Basic Electricity and Electronics

AC2 Fundamentals
by
A

Instructor’s Guide

Ê>{X?è>Æ68Ë 3091563100306
Edition 2 91563-10
 SECOND EDITION

Second Printing, June 2003

Copyright March, 2003 Lab-Volt Systems, Inc.

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 Table of Contents

Section 1 – Workstation Inventory and Installation............................................................... 1-1

Inventory of Workstation ........................................................................................................ 1-1
Minimum Computer Requirements.................................................................................... 1-1
Equipment and Supplies..................................................................................................... 1-1
Equipment Installation ............................................................................................................ 1-1
Software Installation ............................................................................................................... 1-1
Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum ............................................................... 2-1
Getting Started ........................................................................................................................ 2-2
Screen Buttons ........................................................................................................................ 2-3
F.A.C.E.T. Help Screens and Resources................................................................................. 2-4
Internet Access ........................................................................................................................ 2-5
Instructor Annotation Tool...................................................................................................... 2-5
Student Journal........................................................................................................................ 2-5
Assessing Progress .................................................................................................................. 2-6
Real-Number Questions and Answers .................................................................................... 2-8
Recall Values in Text ............................................................................................................ 2-10
Safety .................................................................................................................................... 2-11
Section 3 – Courseware ............................................................................................................. 3-1

Unit 1 – RLC Circuits................................................................................................................ 3-1

Exercise 1 – Series RLC Circuits............................................................................................ 3-3
Exercise 2 – Parallel RLC Circuits ......................................................................................... 3-9
Unit 2 – Series Resonance ....................................................................................................... 3-17
Exercise 1 – Series Resonant Circuits................................................................................... 3-19
Exercise 2 – Q and Bandwidth of a Series RLC Circuit ....................................................... 3-25
Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance .................................................................................................... 3-35
Exercise 1 – Parallel Resonant Circuits ................................................................................ 3-37
Exercise 2 – Q and Bandwidth.............................................................................................. 3-42
Unit 4 – Power in AC Circuits ................................................................................................ 3-53
Exercise 1 – Power Division ................................................................................................. 3-55
Exercise 2 – Power Factor..................................................................................................... 3-61

i
Unit 5 – Low- and High-Pass Filters ...................................................................................... 3-69
Exercise 1 – Low-Pass Filters ............................................................................................... 3-71
Exercise 2 – High-Pass Filters .............................................................................................. 3-76
Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters................................................................................ 3-85
Exercise 1 – BandPass Filters ............................................................................................... 3-87
Exercise 2 – BandStop Filters ............................................................................................... 3-92
Appendix A – Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers ................................................. A-1

Appendix B – Faults and Circuit Modifications (CMs) .........................................................B-1

Appendix C – Board and Courseware Troubleshooting ....................................................... C-1

ii
 Introduction

This Instructor Guide is divided into three sections and the appendices. It provides a unit-by-unit
outline of the Fault Assisted Circuits for Electronics Training (F.A.C.E.T.) curriculum.

Section 1 – Workstation Inventory and Installation contains a list and description of

equipment and materials required for all units in this course of study as well as installation
instructions.

Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum provides a description of the courseware

structure, instructions on getting started with the multimedia presentation, and an explanation of
student-progress assessment methods.

Section 3 – Courseware includes information that enables the instructor to gain a general
understanding of the units within the course.

♦ The unit objective

♦ Unit Fundamentals questions and answers
♦ A list of new terms and words for the unit
♦ Equipment required for the unit
♦ The exercise objectives
♦ Exercise Discussion questions and answers
♦ Exercise Procedure questions and answers
♦ Review questions and answers
♦ CMs and Faults available
♦ Unit Test questions and answers
♦ Troubleshooting questions and answers (where applicable)

Appendices include the questions and answers to the Pretest and Posttest plus additional specific
information on faults and circuit modifications (CMs).

Please complete and return the OWNER REGISTRATION CARD included with the CD-
ROM. This will assist Lab-Volt in ensuring that our customers receive maximum support.

iii
THIS

iv
SECTION 1 – WORKSTATION INVENTORY
AND INSTALLATION
THIS
AC2 Fundamentals Section 1 – Workstation Inventory and Installation

SECTION 1 – WORKSTATION INVENTORY AND INSTALLATION

Inventory of Workstation
Use this section to identify and inventory the items needed.

Minimum Computer Requirements

100% compatible Windows®PC with Windows98 second edition or newer, NT, 2000, Me or XP;
Pentium class CPU, (Pentium II or newer); 126 MB RAM; 10 GB HDD; CD-ROM drive; SVGA
monitor and video card capable of 32-bit color display at 1024 x 768 resolution and sound
capabilities.

Equipment and Supplies

The following equipment and supplies are needed for AC2 Fundamentals:

Quantity Description
1 F.A.C.E.T. base unit
1 AC2 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board
1 Multimeter
1 Oscilloscope
1 Generator
1 Student Workbook
1 Instructor Guide

Equipment Installation
To install the hardware, refer to the Tech-Lab (minimum version 6.x) Installation Guide.

Software Installation

Third Party Application Installation

All applications and files that the courseware launches, or that are required for the course should
be installed before the courseware. Load all third party software according to the manufacturers'
directions. Install this software to the default location and note that location. (Alternatively, you
can install this software to a different location that you designate.) Remember to register all
software as required.

No third-party software is required for this course.

Installation of Courseware and Resources

To install the courseware and resources, refer to the Tech-Lab (minimum version 6.x) and
Gradepoint 2020 (minimum version 6.x) Installation Guide.

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AC2 Fundamentals Section 1 – Workstation Inventory and Installation

1-2
SECTION 2 – INTRODUCTION TO F.A.C.E.T.
CURRICULUM
THIS
AC2 Fundamentals Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

SECTION 2 – INTRODUCTION TO F.A.C.E.T. CURRICULUM

Overview
F.A.C.E.T. curriculum is multimedia-based courseware. The curriculum gives students hands-on
experience using equipment and software closely associated with industry standards. It provides
students with opportunities for instruction in academic and technical skills.

All courses are activity-driven curricula. Each course consists of several units containing two or
more exercises. Each unit begins with a statement explaining the overall goal of the unit (Unit
Objective). This is followed by Unit Fundamentals. Next is a list of new terms and words then
the equipment required for the unit. The exercises follow the unit material. When students
complete all the exercises, they complete the Troubleshooting section and take the Unit Test.

The exercises consist of an exercise objective, exercise discussion, and exercise procedures. The
Exercise Conclusions section provides the students with a list of their achievements. Every
exercise concludes with Review Questions. Available circuit modifications (CMs) and faults are
listed after the review questions. Additional specific information on CMs and faults is available
in Appendix B.

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AC2 Fundamentals Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Getting Started

Desktop
After the Tech-Lab System is installed, the TechLab icon appears on the desktop.

