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Nonintrusive Load Monitoring

Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) is a process that analyzes changes in voltage and current going into a home to deduce which appliances are used and their energy consumption, without requiring sensors be attached to individual appliances. NILM works by measuring step changes in power usage and using cluster analysis to match appliances turning on and off. It provides a low-cost way for utilities to monitor appliance usage with sensors installed only at the main power circuit, avoiding intrusion into homes. While very useful, NILM also raises privacy concerns since it can be used to monitor residents' behaviors and routines through their appliance usage patterns.

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Anurag Jain
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24 views

Nonintrusive Load Monitoring

Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) is a process that analyzes changes in voltage and current going into a home to deduce which appliances are used and their energy consumption, without requiring sensors be attached to individual appliances. NILM works by measuring step changes in power usage and using cluster analysis to match appliances turning on and off. It provides a low-cost way for utilities to monitor appliance usage with sensors installed only at the main power circuit, avoiding intrusion into homes. While very useful, NILM also raises privacy concerns since it can be used to monitor residents' behaviors and routines through their appliance usage patterns.

Uploaded by

Anurag Jain
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NONINTRUSIVE LOAD

MONITORING
BY
ANURAG JAIN
(1BJ07EE004)

Department of Electrical and


Electronics Engineering
Sri Bhagawan Mahaveer Jain College of
Engineering
Jain Global Campus, Jakkasandra Post,
Kanakapura Taluk,
Ramanagar District - 562112
1. INTRODUCTION

LOAD MONITORING

 Electric load monitoring generates important data that can help to unravel the mystery
behind commercial facilities' energy usage characteristics. With this data we can
reduce the energy consumption reduce energy costs.
 Electric utilities require information concerning the electric consumption of typical
appliances for use in load forecasting and for planning future generation and
transmission capacity.
 Public policy makers also require such information for their guidance in rate setting
and reviewing capacity expansion plans.
 The energy consumption of any appliance can be measured readily in a laboratory, but
this does not indicate the energy consumption of the appliance in typical use e.g. in
case of a refrigerator it is difficult to simulate the same behaviour as it is used in a
home because of frequent opening of the door. Laboratory conditions also fail to
simulate the different mix of old and new refrigerators.
 The utilities are interested in obtaining the energy consumption and trends of
appliance classes (e.g. like all refrigerators, all heaters etc.)
To collect this information, utilities typically select 100 to 200 households in a region
and monitor the electric consumption of major appliances in each house. They then
combine the information from the individual appliances together statistically to
calculate the consumption of each class of appliance.
 Two other methods are 1. Electric arm and 2. MATREC system.
 These systems can monitor limited number of appliances and have the disadvantage
of requiring electric utility personnel to enter the premises and connect sensors to
individual appliances of the circuits feeding them.
 This is clearly undesirable as it disturbs the residents and also involves in the
disturbance of the internal wiring.
 NILM provides a low cost method of monitoring and recording the energy
consumption of individual appliances within a residence installed external to the
house without requiring physical intrusion into the residence.
2. NONINTRUSIVE LOAD MONITORING

Nonintrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), or Nonintrusive Appliance Load


Monitoring, is a process for analyzing changes in the voltage and current going into a
house and deducing what appliances are used in the house as well as their individual
energy consumption. Electric meters with NILM technology are used by utility
companies to survey the specific uses of electric power in different homes. NILM is
considered a low cost alternative to attaching individual monitors on each appliance.

3. WORKING WITH BLOCK DIAGRAM

As shown in figure a digital AC monitor is attached to the single-phase power going


into a residence. Changes in the voltage and current are measured (i.e. admittance
measurement unit), normalized (Scalar) and recorded (Net Change Detector Unit).A
cluster analysis is then performed to identify when different appliances are turned on
and off.
CLUSTER ANALYSIS

Cluster analysis is the assignment of a set of observations into subsets (called


clusters) so that observations in the same cluster are similar in some sense.
• ON/OFF MATCHING-If a 60-watt bulb is turned on, for example, followed by a 100
watt bulb being turned on, followed by the 60 watt bulb being turned off followed by
the 100 watt bulb being turned off, the NALM unit will match the on and off signals
from the 60 watt bulb and the on and off signals from the 100 watt bulb to determine
how much power was used by each bulb and when.
• The system is sufficiently sensitive that individual 60 watt bulbs can be discriminated
due to the normal variations in actual power draw of bulbs with the same nominal
rating. (e.g. one bulb might draw 61 watts, another 62 watts).

