Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

Topology

Addressing Table
Device Interface IPv4 Address Default Gateway

R1 G0/0/0 64.100.0.2/30 N/A

N/A

R1
G0/0/1 10.10.0.1/29
R2 G0/0/0 64.100.0.1/30 N/A

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

N/A

R2
G0/0/1 64.100.1.1/30
N/A

R2
Lo0 209.165.200.225
R3 G0/0/0 64.100.1.2/30 N/A
N/A

R3
G0/0/1 10.10.4.1/30
D1 G1/0/11 10.10.0.2/29 N/A
N/A

D1
G1/0/23 10.10.1.1/24
N/A

D1
Lo2 10.10.2.1/24
N/A

D1
Lo3 10.10.3.1/24
D3 G1/0/11 10.10.0.3/29 N/A
N/A

D3
G1/0/23 10.10.5.1/24
N/A

D3
Lo16 10.10.16.1/24
N/A

D3
Lo17 10.10.17.1/24
N/A

D3
Lo18 10.10.18.1/24
N/A

D3
Lo19 10.10.19.1/24
N/A

D3
Lo20 10.10.20.1/24
N/A

D3
Lo21 10.10.21.1/24
N/A

D3
Lo22 10.10.22.1/24
N/A

D3
Lo23 10.10.23.1/24
PC1 NIC 10.10.1.10/24 10.10.1.1
PC3 NIC 10.10.5.10/24 10.10.5.1

Objectives
Part 1: Build the Network, Configure Basic Device Settings and Static Routing
Part 2: Configure a Site-to-Site VPN using Crypto Maps Between R1 and R3
Part 3: Verify a Site-to-Site VPN Between R1 and R3

Background / Scenario
VPNs provide a secure method of transmitting data over a public network, such as the internet. VPN
connections help reduce the costs associated with leased lines. Site-to-site VPNs typically provide a secure
(IPsec or other) tunnel between a branch office and a central office. Another common implementation of VPN
technology is remote access to a corporate office from a telecommuter location, such as a small office or
home office.
In this lab, you will establish a site-to-site IPsec VPN tunnel between R1 to R3 via R2. R2 is the ISP router,
and it will have no knowledge of the VPN. IPsec provides secure transmission of sensitive information over
unprotected networks, such as the internet. IPsec works at the network layer and protects and authenticates
IP packets between participating IPsec devices (peers), such as Cisco routers.
Note: This lab is an exercise in developing, deploying, and verifying how VPNs operate and does not reflect
networking best practices.

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

Note: The routers used with this CCNP hands-on lab are three Cisco 4221 and the two Layer 3 switches are
Catalyst 3650 switches. Other routers and Layer 3 switches and Cisco IOS versions can be used. Depending
on the model and Cisco IOS version, the commands available and the output produced might vary from what
is shown in the labs.
Note: Ensure that the routers and switches have been erased and have no startup configurations. If you are
unsure contact your instructor.

Required Resources
• 3 Routers (Cisco 4221 with Cisco IOS XE Release 16.9.4 universal image or comparable)
• 2 Switches (Cisco 4221 with Cisco IOS XE Release 16.9.4 universal image or comparable)
• 2 PCs (Choice of operating system with a terminal emulation program installed)
• Console cables to configure the Cisco IOS devices via the console ports
• Ethernet cables as shown in the topology

Instructions

Part 1: Build the Network, Configure Basic Device Settings and Static Routing
In Part 1, you will set up the network topology, configure basic settings, interface addressing, and single-area
OSPFv2 on the routers.

Step 1: Cable the network as shown in the topology.

Attach the devices as shown in the topology diagram, and cable as necessary.

Step 2: Configure basic settings for the routers.

a. Console into each router and switch, enter global configuration mode, and apply the basic settings, and
interface addressing. A command list for each device is provided for your reference.
Routing is enabled as follows:
o R2 has a static route to the networks connected to R1 (i.e., 10.10.0.0/22) and two static routes to the
networks connected to R3 (i.e., 10.10.4.0/22, 10.10.16.0/21).
o R1 and R3 each have a default static route to R2.
o OSPFv2 routing is enabled between R1 and D1, and R1 is propagating the default route to D1.
o OSPFv2 routing is enabled between R3 and D3, and R3 is propagating the default route to D3.
o A command list for each router is listed below to perform initial configuration.
Router R1
Open configuration window

hostname R1
no ip domain lookup
line con 0
logging sync
exec-time 0 0
exit
banner motd # This is R1, Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs #
interface g0/0/0
description Connection to R2