1. Click on the TechLab icon.

2. The student clicks on LOGON and selects his or her name.

3. The student enters his or her password and clicks on OK. (If he or she is creating a password,
four alphanumeric characters must be entered. The system will ask for the password to be
entered again for verification. Keep a record of the students' passwords.)

4. The previous two steps are repeated until all members of the student team have logged on.
Click on Complete and then Yes.

5. When the Available Courses menu appears, students click on the course name.

6. A window with the name of the course and a list of units for that course appears. Students
click on the unit name. The unit title page appears and the students are ready to begin.

Selecting Other Courses and Exiting the Courseware

1. Clicking on Exit when in a unit returns the student to the list of units for that course.

2. If students wish to select another unit, they click on it.

3. If students wish to exit F.A.C.E.T., they click on the X symbol in the upper right corner.

4. If students wish to select another course, they click on the Course Menu button. The
Available Courses menu screen appears. They may also exit F.A.C.E.T. from this screen by
clicking on the LOGOFF button.

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AC2 Fundamentals Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Screen Buttons
If you click on the F.A.C.E.T. logo on the top right of the unit title page the About screen
appears. It acknowledges the copyright holder(s) of video and/or screen-capture material used in
the topic.

The Menu button calls these menus:

when on an exercise menu screen, it calls the Unit Menu.
when on an exercise screen, it calls the Exercise Menu.
when on a unit screen, it calls the Unit Menu.

The Bookmark button marks the current screen. A student can click on the button at any time in
the lesson. The second time the student clicks on the button, the page displayed when the button
was first clicked will return to the screen. Any bookmarks used during a lesson are not saved
when the student logs out of the lesson.

The Application Launch button opens third-party software.

Click on the Resources button to view a pop-up menu. The pop-up menu includes access to a
calculator, a student journal, new terms and words, a print current screen option, the Lab-Volt
authored Internet Website, and a variety of F.A.C.E.T. help screens.

The Help button aids students with system information. On certain screens the Help button
appears to be depressed. On these screens, clicking on the Help button will access Screen Help
windows (context-sensitive help).

The Internet button opens an Internet browser. Students will have unrestricted access to all
search engines and web sites unless the school administration has restricted this usage.

Use the Exit button to exit the course.

The right arrow ⇒ button moves you forward to the next screen.
The left arrow ⇐ button moves you backward to the previous screen.

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AC2 Fundamentals Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

F.A.C.E.T. Help Screens and Resources

There are three ways to access F.A.C.E.T. help screens and other resources.

System Help
Students access System Help by clicking on the Help button at the bottom of the screen when the
button does not appear to be depressed. The menu selections access a variety of system help,
navigation, and information windows.

Screen Help
On certain screens, the Help button appears to be depressed. On these screens, clicking on the
Help button will access Screen Help windows. This is information specific to the content of that
particular screen.

Resources
Students click on the Resources button to access the following windows.

Calculator
F.A.C.E.T. 32-Bit Microprocessor Help
F.A.C.E.T. Analog Communications Setup Procedure
F.A.C.E.T. Digital Communications Help
F.A.C.E.T. Electronics and Troubleshooting Help
F.A.C.E.T. Fiber Optic Communications Help
F.A.C.E.T. Math Help
Internet Link
New Terms and Words
Print Current Page
Student Journal

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AC2 Fundamentals Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Internet Access
There are two ways for students to access the Internet:

The Internet button opens an Internet browser. Students have unrestricted access to all search
engines and websites unless the school administration has restricted this usage.

The Resources button pops up a menu that includes access to the Lab-Volt
authored Internet website. If students wish to access this site when they are not in
the lesson, then they must go to http://learning.labvolt.com.

NOTE: The Lab-Volt Internet site does not have content-filtering

software to block access to objectionable or inappropriate
websites.

Instructor Annotation Tool

The annotation tool gives the instructor the ability to add comments or additional information
onscreen. Refer to the Tech-Lab and GradePoint 2020 Installation Guide for detailed
information.

Student Journal
The student journal is an online notebook that each student can access while they are logged into
TechLab. The journal allows students to share notes with other students in their workgroups.
When used in conjunction with GradePoint 2020, the instructor may post messages, review, edit,
or delete any journal note.

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AC2 Fundamentals Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Assessing Progress

Assessment Tools
Student assessment is achieved in several ways:

♦ Exercise questions
♦ Unit tests
♦ Pretest and Posttest
♦ Troubleshooting questions

Exercise and Troubleshooting Questions

Throughout the unit material, exercise discussion, exercise procedure, and troubleshooting
sections there are several types of questions with instant feedback. These questions occur in the
following formats:

♦ Multiple choice
♦ True-false
♦ Real-number entry

In most cases, when your students encounter a question set, they must answer these questions
before continuing. However, there are cases where students may progress to the next screen
without answering the questions. Lab-Volt recommends that you encourage your students to
complete all questions. In this way, students reinforce the material that's presented, verify that
they understand this material, and are empowered to decide if a review of this material is
required.

Review Questions
At the end of each exercise, there are review questions. The student receives feedback with each
entry. Feedback guides the student toward the correct answer.

Unit Tests
A unit test appears at the end of each unit. The test consists of 10 multiple-choice questions with
the option of having feedback. The Tech-Lab System defaults to no feedback, but the instructor
can configure the test so that students receive feedback after taking the test. You can randomize
questions in the unit test. Use the Tech-Lab Global Configurator to make feedback available,
randomize questions, and select other configuration options if desired. Refer to the Tech Lab
Quick-Start Guide for detailed information.

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AC2 Fundamentals Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Pretest and Posttest

Every course includes a pretest and a posttest. These are multiple choice tests. Refer to the Tech
Lab Quick-Start Guide for detailed information on how to record student competency gains.

Grading
Student grades are based on exercise questions, troubleshooting questions, a unit test, and a
posttest. The default weighting value of the unit test and the threshold for passing the unit test
can be adjusted by using the Global Configurator of the Tech-Lab System. Refer to the Tech Lab
Quick-Start Guide for detailed information.

Student Progress and Instructor Feedback

Unit progress is available through the Unit menu. The Progress window allows the instructor and
student to view the percentage of the unit completed, number of sessions, and time spent on that
unit. The Progress window shows whether the Unit Test was completed. If the test was
completed, it indicates whether the student passed based on the scoring criteria.

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AC2 Fundamentals Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Real-Number Questions and Answers

Throughout F.A.C.E.T. courses students may encounter real-number questions such as the one
shown below. Answers to real-number questions are graded correct if they fall within an
acceptable tolerance range.

The computer
saves this input
value so that it can
be recalled for use
in later questions.

The answer to the question posed in the illustration above does not involve a recall value from a
previous question. It appears in the Instructor Guide (IG) as shown in the box below.

