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003.4 System Unit

The document discusses the main components of a computer system including the CPU, system unit, flow of information, how data and programs are represented, memory addresses and registers, machine cycle, and processing speed.

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Princess Honeylet Sigesmundo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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384 views

003.4 System Unit

The document discusses the main components of a computer system including the CPU, system unit, flow of information, how data and programs are represented, memory addresses and registers, machine cycle, and processing speed.

Uploaded by

Princess Honeylet Sigesmundo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Miscellaneous

Topics
Prepared by:

Mrs. Brijida Charizma Ardoña


Navarro
OUTLINE
 The Microcomputer System Unit
 Flow of Information Inside our Co
mputers
 How Data & Programs Are Repre
sented in the Computer
 How Capacity is Expressed
 Memory Addresses & Registers
 The Machine Cycle
 Processing Speed
THE CPU

The Central Processing Unit is referred to


as the brain of the computer.

It is also called the processor or the


computing part of the computer. It
controls and manipulates data into the
computer.
THE CPU
The CPU has two functionally distinct parts:
 Control Unit – directs the actions of the system
by carrying out the instructions and
establishing their sequence according to the
program.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit – contains the circuiting
needed to perform the basic arithmetic
operations as well the logical ones.
THE SYSTEM UNIT

Motherboard
THE SYSTEM UNIT

Power Supply
THE SYSTEM UNIT
 CPU chip
 Specialized
Processor
Chips
 RAM chips
 ROM chips
THE SYSTEM UNIT
 System Clock
 Expansion Slots
and Boards
- Soundcard
- Video Card
- LAN Card
 Bus Lines
 Ports
OUTLINE
 The Microcomputer System Unit
 Flow of Information Inside our Co
mputers
 How Data & Programs Are Repre
sented in the Computer
 How Capacity is Expressed
 Memory Addresses & Registers
 The Machine Cycle
 Processing Speed
FLOW OF INFORMATION

MAIN SOFTWARE
MEMORY TRANSLATOR
OUTLINE
 The Microcomputer System Unit
 Flow of Information Inside our Co
mputers
 How Data & Programs Are Repre
sented in the Computer
 How Capacity is Expressed
 Memory Addresses & Registers
 The Machine Cycle
 Processing Speed
HOW DATA & PROGRAMS
ARE REPRESENTED
 Data and programs stored in
our computers are referred to
as digital
 Binary digits (BITS)
0 & 1
OUTLINE
 The Microcomputer System Unit
 Flow of Information Inside our Co
mputers
 How Data & Programs Are Repre
sented in the Computer
 How Capacity is Expressed
 Memory Addresses & Registers
 The Machine Cycle
 Processing Speed
How Capacity is Expressed

 Bit – short for binary digit; refers to each


0 or 1
 Byte – group of 8 bits
 Kilobyte – 1000 bytes (1024 to be
precise)
 Megabyte – 1 million bytes
 Gigabyte – 1 billion bytes
 Terrabyte – 1 trillion bytes
OUTLINE
 The Microcomputer System Unit
 Flow of Information Inside our
Computers
 How Data & Programs Are
Represented in the Computer
 How Capacity is Expressed
 Memory Addresses & Registers
 The Machine Cycle
 Processing Speed
Memory Addresses & Registers

 Memory addresses are locations in the


memory of computer where data or
instructions are stored.
 Registers are high speed storage
areas that temporarily store data
during processing. They hold material
(data) that are processed immediately.
OUTLINE
 The Microcomputer System Unit
 Flow of Information Inside our Co
mputers
 How Data & Programs Are Repre
sented in the Computer
 How Capacity is Expressed
 Memory Addresses & Registers
 The Machine Cycle
 Processing Speed
The Machine Cycle

 One round of steps from getting an


instruction back to getting the next
instruction is called the Machine Cycle.
 The Machine Cycle consists of two parts:
the instruction cycle (I-cycle) and
the execution cycle (E-cycle).
The Machine Cycle
The I-cycle is
performed by the
Control Unit wherein
it (1)fetches or gets
an instruction from
main memory and (2)
decodes that
instruction.
The E -cycle is
performed by the
ALU wherein it (3)
executes the
instruction and (4)
stores the results
into the main
memory.
The Machine Cycle
For example, to add the numbers 5 and 6 and show the answer on the
screen requires the following steps:
1. Fetch "Get number at address 123456" 
instruction:
2. Decode instruction.
3. Execute: ALU finds the number. (which happens to be 5)
4. Store: The number 5 is stored in a temporary spot in
Main Memory.
5 - 8  Repeat steps for another number (= 6)
9. Fetch "Add those two numbers"
instruction:
10 Decode instruction.
.
The Machine Cycle
11 Execute: ALU adds the numbers.

12 Store: The answer is temporarily stored in the


main memory.
13 Fetch "Display answer on screen."
instruction:
14 Decode instruction.

15 Execute: Display answer on screen.


OUTLINE
 The Microcomputer System Unit
 Flow of Information Inside our Co
mputers
 How Data & Programs Are Repre
sented in the Computer
 How Capacity is Expressed
 Memory Addresses & Registers
 The Machine Cycle
 Processing Speed
Processing Speed
 The time to complete one machine cycle is
measured in milliseconds (1/1000 of a
second) for older or slower computer,
microseconds (1/1M of a second) for
microcomputers and in nanoseconds (1/1B
of a second) for mainframes.
 The processor speeds are usually
expressed in megahertz (MHz), millions of
machine cycles per second.

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