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

ip add 64.100.0.2 255.255.255.252

no shut
exit
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
description Connection to D1
ip address 10.10.0.1 255.255.255.252
no shut
exit
router ospf 123
router-id 1.1.1.1
auto-cost reference-bandwidth 1000
network 10.10.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
default-information originate
exit
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 64.100.0.1
Router R2
hostname R2
no ip domain lookup
line con 0
logging sync
exec-time 0 0
exit
banner motd # This is R2, Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs #
interface g0/0/0
description Connection to R1
ip add 64.100.0.1 255.255.255.252
no shut
exit
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
description Connection to R3
ip address 64.100.1.1 255.255.255.252
no shut
exit
int lo0
description Internet simulated address
ip add 209.165.200.225 255.255.255.224
exit
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Loopback0
ip route 10.10.0.0 255.255.252.0 64.100.0.2
ip route 10.10.4.0 255.255.252.0 64.100.1.2
ip route 10.10.16.0 255.255.248.0 64.100.1.2
Router R3
hostname R3
no ip domain lookup

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

line con 0
logging sync
exec-time 0 0
exit
banner motd # This is R3, Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs #
interface g0/0/0
description Connection to R2
ip add 64.100.1.2 255.255.255.252
no shut
exit
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
description Connection to D3
ip address 10.10.4.1 255.255.255.252
no shut
exit
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 64.100.1.1
router ospf 123
router-id 3.3.3.1
auto-cost reference-bandwidth 1000
network 10.10.4.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
default-information originate
exit
Switch D1
hostname D1
no ip domain lookup
line con 0
exec-timeout 0 0
logging synchronous
exit
banner motd # This is D1, Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs #
interface G1/0/11
description Connection to R1
no switchport
ip address 10.10.0.2 255.255.255.252
no shut
exit
interface G1/0/23
description Connection to PC1
no switchport
ip address 10.10.1.1 255.255.255.0
no shut
exit
int Lo2
description Loopback to simulate an OSPF network
ip add 10.10.2.1 255.255.255.0

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

ip ospf network point-to-point

exit
int Lo3
description Loopback to simulate an OSPF network
ip add 10.10.3.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network point-to-point
exit
ip routing
router ospf 123
router-id 1.1.1.2
auto-cost reference-bandwidth 1000
network 10.10.0.0 0.0.3.255 area 0
exit
int range G1/0/1 - 10, G1/0/12 - 22, G1/0/24
shut
exit
Switch D3
hostname D3
no ip domain lookup
line con 0
logging sync
exec-time 0 0
exit
banner motd # This is D3, Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs #
interface G1/0/11
description Connection to R3
no switchport
ip address 10.10.4.2 255.255.255.252
no shut
exit
interface G1/0/23
description Connection to PC3
no switchport
ip address 10.10.5.1 255.255.255.0
no shut
exit
int Lo16
description Loopback to simulate an OSPF network
ip add 10.10.16.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network point-to-point
exit
int Lo17
description Loopback to simulate an OSPF network
ip add 10.10.17.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network point-to-point

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

exit
int Lo18
description Loopback to simulate an OSPF network
ip add 10.10.18.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network point-to-point
exit
int Lo19
description Loopback to simulate an OSPF network
ip add 10.10.19.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network point-to-point
exit
int Lo20
description Loopback to simulate an OSPF network
ip add 10.10.20.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network point-to-point
exit
int Lo21
description Loopback to simulate an OSPF network
ip add 10.10.21.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network point-to-point
exit
int Lo22
description Loopback to simulate an OSPF network
ip add 10.10.22.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network point-to-point
exit
int Lo23
description Loopback to simulate an OSPF network
ip add 10.10.23.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf network point-to-point
exit
ip routing
router ospf 123
router-id 3.3.3.2
auto-cost reference-bandwidth 1000
network 10.10.4.0 0.0.1.255 area 0
network 10.10.16.0 0.0.7.255 area 0
exit
int range G1/0/1 - 10, G1/0/12 - 22, G1/0/24
shut
exit
b. Save the running configuration to startup-config.
Close configuration window

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

Step 3: Configure PC1 and PC3 with IP addressing.

Configure the two PCs with the IP addresses listed in the Address Table. Also configure their respective
default gateways.

Step 4: On PC1, verify end-to-end connectivity.

a. From PC1, ping PC3 (i.e., 10.10.5.10).
PC1> ping 10.10.5.10
The pings should be successful. If the pings are unsuccessful, troubleshoot the basic device
configurations before continuing.
b. From PC1, ping the first loopback on D3 (i.e., 10.10.16.1).
PC1> ping 10.10.16.1
The pings should be successful. If the pings are unsuccessful, troubleshoot the basic device
configurations before continuing.
c. Finally, from PC1, ping the default gateway loopback on R2 (i.e., 209.165.200.225).
PC1> ping 209.165.200.225
The pings should be successful. If the pings are unsuccessful, troubleshoot the basic device
configurations before continuing.