The information in the IG tells you where the question is located and the range of acceptable
answers. In this case, the acceptable answers fall within the range of the nominal answer plus or
minus 5 percent tolerance: (15 ± 5%).

e1p1 stands for

Exercise 1 Procedure screen 1
This is the name the computer uses internally
to identify the input value. In this case, 14.5
Location: Exercise Procedure page: will be stored under the name V1.
se1p1, Question ID: e1p1a
NOTE: The recall value V1 is not the same as
VS = Vdc the voltage V1. The recall label does not
appear onscreen.
Recall Label for this Question: V1
Nominal Answer: 15.0
Min/Max Value: (14.25) to (15.75) In this case, the answer to this question is not
Value Calculation: 15.000 based on a value recalled from a previous
Correct Tolerance Percent = true question. Therefore, the Value Calculation is
Correct Minus Tolerance = 5 equal to the Nominal Answer.
Correct Plus Tolerance = 5
The word "true" tells you that the tolerance is
calculated as a percent.

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AC2 Fundamentals Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

A second example (shown below) illustrates an answer that the computer grades using a value
recalled from a previous question.

When a real-number question is based on a recall value from a previous question, the Min/Max
Value shown in the Instructor Guide is based upon a calculation using the lowest and highest
possible recall value. It represents the theoretical range of answers that could be accepted by the
computer. (It is not the nominal answer plus or minus the tolerance.)

To find the actual range of answers that the computer will accept onscreen, you must use the
actual recall value (14.5 in this example) in your calculations; see below.

Location: Exercise Procedure page: Any letter enclosed in "#" signs refers to a
se1p5, Question ID: e1p5c recall value from a previous question.
Since the value for #V1# is 14.5, the
IT = mA computer will accept answers in the
following range as correct:
Recall Label for this Question: I1
Nominal Answer: 9.091 14.5/1650*1000 ± 25% or
*
Min/Max Value: (6.477) to (11.93) 8.79 ± 25% or
Value Calculation: #V1#/1650*1000 6.59 to 10.99
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 25 This calculated range is different from the
Correct Plus Tolerance = 25 Min/Max Value shown in the IG, which
was based upon a calculation using the
lowest and highest possible recall value.

NOTE: After four incorrect answers, students will be prompted to press <Ins> to insert the
correct answer if this feature has been enabled in the configuration settings. When the question is
based on a value recalled from a previous question, answers obtained using the Insert key may
not match the nominal answers in this guide.

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 AC2 Fundamentals Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Recall Values in Text

Sometimes numbers displayed on screen are values recalled from input on previous screens.
Because these numbers are recall values, they will change for each student.

The value of 10
was recalled
from a previous
screen.

The Instructor Guide lists the recall label in place of a number in this question.

This is a Location:Exercise Procedure page: se1p11, Question ID: e1p11c

recall label
for a value IR2 = VR2/R2
recorded in a = #V4#/3.3 kΩ
previous = mA
question.
Recall Label for this Question: I1
Nominal Answer: 2.818
Min/Max Value: (2.489) to (3.164)
The correct Value Calculation: #V4#/3.3
answer will Correct Tolerance Percent = true
depend on the Correct Minus Tolerance = 4
value the student Correct Plus Tolerance = 4
recorded in the
previous question.

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AC2 Fundamentals Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Safety
Safety is everyone’s responsibility. All must cooperate to create the safest possible working
environment. Students must be reminded of the potential for harm, given common sense safety
rules, and instructed to follow the electrical safety rules.

Any environment can be hazardous when it is unfamiliar. The F.A.C.E.T. computer-based

laboratory may be a new environment to some students. Instruct students in the proper use of the
F.A.C.E.T. equipment and explain what behavior is expected of them in this laboratory. It is up
to the instructor to provide the necessary introduction to the learning environment and the
equipment. This task will prevent injury to both student and equipment.

The voltage and current used in the F.A.C.E.T. Computer-Based Laboratory are, in themselves,
harmless to the normal, healthy person. However, an electrical shock coming as a surprise will
be uncomfortable and may cause a reaction that could create injury. The students should be made
aware of the following electrical safety rules.

1. Turn off the power before working on a circuit.

2. Always confirm that the circuit is wired correctly before turning on the power. If required,
have your instructor check your circuit wiring.
3. Perform the experiments as you are instructed: do not deviate from the documentation.
4. Never touch “live” wires with your bare hands or with tools.
5. Always hold test leads by their insulated areas.
6. Be aware that some components can become very hot during operation. (However, this is not
a normal condition for your F.A.C.E.T. course equipment.) Always allow time for the
components to cool before proceeding to touch or remove them from the circuit.
7. Do not work without supervision. Be sure someone is nearby to shut off the power and
provide first aid in case of an accident.
8. Remove power cords by the plug, not by pulling on the cord. Check for cracked or broken
insulation on the cord.

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AC2 Fundamentals Section 2 – Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

2-12
SECTION 3 – COURSEWARE

SECTION 3 – COURSEWARE
THIS
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 1 – RLC Circuits

UNIT 1 – RLC CIRCUITS

UNIT OBJECTIVE
Analyze series and parallel RLC circuits by using calculations and measurements.

UNIT FUNDAMENTALS

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf5, Question ID: f5a

Varying the frequency of the applied voltage (VGEN) causes both the inductive (XL) and
capacitive (XC) reactances to change. Will this cause the total circuit current (IT) to change?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf7, Question ID: f7a

In a series circuit, the same current flows in all three components. Given the current (IT), can
you use Ohm's law to calculate the voltage drops across the individual circuit components?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf8, Question ID: f8a

In a parallel circuit, VGEN appears across each of the components. Given VGEN, can you use
Ohm's law to calculate the current through each of the three circuit branches?
a. yes
b. no

CMS AVAILABLE
None

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

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AC2 Fundamentals Unit 1 – RLC Circuits

NEW TERMS AND WORDS

RLC circuits - networks created by resistors (R), inductors (L), and capacitors (C) connected in
various ways to perform some useful function such as filtering, phase shifting, or impedance
matching; also called RLC circuits.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
F.A.C.E.T. base unit
AC 2 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board
Oscilloscope, dual trace
Generator, sine wave

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AC2 Fundamentals Unit 1 – RLC Circuits

Exercise 1 – Series RLC Circuits

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Analyze series RLC circuits by using calculations and measurements. Verify results with an
oscilloscope.

EXERCISE DISCUSSION

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d4, Question ID: e1d4a

This series RLC circuit acts like a 100Ω resistor in series with an equivalent
a. capacitor.
b. inductor.

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d8, Question ID: e1d8a

In a series RLC circuit, does the sum of the component voltage drops equal the applied source
voltage (VGEN)?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d9, Question ID: e1d9a

VGEN = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 5.0
Min/Max Value: (4.9) to (5.1)
Value Calculation: 5.000
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 2
Correct Plus Tolerance = 2

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d11, Question ID: e1d11a

This circuit acts like a resistor in series with an equivalent
a. inductor.
b. capacitor.

