw a house using the perspective drawing.

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 This material is used for instructional purposes only and is not intended for sale. Should it be distributed to persons other than those
enrolled in this subject or should it be dispensed for commercial purposes the ESSU and the faculty who compiled this material will not
be responsible for any claims of the original authors.