Step 5: Verify the routing table of R1.

a. Verify the OSPF routing table of R1.
Open configuration window

R1# show ip route ospf | begin Gateway

Gateway of last resort is 64.100.0.1 to network 0.0.0.0

10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 3 masks

O 10.10.1.0/24 [110/11] via 10.10.0.2, 00:29:03, GigabitEthernet0/0/1
O 10.10.2.0/24 [110/2] via 10.10.0.2, 00:29:03, GigabitEthernet0/0/1
O 10.10.3.0/24 [110/2] via 10.10.0.2, 00:29:03, GigabitEthernet0/0/1

The routing table confirms that R1 has knowledge of the networks connected to D1. Notice however, that
R1 has no knowledge of the routes connected to the R3 OSPF domain. The reason why PC1 can still
reach PC3 is because R1 has a default static route to R2. R1 forwarded the traffic to R2 because it did
not know where the 10.10.5.0 network was. R2 has a static route to this network and therefore forwarded
it to R3.
Close configuration window

Part 2: Configure a Site-to-Site VPN using Crypto Maps Between R1 and R3

In Part 2 of this lab, you will configure an IPsec VPN tunnel between R1 and R3 that passes through R2. You
will configure R1 and R3 using the Cisco IOS CLI. You will then review and test the resulting configuration.
IPsec is an open framework that allows for the exchange of security protocols as new technologies, and
encryption algorithms as they are developed.
There are two central configuration elements in the implementation of an IPsec VPN:
• Implement Internet Key Exchange (IKE) parameters
• Implement IPsec parameters

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

Step 1: On R1 and R3, implement Internet Key Exchange (IKE) parameters.

In this step, you will enable IKE policies on R1 and R3. IKE Phase 1 defines the key exchange method used
to exchange and validate IKE policies between peers. In IKE Phase 2, the peers exchange and match IPsec
policies for the authentication and encryption of data traffic.
IKE must be enabled for IPsec to function. IKE is enabled, by default, on IOS images with cryptographic
feature sets. However, if is disabled, you can enable it with the crypto isakmp enable command. This
command can also be used to verify that the router IOS supports IKE and that it is enabled.
Note: If the command produces an error and cannot be executed, then the device must be upgraded to an
IOS image that includes the Cisco cryptographic services.
a. When a VPN is negotiated, the router will attempt to connect to the other device using the defined
ISAKMP policies. To allow IKE Phase 1 negotiation, you must create an ISAKMP policy that defines the
authentication, encryption algorithms, and the hash function used to send control traffic between the two
VPN endpoints. When an ISAKMP security association has been accepted by the IKE peers, IKE Phase
1 has been completed.
There are multiple ISAKMP policies available by default. On R1, view the ISAKMP policies available
using the show crypto isakmp policy global config command.
Open configuration window

R1# show crypto isakmp policy

Default IKE policy

Protection suite of priority 65507
encryption algorithm: AES - Advanced Encryption Standard (128 bit keys).
hash algorithm: Secure Hash Standard
authentication method: Rivest-Shamir-Adleman Signature
Diffie-Hellman group: #5 (1536 bit)
lifetime: 86400 seconds, no volume limit
Protection suite of priority 65508
encryption algorithm: AES - Advanced Encryption Standard (128 bit keys).
hash algorithm: Secure Hash Standard
authentication method: Pre-Shared Key
Diffie-Hellman group: #5 (1536 bit)
lifetime: 86400 seconds, no volume limit

<Output omitted>

Protection suite of priority 65514

encryption algorithm: Three key triple DES
hash algorithm: Message Digest 5
authentication method: Pre-Shared Key
Diffie-Hellman group: #2 (1024 bit)
lifetime: 86400 seconds, no volume limit

These are default policies that are available if no custom ISAKMP policy is configured. The policies are
listed in order of priority with policy 65507 providing the most secure settings and policy 65514 offering
the least secure.
Default policies may not provide the required settings for your VPNs. And although default policies exist, it
is recommended that you define specific custom policies.
b. To create a custom ISAKMP policy, enter ISAKMP configuration mode using the crypto isakmp policy
number global configuration mode command. The policy number uniquely identifies the IKE policy and
assigns a priority to the policy, where 1 is the highest priority.

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

On R1, create ISAKMP policy number 10 as shown.

R1(config)# crypto isakmp policy 10
c. View the various IKE parameters available using Cisco IOS help by typing a question mark (?).
R1(config-isakmp)# ?
ISAKMP commands:
authentication Set authentication method for protection suite
default Set a command to its defaults
encryption Set encryption algorithm for protection suite
exit Exit from ISAKMP protection suite configuration mode
group Set the Diffie-Hellman group
hash Set hash algorithm for protection suite
lifetime Set lifetime for ISAKMP security association
no Negate a command or set its defaults
As shown in the table below, several parameters can be configured in ISAKMP policy configuration mode.