3-3
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 1 – RLC Circuits

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d13, Question ID: e1d13a

θ= degrees
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 53.1
Min/Max Value: (50.45) to (55.76)
Value Calculation: 53.100
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 5
Correct Plus Tolerance = 5

EXERCISE PROCEDURE

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p3, Question ID: e1p3a

VC1 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VC1
Nominal Answer: 21.1
Min/Max Value: (14.77) to (27.43)
Value Calculation: 21.100
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p3, Question ID: e1p3c

VL1 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VL1
Nominal Answer: 7.26
Min/Max Value: (5.082) to (9.438)
Value Calculation: 7.260
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

3-4
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 1 – RLC Circuits

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4a

VR2 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VR2
Nominal Answer: 5.8
Min/Max Value: (4.06) to (7.54)
Value Calculation: 5.800
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4c

6. Compare the value of VGEN (15 Vpk-pk) with your measured values of
VC1 (#VC1# Vpk-pk), VL1 (#VL1# Vpk-pk), and VR2 (#VR2# Vpk-pk). In a series RLC
circuit, is the applied voltage (VGEN) equal to the sum of the individual component drops?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p6, Question ID: e1p6a

7. Compare your measured values of VC1 and VL1. This circuit acts like a resistor in series with
an equivalent
a. capacitor.
b. inductor.

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p7, Question ID: e1p7a

9. Does the circuit current lead or lag the applied generator voltage?
a. lead
b. lag

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p8, Question ID: e1p8a

10. CM 10 is activated to increase the value of C1. Observe the voltage drops across L1 and C1.
Does this circuit change cause the circuit to be inductive or remain capacitive?
a. capacitive
b. inductive

3-5
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 1 – RLC Circuits

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p10, Question ID: e1p10a

VC1 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VC4
Nominal Answer: 10.8
Min/Max Value: (7.56) to (14.04)
Value Calculation: 10.800
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p11, Question ID: e1p11a

VL1 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VL5
Nominal Answer: 23.5
Min/Max Value: (16.45) to (30.55)
Value Calculation: 23.500
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p11, Question ID: e1p11c

VR2 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VR6
Nominal Answer: 7.45
Min/Max Value: (5.215) to (9.685)
Value Calculation: 7.450
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p12, Question ID: e1p12a

15. Compare your measured values of VC1 and VL1. This circuit acts like a resistor in series
with an equivalent
a. capacitor.
b. inductor.

3-6
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 1 – RLC Circuits

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p12, Question ID: e1p12c

θ= degrees
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 59.6
∗
Min/Max Value: (13.55) to (79.54)
Value Calculation: # ( atan ( ( VL5 – VC4 ) / VR6 ) ) * ( 180 / pi ) #
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p13, Question ID: e1p13a

18. Does the circuit current lead or lag the applied generator voltage?
a. lead
b. lag

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1

1. Based on your observation of the phase angle (θ), you determine that the CM caused the
circuit to
a. change from capacitive to inductive.
b. remain inductive.
c. change from inductive to capacitive.
d. remain capacitive.

Location: Review Questions page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2

2. A series RLC circuit acts like a resistor in series with an inductor when
a. XC is greater than XL.
b. XL is less than XC.
c. VL is greater than VC.
d. VC is greater than VL.

∗
NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute
lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you
will determine the correct value.

3-7
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 1 – RLC Circuits

Location: Review Questions page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3

3. Based on the given values, the circuit acts
a. resistively.
b. like an inductor is in series with a capacitor.
c. like a resistor is in series with an inductor.
d. like a resistor is in series with a capacitor.

Location: Review Questions page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4

4. In this series RLC circuit, VC is greater than VL. The current
a. lags the applied voltage.
b. leads the applied voltage.
c. and voltage are in phase.
d. and voltage phase relationship cannot be determined with this data.

Location: Review Questions page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5

5. In a series RLC circuit, the component voltage drops
a. equal the applied source voltage.
b. are in phase with one another.
c. are out of phase with one another.
d. can be added directly.

CMS AVAILABLE
CM 10
CM 11 TOGGLE

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

3-8
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 1 – RLC Circuits

Exercise 2 – Parallel RLC Circuits

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Analyze parallel RLC circuits by using calculations and measurements. Verify results with an
oscilloscope.

EXERCISE DISCUSSION

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d3, Question ID: e2d3a

IT is the total circuit current drawn from the generator source (VGEN). Can the individual
branch currents be added directly to obtain IT?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d3, Question ID: e2d3c

IT = mA
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 2.11
Min/Max Value: (2.047) to (2.173)
Value Calculation: 2.11
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d5, Question ID: e2d5a

This circuit acts like a circuit with a resistor in parallel with an equivalent
a. capacitor.
b. inductor.

3-9
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 1 – RLC Circuits

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d6, Question ID: e2d6a

C= µF
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 0.001
Min/Max Value: ( .001) to ( .001)
Value Calculation: 0.001
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 20
Correct Plus Tolerance = 20

EXERCISE PROCEDURE

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p3, Question ID: e2p3a

IC2 = mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: IC6
Nominal Answer: 3.4
Min/Max Value: (2.38) to (4.42)
Value Calculation: 3.400
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p3, Question ID: e2p3c

IL2 = mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: IL7
Nominal Answer: 1.6
Min/Max Value: (1.12) to (2.08)
Value Calculation: 1.600
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

3-10
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 1 – RLC Circuits

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p3, Question ID: e2p3e

IR6 = mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: IR8
Nominal Answer: 1.28
Min/Max Value: (0.896) to (1.664)
Value Calculation: 1.280
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p4, Question ID: e2p4a

IT = mA
Recall Label for this Question: IT9
Nominal Answer: 2.209
∗
Min/Max Value: (1.469) to (3.881)
Value Calculation: (#IR8#^2+((#IC6#–#IL7#)^2))^0.5
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 5
Correct Plus Tolerance = 5

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p5, Question ID: e2p5a

Can the individual branch currents be added directly to obtain the total circuit current (IT) in a
parallel RLC circuit?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p6, Question ID: e2p6a

This circuit acts
a. inductively.
b. capacitively.

∗
NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute
lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you
will determine the correct value.

3-11
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 1 – RLC Circuits

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p6, Question ID: e2p6c

θ= degrees
Recall Label for this Question: pa10
Nominal Answer: 54.58
∗
Min/Max Value: (9.913) to (77.05)
Value Calculation: # ( atan ( ( IC6 – IL7 ) / IR8 ) ) * ( 180 / pi ) #
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p7, Question ID: e2p7a

11. Does your calculated phase angle of # pa10 #º indicate a lagging inductive or a leading
capacitive current?
a. lagging inductive
b. leading capacitive

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p10, Question ID: e2p10a

IC2 = mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: IC11
Nominal Answer: 1.38
Min/Max Value: (0.966) to (1.794)
Value Calculation: 1.380
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p10, Question ID: e2p10c

IL2 = mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: IL12
Nominal Answer: 3.98
Min/Max Value: (2.786) to (5.174)
Value Calculation: 3.980
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

∗
NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute
lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you
will determine the correct value.