4. APPLIANCE TYPES

There are three classes of appliance models from the NALM perspective:
• ON/OFF (Two-state) Appliances such as light bulbs or toasters, which are either
on or off at any given moment.
• Multistate Appliances such as washing machines or dishwashers, with distinct
types of ON states, e.g., fill, rinse, spin, pump, etc. which are ON for a time and OFF
for the next time period.
• Continuously variable Appliances like light dimmers and variable-speed hand
tools, with a continuous range of ON states. These are difficult to monitor
nonintrusively, because they do not generate step changes in power.
5. EXAMPLE

• To appreciate how this works, consider this figure, which plots total (real) power
consumption vs. time for a single-family home over a two-hour period.
• During this interval, the total load shows activity due to a refrigerator and a heater.
• Two different-sized step changes are clearly present, providing characteristic
signatures of the refrigerator and the heater.
• The refrigerator cycles on and off three times, the heater six times.
• Knowing the time of each on and off event, the total energy consumption of the
refrigerator and the heater are easily determined.
• A refrigerator electric motor and a pure resistive heater can be distinguished in part
because the electric motor has significant changes in reactive power when it turns on
and off, whereas the heater has almost none.

6. APPLICATIONS

• NILM systems are used to perform surveys of both residential and commercial energy
consumption.
• The resulting end-use load data is extremely valuable to consumers, energy auditors,
utilities, public policy makers, and appliance manufacturers, for a broad range of
purposes.
• For example, a monitor placed outside a home can determine how much energy goes
into each of the major appliances within the home.
7. PLACING THE APPARATUS
• The apparatus can be mounted on the utility pole at which sensors would be placed on
the power circuit to the house to be monitored. Storage within the apparatus or a
telephone connection via modem to a central computer would be provided to operate
an output device. This arrangement would allow several houses to be monitored from
a single device.
• The apparatus could be placed in a container which plugs into the existing revenue
meter socket on a home. The device would contain a socket into which the existing
revenue meter could be plugged. The load data could then be extracted from the
device at monthly intervals by the meter reader.

8. PRIVACY CONCERNS

• NILM can detect what types of appliances people have and their behavioural patterns.
Patterns of energy use may indicate behaviour patterns, such as routine times that
nobody is at home or when individual lights are turned on and off.
• If the NILM is running remotely at a utility or by a third party, the homeowner may
not know that their behaviour is being monitored and recorded.
• A stand-alone in home system, under the control of the user, can provide feedback
about energy use, without revealing information to others. Drawing links between
their behaviour and energy consumption may help reduce energy consumption,
improve efficiency, flatten peak loads, save money, or balance appliance use with
green energy availability. This form of disaggregation could be good enough to create
a bill or footprint for each of your appliances automatically over a period of time.
However the use of a stand-alone system does not protect one from remote
monitoring.
• The accuracy and capability of this technology is still developing and is not 100%
reliable in near-real-time, but near accurate results are obtained when taken into
account accumulated and analyzed information over periods ranging from minutes to
hours.

9. ADVANTAGE OF NILM

• This can provide a very convenient and effective method of gathering load data
compared to traditional means of placing sensors on each of the individual
components of the load.
• NILM is considered a low cost alternative to attaching individual monitors on each
appliance.
• Easy installation, removal, and maintenance compared with traditional intrusive load
monitoring techniques that require ``sub metering'' and interior wiring.
• Traditional load research instrumentation involves complex data-gathering hardware
but simple software. A monitoring point at each appliance of interest and wires
connecting each to a central data-gathering location provide separate data paths, so
the software merely has to tabulate the data arriving over these separate hardware
channels. The NALM approach reverses this balance, with simple hardware but
complex software for signal processing and analysis. Only a single point in the circuit
is instrumented, but mathematical algorithms must separate the measured load into
separate components. In many load-monitoring applications, this is a very cost-
effective trade off, which is a major advantage of the NALM.

10. CONCLUSION

Nonintrusive Appliance Load Monitoring can provide a very convenient and


effective method of gathering load data compared to traditional means of placing
sensors on each of the individual components of the load.

11. REFERENCES

 www.wikipedia.org
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonintrusive_load_monitoring
 U.S. Patent 4,858,141
 http://www.google.com/patents?vid=4858141
 “Nonintrusive Appliance Load Monitoring”, excerpt from Hart, G.W., ``Nonintrusive
Appliance Load Monitoring," Proceedings of the IEEE, December 1992, pp. 1870–1891.
 NALM bibliography 1980–1995
 http://www.georgehart.com/research/nalmrefs.html

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