Parameter Options Default Recommended

authentication pre-share | rsa-encr | rsa-sig rsa-sig (varies)

encryption des | 3des | aes | aes [128 | 192 | 256] des aes (or higher)
group 1 | 2 | 5 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 19 | 20 | 24 1 14 (or higher)
hash md5 | sha | sha256 | sha384 | sha512 sha sha256 (or higher)
(shorter timeframes are more
lifetime 60-86400 (in seconds) 86400 (24 hours) secure)

Note: The last column lists the minimum recommended options.

d. Entering the ISAKMP policy configuration mode automatically assigns default parameters to the policy.
To view these defaults, use the do show crypto isakmp policy command.
R1(config-isakmp)# do show crypto isakmp policy

Global IKE policy

Protection suite of priority 10
encryption algorithm: DES - Data Encryption Standard (56 bit keys).
hash algorithm: Secure Hash Standard
authentication method: Rivest-Shamir-Adleman Signature
Diffie-Hellman group: #1 (768 bit)
lifetime: 86400 seconds, no volume limit

The output highlights the default parameters automatically assigned to the new policy. For security
reason, most of these should be updated to the recommended minimum listed in the table.
Your choice of an encryption algorithm determines how confidential the control channel between the
endpoints is. The hash algorithm controls data integrity, ensuring that the data received from a peer has
not been tampered with in transit. The authentication type ensures that the packet was sent and signed
by the remote peer. The Diffie-Hellman group is used to create a secret key shared by the peers that has
not been sent across the network.
e. In this lab, we will use the following parameters for the ISAKMP policy 10 on R1 and R3:
o Encryption: aes 256

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

o Hash: sha256
o Authentication method: pre-share key
o Diffie-Hellman group: 14
o Lifetime: 3600 seconds (60 minutes / 1 hour)
Note: Older versions of Cisco IOS do not support AES 256 encryption and SHA as a hash algorithm.
Substitute whatever encryption and hashing algorithm your router supports. Ensure that the same
changes are made on R3 in order to be in sync.
R1(config-isakmp)# encryption aes 256
R1(config-isakmp)# hash sha256
R1(config-isakmp)# authentication pre-share
R1(config-isakmp)# group 14
R1(config-isakmp)# lifetime 3600
R1(config-isakmp)# exit
close configuration window

f.
Open configuration window
Configure the same policy on R3.
R3(config)# crypto isakmp policy 10
R3(config-isakmp)# encryption aes 256
R3(config-isakmp)# hash sha256
R3(config-isakmp)# authentication pre-share
R3(config-isakmp)# group 14
R3(config-isakmp)# lifetime 3600
close configuration window

g. Verify the IKE policy with the show crypto isakmp policy command on R1 and R3.
Open configuration window

R1(config)# do show crypto isakmp policy

Global IKE policy

Protection suite of priority 10
encryption algorithm: AES - Advanced Encryption Standard (256 bit keys).
hash algorithm: Secure Hash Standard 2 (256 bit)
authentication method: Pre-Shared Key
Diffie-Hellman group: #14 (2048 bit)
lifetime: 3600 seconds, no volume limit
close configuration window

R3(config)# do show crypto isakmp policy

close configuration window

Global IKE policy

Protection suite of priority 10
encryption algorithm: AES - Advanced Encryption Standard (256 bit keys).
hash algorithm: Secure Hash Standard 2 (256 bit)
authentication method: Pre-Shared Key
Diffie-Hellman group: #14 (2048 bit)
lifetime: 3600 seconds, no volume limit

The policies must match. Troubleshoot and verify that the configurations were done correctly on both
routers.
close configuration window

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

Step 2: On R1 and R3, configure the pre-shared keys.

Because pre-shared keys are used as the authentication method in the IKE policy, a key must be configured
on each router that points to the other VPN endpoint. These keys must match for authentication to be
successful.
Use the crypto isakmp key key-string address ip-address global configuration mode command to enter a
pre-shared key. Use the global IP address of the remote peer, which is the outside interface of the remote
peer router.
Note: The ip-address parameter can be assigned 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 to allow a match against any peer.
Question:

Which IP addresses should you use to configure the IKE peers, given the topology diagram and IP
addressing table?
Type your answer here.

a. Each IP address that is used to configure the IKE peers is also referred to as the IP address of the
remote VPN endpoint. Configure the pre-shared key of cisco123 on R1. This command points to the
remote peer R3 G0/0/0 IP address.
Open configuration window