3-12
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 1 – RLC Circuits

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p11, Question ID: e2p11a

At 20 kHz, this circuit acts
a. inductively.
b. capacitively.

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p12, Question ID: e2p12a

17. Does the phase angle indicate a lagging inductive or a leading capacitive current with respect
to Vac?
a. lagging inductive
b. leading capacitive

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p13, Question ID: e2p13a

18. CM 12 is activated to increase the value of C2. Observe the current through each reactive
branch (IR4 and IR5). Does the CM cause the circuit to be capacitive or remain inductive?
a. capacitive
b. inductive

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1

1. As the frequency of the voltage applied changes, which of the following does not change?
a. IL
b. IC
c. IR
d. IT

Location: Review Questions page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2

2. With L2 equal to 5 mH, the circuit acts
a. resistively.
b. capacitively.
c. inductively.
d. capacitively and inductively.

3-13
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 1 – RLC Circuits

Location: Review Questions page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3

3. A parallel RLC circuit is capacitive when
a. IC is greater than IR.
b. IT is greater than IC.
c. IL is greater than IC.
d. IC is greater than IL.

Location: Review Questions page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4

4. The reactive branch currents (IL and IC) in a parallel RLC circuit naturally oppose and cancel
one another because they are
a. 180º out of phase.
b. in phase.
c. 90º out of phase.
d. 360º out of phase.

Location: Review Questions page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5

5. Can the individual branch currents be added directly to obtain the total circuit current (IT) in a
parallel RLC circuit?
a. No, because they are in phase.
b. Yes, because they are in phase.
c. Yes, because they are out of phase.
d. No, because they are out of phase.

CMS AVAILABLE
CM 12
CM 16

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

3-14
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 1 – RLC Circuits

UNIT TEST
Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1
In this circuit, VC1 is greater than VL1. Which of the following is true?
a. The phase shift is 0º.
b. The circuit is inductive.
c. The circuit is capacitive.
d. The condition of the circuit cannot be determined.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut2, Question ID: ut2

In this circuit, does the sum of the component voltage drops equal the applied source voltage
(Vac)?
a. Yes, but only at low frequencies.
b. No, because the voltage drops are out of phase.
c. Yes, but only at high frequencies.
d. No, because the voltage drops are in phase.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut3, Question ID: ut3

Which of the following is true?
a. VL1 < VC1
b. VL1 = VC1
c. VC1 > VL1
d. VL1 > VC1

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut4, Question ID: ut4

The circuit current leads the applied voltage (Vac). To make the current lag the applied voltage
without changing the frequency,
a. increase the value of L1.
b. decrease the value of L1.
c. decrease the value of C1.
d. increase the value of R1.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut5, Question ID: ut5

A parallel RLC circuit is inductive; therefore,
a. IL < IC.
b. IL = 0.
c. IL > IC.
d. IC > IL.

3-15
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 1 – RLC Circuits

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut6, Question ID: ut6

The frequency is 20 kHz. To find the branch current through either C1 or L1, divide
a. Vac by IT.
b. Vac by either XC1 or XL1.
c. VL1 by IT.
d. VC1 by IT.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut7, Question ID: ut7

This circuit is operating at 60 kHz. Which action changes the circuit from capacitive to
inductive?
a. increasing the value of L1
b. increasing the value of R1
c. decreasing the value of C1
d. increasing the value of C1

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut8, Question ID: ut8

This RLC circuit is capacitive. The current leads the applied voltage (Vac). The phase shift could
be
a. 360º
b. greater than 0º but less than 180º.
c. 180º.
d. greater than 0º but less than 90º.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut9, Question ID: ut9

Can the individual branch currents be added directly to obtain the total circuit current (IT)?
a. Yes, but only at low frequencies.
b. No, because the currents are out of phase.
c. Yes, but only at high frequencies.
d. No, because the currents are in phase.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut10, Question ID: ut10

The equivalent circuit of this RLC circuit is a resistor and a(n)
a. inductor in parallel.
b. capacitor in series.
c. capacitor in parallel.
d. inductor in series.

3-16
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

UNIT 2 – SERIES RESONANCE

UNIT OBJECTIVE
Analyze series resonant RLC circuits by using calculations and measurements.

UNIT FUNDAMENTALS

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf1, Question ID: f1a

Do the inductive and capacitive reactances in an RLC circuit vary with frequency?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf3, Question ID: f3a

A decrease in frequency (f) causes the capacitive reactance (XC) to increase. An increase in
frequency causes the capacitive reactance (XC) to
a. increase.
b. decrease.

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf6, Question ID: f6a

At the resonant point (fr), total circuit current (IT) is
a. minimum.
b. maximum.

CMS AVAILABLE
None

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

3-17
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

NEW TERMS AND WORDS

resonant frequency (fr) - the frequency at which the inductive and capacitive reactances in an
RLC circuit are equal.
resonance - the condition where the inductive and capacitive reactances in any RLC circuit are
equal and cancel one another.
tuning - varying the inductance or capacitance in an RLC circuit in order to set the resonant
frequency and select or reject specific signals.
filtering - the process of either passing or rejecting specific frequencies.
selectivity - the measure of the ability of a tuned circuit to pass selected frequencies or bands of
frequencies and reject all others.
bandwidth (B) - the range of frequencies that will be passed or rejected by a resonant circuit; the
difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies.
cutoff frequencies - the frequencies above and below the resonant frequency of a tuned series
circuit where the current is 70.7% of, or 3 dB down from, its peak value; also known as the half
power points.
Q - the ratio of inductive reactance to resistance (Q = XL/R).

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
F.A.C.E.T. base unit
AC 2 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board
Oscilloscope, dual trace
Generator, sine wave

3-18
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

Exercise 1 – Series Resonant Circuits

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Compute the resonant frequency, total current, and impedance in a series RLC circuit by using
standard formulas and procedures. Verify results with an oscilloscope.

EXERCISE DISCUSSION

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d1, Question ID: e1d1a

At what frequency are the inductive and capacitive reactances equal in a series RLC circuit?
a. cutoff frequency
b. resonant frequency

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d3, Question ID: e1d3a

fr = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: fr1
Nominal Answer: 33.95
Min/Max Value: (33.61) to (34.29)
Value Calculation: 33.950
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 1
Correct Plus Tolerance = 1

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d5, Question ID: e1d5a

XC1 = Ω
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 2132.0
Min/Max Value: ( 2111) to ( 2153)
Value Calculation: 2132
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 1
Correct Plus Tolerance = 1

3-19
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d6, Question ID: e1d6a

Z= Ω
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 1000.0
Min/Max Value: (990) to (1010)
Value Calculation: 1000
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 1
Correct Plus Tolerance = 1

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d9, Question ID: e1d9a

VC1 = IT x XC1 = V
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 31.98
Min/Max Value: (31.66) to (32.3 )
Value Calculation: 31.980
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 1
Correct Plus Tolerance = 1

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d11, Question ID: e1d11a

Are the voltage drops across the inductor and capacitor significantly higher than the applied
voltage (VGEN)?
a. yes
b. no

3-20
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

EXERCISE PROCEDURE

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p3, Question ID: e1p3a

fr = 1/T = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: fr
Nominal Answer: 33.65
Min/Max Value: (23.56) to (43.75)
Value Calculation: 33.650
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4a

IT mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 14.3
Min/Max Value: (10.01) to (18.59)
Value Calculation: 14.300
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p5, Question ID: e1p5a

6. Vary the frequency above and below resonance while observing the total circuit current (IT).
Is IT maximum at resonance?
a. no
b. yes

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p7, Question ID: e1p7a

9. At resonance, is the circuit current in phase or out of phase with VGEN?
a. in phase
b. out of phase

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p8, Question ID: e1p8a

Below resonance, does circuit current lag or lead the applied voltage?
a. lag
b. lead

3-21
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p10, Question ID: e1p10a

VR2 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: vr2
Nominal Answer: 15.0
Min/Max Value: (12.75) to (17.25)
Value Calculation: 15
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 15
Correct Plus Tolerance = 15

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p10, Question ID: e1p10c

15. Compare your measured value of VR2 (#vr2# Vpk-pk) with the applied generator voltage
(15 Vpk-pk). At resonance, does the circuit act as if only R2 existed in the circuit?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p11, Question ID: e1p11a

VC1 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: vc1
Nominal Answer: 30.6
Min/Max Value: (21.42) to (39.78)
Value Calculation: 30.6
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p11, Question ID: e1p11c

17. Compare your measured value of VC1 (#vc1# Vpk-pk) with the applied generator voltage
(15 Vpk-pk). Is VC1 larger or smaller than VGEN?
a. smaller
b. larger

3-22
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p14, Question ID: e1p14a

Determine the circuit's new resonant frequency (fr) and compare it to your previously measured
value of #fr# kHz. Did changing the value of R2 affect fr?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p15, Question ID: e1p15a

Determine the circuit's new resonant frequency and compare it to your previously measured
value of #fr# kHz. Did changing the value of C1 affect fr?
a. yes
b. no

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1

1. The new resonant frequency (fr) you determine at VGEN is approximately
a. 20 kHz.
b. 24 kHz.
c. 34 kHz.
d. 48 kHz.

Location: Review Questions page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2

2. The step-up voltage across a coil or capacitor in a series RLC circuit peaks
a. at twice the resonant frequency.
b. at the resonant frequency.
c. below the resonant frequency.
d. above the resonant frequency.

Location: Review Questions page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3

3. At series resonance, the circuit current is
a. minimum and in phase with the applied voltage.
b. maximum and in phase with the applied voltage.
c. maximum and out of phase with the applied voltage.
d. minimum and out of phase with the applied voltage.

3-23
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

Location: Review Questions page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4

4. At the resonant frequency (fr) of a series RLC circuit, XL is
a. greater than XC, and the circuit acts inductively.
b. less than XC, and the circuit acts capacitively.
c. equal to XC, and the circuit acts resistively.
d. equal to R, and the circuit acts resistively.

Location: Review Questions page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5

5. When the value of resistance in an RLC series circuit increases, the
a. resonant frequency remains the same.
b. circuit current increases at resonance.
c. circuit current remains the same at resonance.
d. resonant frequency increases.

CMS AVAILABLE
CM 9
CM 11

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

3-24
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

Exercise 2 – Q and Bandwidth of a Series RLC Circuit

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Calculate the bandwidth and Q of a series RLC circuit by using standard formulas. Verify results
with an oscilloscope.

EXERCISE DISCUSSION

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d2, Question ID: e2d2a

Would a response curve of a highly selective series RLC circuit have a narrow (sharp) bandwidth
(B) or broad (wide) bandwidth?
a. narrow
b. broad

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d3, Question ID: e2d3a

The response curve of a series RLC tuning circuit has a broad (wide) bandwidth. Would this type
of response curve make a highly selective tuning circuit for a radio?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d5, Question ID: e2d5a

IRESON = mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 15.0
Min/Max Value: (14.85) to (15.15)
Value Calculation: 15
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 1
Correct Plus Tolerance = 1

3-25
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d6, Question ID: e2d6a

I-3dB = mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 10.6
Min/Max Value: (10.49) to (10.71)
Value Calculation: 10.6
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 1
Correct Plus Tolerance = 1

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d7, Question ID: e2d7a

The bandwidth (B) of this response curve is
a. 8.5 kHz.
b. 34.5 kHz.
c. 17.0 kHz.

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d9, Question ID: e2d9a

Which curve displays the lower circuit Q?
a. A
b. B

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d11, Question ID: e2d11a

With a circuit Q of 3, the resonant step-up voltage across either L1 or C1 equals
a. 15 Vpk-pk.
b. 45 Vpk-pk.
c. 3 Vpk-pk.

3-26
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

EXERCISE PROCEDURE
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p3, Question ID: e2p3a
fr = 1/T = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: fr1a
Nominal Answer: 33.65
Min/Max Value: (23.56) to (43.75)
Value Calculation: 33.650
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p4, Question ID: e2p4a

IRESON = mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: ifr1
Nominal Answer: 14.3
Min/Max Value: (10.01) to (18.59)
Value Calculation: 14.3
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p5, Question ID: e2p5a

I-3dB = mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: i3db1
Nominal Answer: 10.11
∗
Min/Max Value: (7.006) to (13.27)
Value Calculation: ( 0.707 * #ifr1# )
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 1
Correct Plus Tolerance = 1

∗
NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute
lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you
will determine the correct value.

3-27
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p7, Question ID: e2p7a

f1 = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: f1
Nominal Answer: 26.5
Min/Max Value: (18.55) to (34.45)
Value Calculation: 26.5
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p9, Question ID: e2p9a

f2 = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: f2
Nominal Answer: 43.2
Min/Max Value: (30.24) to (56.16)
Value Calculation: 43.2
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p10, Question ID: e2p10a

B= kHz
Recall Label for this Question: b1
Nominal Answer: 16.7
1
Min/Max Value: Value Calculation ± 1%
Value Calculation: #f2# – #f1#
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 1
Correct Plus Tolerance = 1

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p11, Question ID: e2p11a

12. Is the selectivity of this resonant circuit determined by the bandwidth?
a. yes
b. no

1To compensate for tolerance accumulation overflow, Min/Max Values are not
shown.