Note: Production networks should use longer and more complex keys.
R1(config)# crypto isakmp key cisco123 address 64.100.1.2
close configuration window

b. Configure the pre-shared key cisco123 on router R3. The command for R3 points to the R1 G0/0/0 IP
address.
Open configuration window

R3(config)# crypto isakmp key cisco123 address 64.100.0.2

close configuration window

Step 3: On R1 and R3, configure the IPsec transform set and lifetime.
The IPsec transform set is another crypto configuration parameter that routers negotiate to form a security
association. To create an IPsec transform set, use the crypto ipsec transform-set transform-set-name
transform1 [transform2 [transform3]] command.
a. On R1 and R3, create a transform set with the name S2S-VPN and use ? to see which parameters are
available.
Open configuration window

R1(config)# crypto ipsec transform-set S2S-VPN ?

ah-md5-hmac AH-HMAC-MD5 transform
ah-sha-hmac AH-HMAC-SHA transform
ah-sha256-hmac AH-HMAC-SHA256 transform
ah-sha384-hmac AH-HMAC-SHA384 transform
ah-sha512-hmac AH-HMAC-SHA512 transform
esp-192-aes ESP transform using AES cipher (192 bits)
esp-256-aes ESP transform using AES cipher (256 bits)
esp-3des ESP transform using 3DES(EDE) cipher (168 bits)
esp-aes ESP transform using AES cipher
esp-des ESP transform using DES cipher (56 bits)
esp-gcm ESP transform using GCM cipher
esp-gmac ESP transform using GMAC cipher
esp-md5-hmac ESP transform using HMAC-MD5 auth
esp-null ESP transform w/o cipher
esp-seal ESP transform using SEAL cipher (160 bits)
esp-sha-hmac ESP transform using HMAC-SHA auth

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

esp-sha256-hmac ESP transform using HMAC-SHA256 auth

esp-sha384-hmac ESP transform using HMAC-SHA384 auth
esp-sha512-hmac ESP transform using HMAC-SHA512 auth

R1(config)# crypto ipsec transform-set S2S-VPN

b. On R1 and R3, use the AES 256 cipher with ESP and the SHA 256 hash function.
R1(config)# crypto ipsec transform-set S2S-VPN esp-aes 256 esp-sha256-hmac
R1(cfg-crypto-trans)# exit
close configuration window
Open configuration window

R3(config)# crypto ipsec transform-set S2S-VPN esp-aes 256 esp-sha256-hmac

R3(cfg-crypto-trans)# exit
close configuration window
Question:

What is the function of the IPsec transform set?

Type your answers here.

c. You can also change the IPsec security association lifetime from the default of 3600 seconds. On R1 and
R3, set the IPsec security association lifetime to 30 minutes, or 1800 seconds.
Open configuration window

R1(config)# crypto ipsec security-association lifetime seconds 1800

close configuration window
Open configuration window

R3(config)# crypto ipsec security-association lifetime seconds 1800

close configuration window

Step 4: On R1 and R3, define interesting traffic.

It is necessary to define interesting traffic that will tell the router to enable an IPsec VPN with the other VPN
peer. Do this by using an extended access list to tell the router which traffic to encrypt. A packet that is
permitted by an access list used for defining IPsec traffic is encrypted if the IPsec session is configured
correctly. A packet that is denied by one of these access lists is not dropped but is instead forwarded to its
destination unencrypted. Also, like any other access list, there is an implicit deny at the end, which means the
default action is to not encrypt traffic. If there is no IPsec security association correctly configured, no traffic is
encrypted and traffic is forwarded unencrypted.
In this scenario, from the perspective of R1, the traffic you want to encrypt is traffic going from the R1 LANs to
the R3 Ethernet LANs or vice versa from the perspective of R3. These access lists are used outbound on the
VPN endpoint interfaces and must mirror each other.
a. On R1, identify interesting IPsec VPN traffic using a named extended ACL called S2S-VPN-ACL.
Open configuration window

R1(config)# ip access-list extended S2S-VPN-ACL

R1(config-ext-nacl)# remark ACL identifies interesting traffic going to R3
R1(config-ext-nacl)# permit ip 10.10.0.0 0.0.3.255 10.10.4.0 0.0.3.255
R1(config-ext-nacl)# permit ip 10.10.0.0 0.0.3.255 10.10.16.0 0.0.7.255
R1(config-ext-nacl)# exit
The ACL identifies traffic from the R1 networks going to the R3 networks as interesting.
close configuration window
Open configuration window

b. Configure the IPsec VPN interesting traffic named extended ACL on R1.
R3(config)# ip access extended S2S-VPN-ACL
R3(config-ext-nacl)# remark ACL identifies interesting traffic going to R1
R3(config-ext-nacl)# permit ip 10.10.4.0 0.0.3.255 10.10.0.0 0.0.3.255
R3(config-ext-nacl)# permit ip 10.10.16.0 0.0.7.255 10.10.0.0 0.0.3.255
R3(config-ext-nacl)# exit

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

close configuration window

The ACL identifies traffic from the R3 networks going to the R1 networks as interesting.
Question:

Does IPsec evaluate whether the access lists are mirrored as a requirement to negotiate its security
association?
Type your answers here

Step 5: On R1 and R3, create and apply a crypto map.