3-28
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p11, Question ID: e2p11c

Q=
Recall Label for this Question: q1
Nominal Answer: 2.015
1
Min/Max Value: Value calculation ± 3 %
Value Calculation: #fr1a# / #b1#
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p13, Question ID: e2p13a

VC1 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: vc1r
Nominal Answer: 10.0
Min/Max Value: (7) to (13)
Value Calculation: 10.0
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p14, Question ID: e2p14a

Q=
Recall Label for this Question: q2
Nominal Answer: 0.667
∗
Min/Max Value: ( .453) to ( .893)
Value Calculation: #vc1r# / 15
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p15, Question ID: e2p15a

17. Compare your values of circuit Q. In a series RLC circuit, does the bandwidth increase or
decrease with an increase of series resistance?
a. increase
b. decrease

1 To compensate for tolerance accumulation overflow, Min/Max Values are not

shown.
∗
NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute
lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you
will determine the correct value.

3-29
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1

1. Measure the voltage across C1 (VC1) and determine the circuit Q from the equation
Q = VC1 /VGEN.
a. 1.3
b. 6.0
c. less than 0.5
d. greater than 10

Location: Review Questions page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2

2. The selectivity of a resonant RLC circuit is a function of the circuit Q. Which of the following
Q values has the best selectivity?
a. 3.5
b. 6.0
c. 1.0
d. less than 1.0

Location: Review Questions page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3

3. The peak current (IRESON) in a series RLC circuit is 8.5 mApk-pk. The –3 dB (0.707) points
occur at
a. 4.25 mApk-pk.
b. 7.50 mApk-pk.
c. 6.00 mApk-pk.
d. 8.50 mApk-pk.

Location: Review Questions page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4

4. The Q of an RLC series resonant circuit determines the
a. resonant frequency.
b. step-up voltage across the inductor.
c. step-down voltage across the capacitor.
d. generator voltage setting.

3-30
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

Location: Review Questions page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5

5. The bandwidth (B) of a series RLC resonant circuit is 20 kHz with a lower cutoff frequency of
50 kHz. The circuit's upper cutoff frequency is
a. 20 kHz.
b. 70 kHz.
c. 30 kHz.
d. 60 kHz.

CMS AVAILABLE
CM 9
CM 10

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

3-31
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

UNIT TEST
Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1
In this series RLC circuit, the resonant frequency (fr) is approximately
a. 20 kHz.
b. 28 kHz.
c. 34 kHz.
d. 48 kHz.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut2, Question ID: ut2

The resonant frequency [fr = 1/(2π√LC)] in a series RLC circuit may be decreased by
a. decreasing L.
b. decreasing C.
c. decreasing R.
d. increasing C.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut3, Question ID: ut3

Which of the following statements is false regarding a series RLC circuit at the resonant
frequency?
a. The circuit acts inductively.
b. XL = XC
c. Phase shift equals 0°.
d. VC = VL

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut4, Question ID: ut4

At resonance, a series RLC circuit acts
a. capacitively and current leads voltage.
b. inductively and current lags voltage.
c. resistively and the current and voltage are in phase.
d. resistively and the current and voltage are 180° out of phase.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut5, Question ID: ut5

In this series RLC resonant circuit, increasing the value of R1 to 10 kΩ
a. increases resonant frequency (fr).
b. decreases the value of circuit current at resonance (IRESON).
c. decreases fr.
d. increases IRESON.

3-32
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut6, Question ID: ut6

The bandwidth (B) in this series RLC resonant response curve is
a. 8.8 kHz.
b. 34.5 kHz.
c. 26.0 kHz.
d. 17.0 kHz.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut7, Question ID: ut7

In this series RLC circuit, the total current at resonance (IT) equals
a. VGEN/R1.
b. VGEN/XL.
c. VGEN/XC.
d. VGEN/(XL – XC).

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut8, Question ID: ut8

In this series RLC circuit, the voltage drop across a reactive component (L1 or C1) at resonance
is
a. less than the generator voltage (VGEN).
b. equal to VGEN.
c. greater than VGEN.
d. minimum at resonance.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut9, Question ID: ut9

The Q (Q = XL/R) of a series RLC circuit may be increased by
a. increasing R.
b. decreasing R.
c. decreasing XL.
d. increasing VGEN.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut10, Question ID: ut10

The impedance in a series RLC circuit at resonance is
a. maximum.
b. zero.
c. minimum.
d. infinite.

3-33
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 2 – Series Resonance

TROUBLESHOOTING

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba2, Question ID: trba2a

fr = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 33.65
Min/Max Value: (23.56) to (43.75)
Value Calculation: 33.650
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba3, Question ID: trba3

7. The faulty component is
a. L1 (shorted).
b. C1 (shorted).
c. C1 (open).
d. R2 (open).

CMS AVAILABLE
None

FAULTS AVAILABLE
Fault 5

3-34
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

UNIT 3 – PARALLEL RESONANCE

UNIT OBJECTIVE
Analyze parallel resonant LC circuits by using calculations and measurements.

UNIT FUNDAMENTALS

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf3, Question ID: f3a

In the ideal circuit shown, are IC and IL equal at resonance?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf5, Question ID: f5a

In the ideal circuit shown, the line current (IT) is
a. maximum at resonance.
b. 0 at resonance.

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf7, Question ID: f7a

In the ideal circuit shown, the circuit impedance (Z) is
a. maximum at resonance.
b. minimum at resonance.

CMS AVAILABLE
None

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

3-35
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

NEW TERMS AND WORDS

line current - the combined total current drawn by the inductor, capacitor, and resistor in a
parallel resonant RLC circuit.
circulating current - the tank circuit current that flows in the inductor and capacitor as they
exchange energy.
tank circuit - a parallel resonant LC circuit that stores energy in the form of an electric field in
the capacitor and a magnetic field in the inductor.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
F.A.C.E.T. base unit
AC 2 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board
Oscilloscope, dual trace
Generator, sine wave

3-36
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

Exercise 1 – Parallel Resonant Circuits

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Compute the resonant frequency, total circuit current, and impedance of a parallel LC circuit by
using standard electronics formulas. Verify results with an oscilloscope.

EXERCISE DISCUSSION

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d3, Question ID: e1d3a

fr = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: fr1
Nominal Answer: 33.95
Min/Max Value: (32.93) to (34.97)
Value Calculation: 33.95
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d4, Question ID: e1d4a

Does a decrease in the value of C to 0.0011 µF result in a higher or lower value of fr?
a. higher
b. lower

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d6, Question ID: e1d6a

In this circuit, is the voltage across the tank circuit (VRESON) maximum or minimum at the
resonant frequency?
a. maximum
b. minimum

3-37
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d8, Question ID: e1d8a

The total circuit current (IT) drawn from the generator is
a. maximum at resonance.
b. minimum at resonance.

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d9, Question ID: e1d9a

At resonance, the circuit current (IT) and the generator voltage (VGEN) are
a. in phase.
b. out of phase.