A crypto map associates traffic that matches an access list to a peer and various IKE and IPsec settings. After
the crypto map is created, it can be applied to one or more interfaces. The interfaces that it is applied to
should be the ones facing the IPsec peer.
To create a crypto map, use crypto map name sequence-number type command in global configuration
mode to enter crypto map configuration mode for that sequence number. Multiple crypto map statements can
belong to the same crypto map and are evaluated in ascending numerical order.
a. Create the crypto map on R1, name it S2S-CMAP, use 10 as the sequence number, and set the type as
ipsec-isakmp, which means IKE is used to establish IPsec security associations.
Open configuration window

R1(config)# crypto map S2S-CMAP 10 ipsec-isakmp

% NOTE: This new crypto map will remain disabled until a peer
and a valid access list have been configured.

Notice that a message is displayed after the command is issued.

b. Use the match address ACL command to specify which access list defines which traffic to encrypt.
R1(config-crypto-map)# match address S2S-VPN-ACL
c. To view the list of possible set commands that you can do with a crypto map, use the help function.
R1(config-crypto-map)# set ?
identity Identity restriction.
ikev2-profile Specify ikev2 Profile
ip Interface Internet Protocol config commands
isakmp-profile Specify isakmp Profile
nat Set NAT translation
peer Allowed Encryption/Decryption peer.
pfs Specify pfs settings
reverse-route Reverse Route Injection.
security-association Security association parameters
transform-set Specify list of transform sets in priority order
d. Setting a peer IP or hostname is required. Set it to R3’s remote VPN endpoint interface using the
following command:
R1(config-crypto-map)# set peer 64.100.1.2
e. Use the set transform-set name command to hard code the transform set to be used with this peer. Set
the perfect forwarding secrecy type using the set pfs type command, and modify the default IPsec
security association lifetime with the set security-association lifetime seconds seconds command.
R1(config-crypto-map)# set pfs group14
R1(config-crypto-map)# set transform S2S-VPN
R1(config-crypto-map)# set security-association lifetime seconds 900
R1(config-crypto-map)# exit

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

close configuration window

f. Create a mirrored matching crypto map on R3.

Open configuration window

R3(config)# crypto map S2S-CMAP 10 ipsec-isakmp

% NOTE: This new crypto map will remain disabled until a peer
and a valid access list have been configured.
R3(config-crypto-map)# match address S2S-VPN-ACL
R3(config-crypto-map)# set peer 64.100.0.2
R3(config-crypto-map)# set pfs group14
R3(config-crypto-map)# set transform S2S-VPN
R3(config-crypto-map)# set security-association lifetime seconds 900
R3(config-crypto-map)# exit
close configuration window

g. Apply the crypto map to interfaces.

Note: The SAs are not established until the crypto map has been activated by interesting traffic. The
router generates a notification that crypto is now on.
Apply the crypto maps to the appropriate interfaces on R1 and R3.
Open configuration window

R1(config)# interface g0/0/0

R1(config-if)# crypto map S2S-CMAP
R1(config-if)# end
*Jan 29 15:45:20.117: %CRYPTO-6-ISAKMP_ON_OFF: ISAKMP is ON
close configuration window
Open configuration window

R3(config)# interface g0/0/0

R3(config-if)# crypto map S2S-CMAP
R3(config-if)# end
*Jan 29 15:43:29.524: %CRYPTO-6-ISAKMP_ON_OFF: ISAKMP is ON
close configuration window

Part 3: Verify a Site-to-Site VPN Between R1 and R3

After a VPN is configured, it must be tested to see if it performs as expected.

Step 1: Verify the Site-to-Site IPsec VPN Configuration.

Previously, you used the show crypto isakmp policy command to display the configured ISAKMP policies
on the router.
a. Use the show crypto ipsec transform-set [transform-set-name] command to display the configured
IPsec policies in the form of the transform sets.
Open configuration window

R1# show crypto ipsec transform-set S2S-VPN

{ esp-256-aes esp-sha256-hmac }
will negotiate = { Tunnel, },
The S2S-VPN transform set settings are highlighted in the output.
b. On R1 and R3, use the show crypto map command to display the crypto maps applied to the router.
R1# show crypto map
Crypto Map IPv4 "S2S-CMAP" 10 ipsec-isakmp
Peer = 64.100.1.2
Extended IP access list S2S-VPN-ACL
access-list S2S-VPN-ACL permit ip 10.10.0.0 0.0.3.255 10.10.4.0 0.0.3.255
access-list S2S-VPN-ACL permit ip 10.10.0.0 0.0.3.255 10.10.16.0 0.0.7.255
Current peer: 64.100.1.2

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

Security association lifetime: 4608000 kilobytes/900 seconds

Responder-Only (Y/N): N
PFS (Y/N): Y
DH group: group14
Mixed-mode : Disabled
Transform sets={
S2S-VPN: { esp-256-aes esp-sha256-hmac } ,
}
Interfaces using crypto map S2S-CMAP:
GigabitEthernet0/0/0
close configuration window
Open configuration window

R3# show crypto map

Crypto Map IPv4 "S2S-CMAP" 10 ipsec-isakmp
Peer = 64.100.0.2
Extended IP access list S2S-VPN-ACL
access-list S2S-VPN-ACL permit ip 10.10.4.0 0.0.3.255 10.10.0.0 0.0.3.255
access-list S2S-VPN-ACL permit ip 10.10.16.0 0.0.7.255 10.10.0.0 0.0.3.255
Current peer: 64.100.0.2
Security association lifetime: 4608000 kilobytes/900 seconds
Responder-Only (Y/N): N
PFS (Y/N): Y
DH group: group14
Mixed-mode : Disabled
Transform sets={
S2S-VPN: { esp-256-aes esp-sha256-hmac } ,
}
Interfaces using crypto map S2S-CMAP:
GigabitEthernet0/0/0

Note: The output of these show commands does not change when the VPN tunnel is enabled.
close configuration window

Step 2: Display ISAKMP and IPsec security associations.

a. The show crypto isakmp as command reveals that no IKE SAs exist yet. When interesting traffic is sent,
this command output will change.
Open configuration window

R1# show crypto isakmp sa

IPv4 Crypto ISAKMP SA
dst src state conn-id status

IPv6 Crypto ISAKMP SA

b. The show crypto ipsec sa command displays packet statistics information for each of the ACE
statements in the VPN ACL. The first portion of the output displays the packet statistics for traffic from the
R1 10.10.0.0/22 networks to the R3 10.10.4.0/22 networks. The bottom portion displays the statistics for
traffic from the R1 10.10.0.0/22 networks to the R3 10.10.16.0/21 networks.
R1# show crypto ipsec sa

interface: GigabitEthernet0/0/0
Crypto map tag: S2S-CMAP, local addr 64.100.0.2

protected vrf: (none)

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

local ident (addr/mask/prot/port): (10.10.0.0/255.255.252.0/0/0)

remote ident (addr/mask/prot/port): (10.10.4.0/255.255.252.0/0/0)
current_peer 64.100.1.2 port 500
PERMIT, flags={origin_is_acl,}
#pkts encaps: 0, #pkts encrypt: 0, #pkts digest: 0
#pkts decaps: 0, #pkts decrypt: 0, #pkts verify: 0
#pkts compressed: 0, #pkts decompressed: 0
#pkts not compressed: 0, #pkts compr. failed: 0
#pkts not decompressed: 0, #pkts decompress failed: 0
#send errors 0, #recv errors 0

local crypto endpt.: 64.100.0.2, remote crypto endpt.: 64.100.1.2

plaintext mtu 1438, path mtu 1500, ip mtu 1500, ip mtu idb GigabitEthernet0/0/0
current outbound spi: 0x0(0)
PFS (Y/N): N, DH group: none

inbound esp sas:

inbound ah sas:

inbound pcp sas:

outbound esp sas:

outbound ah sas:

outbound pcp sas:

protected vrf: (none)

local ident (addr/mask/prot/port): (10.10.0.0/255.255.252.0/0/0)
remote ident (addr/mask/prot/port): (10.10.16.0/255.255.248.0/0/0)
current_peer 64.100.1.2 port 500
PERMIT, flags={origin_is_acl,}
#pkts encaps: 0, #pkts encrypt: 0, #pkts digest: 0
#pkts decaps: 0, #pkts decrypt: 0, #pkts verify: 0
#pkts compressed: 0, #pkts decompressed: 0
#pkts not compressed: 0, #pkts compr. failed: 0
#pkts not decompressed: 0, #pkts decompress failed: 0
#send errors 0, #recv errors 0

local crypto endpt.: 64.100.0.2, remote crypto endpt.: 64.100.1.2

<Output omitted>
close configuration window

Note: The output lists the current status for each ACE in the S2S-VPN-ACL.
Question:

Why haven’t any SAs been negotiated?

Type your answers here.

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

c. Next, we will generate some “uninteresting” test traffic and observe the results. From R1, ping the R3
G0/0/0 interface IP address (i.e., 64.100.1.2) and then ping the R3 G0/0/1 interface IP address (i.e.,
10.10.4.1). These pings should be successful.
d. Issue the show crypto isakmp sa command again.
Question:

Was an SA created for these pings? Explain.

Type your answers here.

Step 3: Generate some interesting test traffic and observe the results.
A VPN is initiated when interesting traffic is generated. Typically, inside users connecting to the remote
network can initiate a VPN connection.
a. From PC1, ping PC3 to generate interesting traffic.
PC1> ping 10.10.5.10

Pinging 10.10.5.10 with 32 bytes of data:

Request timed out.
Reply from 10.10.5.10: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=64
Reply from 10.10.5.10: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=64
Reply from 10.10.5.10: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=64

Ping statistics for 10.10.5.10:

Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 3, Lost = 1 (25% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 1ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 1ms

Notice how the first ping reply timed out. The reason is because, the first echo request triggered the S2S-
VPN-ACL which made R1 negotiate and establish the IPsec VPN tunnel with R3.
b. An alternate method to initiate interesting traffic would be to use an extended ping on R1. An extended
ping allows you to control the source address of the packets.
R1# ping 10.10.16.1 source g0/0/1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.10.16.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
Packet sent with a source address of 10.10.0.1
.!!!!
Success rate is 80 percent (4/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 2/3/4 ms

Like the previous ping, the first echo reply timed out. The reason was to establish an SA for the
10.10.16.0/23 networks.
c. Re-issue the show crypto isakmp sa command.
Open configuration window

R1# show crypto isakmp sa

IPv4 Crypto ISAKMP SA
dst src state conn-id status
64.100.1.2 64.100.0.2 QM_IDLE 1001 ACTIVE

IPv6 Crypto ISAKMP SA

The SA displays that the tunnel is active.

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Lab - Implement IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs

Question:

Why was an SA created between R1 and R3 this time?

Type your answers here.

c. Verify the IPsec traffic statistics using the show crypto ipsec sa command.
Question:

How many packets have been transformed between R1 and R3?

Type your answers here.

close configuration window

d. The previous example used pings to generate interesting traffic.

Questions:

What other types of traffic would result in an SA forming and tunnel establishment?
Type your answers here.

Are routing protocols able to traverse an IPsec site-to-site VPN?

Type your answers here.

Router Interface Summary Table

Router Model Ethernet Interface #1 Ethernet Interface #2 Serial Interface #1 Serial Interface #2

Fast Ethernet 0/0 Fast Ethernet 0/1

1800 (F0/0) (F0/1) Serial 0/0/0 (S0/0/0) Serial 0/0/1 (S0/0/1)
Gigabit Ethernet 0/0 Gigabit Ethernet 0/1
1900 (G0/0) (G0/1) Serial 0/0/0 (S0/0/0) Serial 0/0/1 (S0/0/1)
Fast Ethernet 0/0 Fast Ethernet 0/1
2801 (F0/0) (F0/1) Serial 0/1/0 (S0/1/0) Serial 0/1/1 (S0/1/1)
Fast Ethernet 0/0 Fast Ethernet 0/1
2811 (F0/0) (F0/1) Serial 0/0/0 (S0/0/0) Serial 0/0/1 (S0/0/1)
Gigabit Ethernet 0/0 Gigabit Ethernet 0/1
2900 (G0/0) (G0/1) Serial 0/0/0 (S0/0/0) Serial 0/0/1 (S0/0/1)
Gigabit Ethernet 0/0/0 Gigabit Ethernet 0/0/1
4221 (G0/0/0) (G0/0/1) Serial 0/1/0 (S0/1/0) Serial 0/1/1 (S0/1/1)
Gigabit Ethernet 0/0/0 Gigabit Ethernet 0/0/1
4300 (G0/0/0) (G0/0/1) Serial 0/1/0 (S0/1/0) Serial 0/1/1 (S0/1/1)

Note: To find out how the router is configured, look at the interfaces to identify the type of router and how many
interfaces the router has. There is no way to effectively list all the combinations of configurations for each router
class. This table includes identifiers for the possible combinations of Ethernet and Serial interfaces in the device.
The table does not include any other type of interface, even though a specific router may contain one. An
example of this might be an ISDN BRI interface. The string in parenthesis is the legal abbreviation that can be
used in Cisco IOS commands to represent the interface.
End of document

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