EXERCISE PROCEDURE

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p3, Question ID: e1p3a

fr = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 33.93
Min/Max Value: (23.75) to (44.11)
Value Calculation: 33.930
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4a

VRESON = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: vreson
Nominal Answer: 13.97
Min/Max Value: (11.87) to (14.95)
Value Calculation: 13.970
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 15
Correct Plus Tolerance = 7

3-38
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p5, Question ID: e1p5a

IT = µApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: it
Nominal Answer: 219.1
∗
Min/Max Value: (10.32) to (685.9)
Value Calculation: ((15–#vreson#)/4.7)*1000
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p6, Question ID: e1p6a

8. In this circuit, the current is minimum (#it# µApk-pk), and the LC tank impedance (#(vreson
/it) * 1000# kΩ) is very high at resonance. The voltage across the parallel tank circuit
(VRESON) is
a. maximum at resonance.
b. minimum at resonance.

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p9, Question ID: e1p9a

IL2 = mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: i12
Nominal Answer: 6.5
Min/Max Value: (4.225) to (8.775)
Value Calculation: 6.5
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 35
Correct Plus Tolerance = 35

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p10, Question ID: e1p10a

13. Can a parallel LC tank circuit at resonance draw a small current from the source (generator)
but still have high circulating current?
a. yes
b. no

∗
NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute
lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you
will determine the correct value.

3-39
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p14, Question ID: e1p14a

17. At resonance, is VRESON in phase or out of phase with VGEN?
a. in phase
b. out of phase

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p15, Question ID: e1p15a

18. Off resonance, is VRESON in phase or out of phase with VGEN?
a. in phase
b. out of phase

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1

1. The new resonant frequency at VGEN is approximately
a. 10 kHz.
b. 48 kHz.
c. 96 kHz.
d. 31 kHz.

Location: Review Questions page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2

2. Based on your answer in the previous question, the unseen inductor activated by the circuit
modification
a. was added in parallel.
b. was added in series.
c. had no effect on fr.
d. caused fr to decrease.

Location: Review Questions page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3

3. The impedance (Z) of a practical LC tank circuit at resonance is
a. 0.
b. minimum.
c. maximum.
d. infinite.

3-40
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

Location: Review Questions page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4

4. At resonance, the circulating current is
a. smaller than the current drawn from the generator (IT).
b. minimum because IL equals IC.
c. larger than IT.
d. minimum because IL is greater than IC.

Location: Review Questions page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5

5. The LC tank voltage (VRESON) is in phase with the applied generator voltage (VGEN) when
the generator frequency is tuned
a. off resonance.
b. below resonance.
c. above resonance.
d. for resonance.

CMS AVAILABLE
CM 16

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

3-41
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

Exercise 2 – Q and Bandwidth

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Calculate the Q and the bandwidth of a parallel resonant circuit by using standard formulas.
Verify results with an oscilloscope.

EXERCISE DISCUSSION

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d1, Question ID: e2d1a

For the same resonant frequency (fr), which Q results in a greater bandwidth (B)?
a. 80
b. 40

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d2, Question ID: e2d2a

Q=
Recall Label for this Question: qc
Nominal Answer: 41.8
Min/Max Value: (40.55) to (43.05)
Value Calculation: 41.8
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d7, Question ID: e2d7a

In the circuit shown, the Q of the coil is 41.8, but the overall circuit Q is 2.1. Does the Q of the
coil or the Q of the circuit determine bandwidth?
a. Q of the coil
b. circuit Q

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d8, Question ID: e2d8a

The bandwidth is determined by the difference between
a. the lower cutoff frequency (f1) and the resonant frequency (fr).
b. the upper (f2) and lower (f1) cutoff frequencies.
c. fr and f2.

3-42
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d11, Question ID: e2d11a

V-3dB = V
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 10.6
Min/Max Value: (10.28) to (10.92)
Value Calculation: 10.6
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d12, Question ID: e2d12a

The bandwidth (B) shown by this response curve is
a. 6 kHz.
b. 10 kHz.
c. 16 kHz.

EXERCISE PROCEDURE

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p3, Question ID: e2p3a

fr = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: fr2
Nominal Answer: 33.93
Min/Max Value: (23.75) to (44.11)
Value Calculation: 33.93
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p4, Question ID: e2p4a

VRESON = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: vreson1
Nominal Answer: 13.97
Min/Max Value: (11.87) to (16.07)
Value Calculation: 13.970
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 15
Correct Plus Tolerance = 15

3-43
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p5, Question ID: e2p5a

V-3dB = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: v3db1
Nominal Answer: 9.877
∗
Min/Max Value: (8.14 ) to (11.7 )
Value Calculation: 0.707*#vreson1#
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p7, Question ID: e2p7a

f1 = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: f1a
Nominal Answer: 26.9
Min/Max Value: (18.83) to (34.97)
Value Calculation: 26.9
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p9, Question ID: e2p9a

f2 = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: f2a
Nominal Answer: 43.3
Min/Max Value: (30.31) to (56.29)
Value Calculation: 43.3
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

∗
NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute
lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you
will determine the correct value.

3-44
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p10, Question ID: e2p10a

B= kHz
Recall Label for this Question: ba
Nominal Answer: 16.4
∗
Min/Max Value: Value Calculation ± 3 %
Value Calculation: #f2a#–#f1a#
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p11, Question ID: e2p11a

12. Is the selectivity of this resonant circuit determined by the bandwidth (B)?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p12, Question ID: e2p12a

Q=
Recall Label for this Question: qa
Nominal Answer: 2.069
*
Min/Max Value: Value Calculation ± 3 %
Value Calculation: #fr2 / ba#
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p13, Question ID: e2p13a

14. Compare your value of Q (41.8) for the individual coil (L2) with that of your measured
circuit Q (#qa#). Does the Q of the coil or the circuit Q determine selectivity?
a. Q of the coil
b. circuit Q

∗
To compensate for tolerance accumulation overflow, Min/Max Values are not
shown..

3-45
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1a

VRESON = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: vreson2
Nominal Answer: 12.8
Min/Max Value: (8.96) to (16.64)
Value Calculation: 12.8
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1

1. Use your measured value of VRESON (#vreson2# Vpk-pk) to calculate the -3 dB point. The
lower cutoff frequency is approximately
a. 20 kHz.
b. 33.9 kHz.
c. 29 kHz.
d. 10 kHz.

Location: Review Questions page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2

2. The selectivity of a practical LC resonant tank circuit is determined by the Q of the
a. coil.
b. circuit.
c. capacitor.
d. coil and capacitor.

Location: Review Questions page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3

3. The bandwidth (B) of a circuit with a lower cutoff frequency of 12 kHz and an upper cutoff
frequency of 35 kHz is
a. 12 kHz.
b. 35 kHz.
c. 47 kHz.
d. 23 kHz.

3-46
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

Location: Review Questions page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4

4. At a resonant frequency of 50 kHz, the Q of the coil is 80 and the circuit Q is 5. The
bandwidth (B = fr /Q) is
a. 625 Hz.
b. 400 Hz.
c. 10 kHz.
d. 18 kHz.

Location: Review Questions page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5

5. Use the values in the response curve shown to determine the overall circuit Q
(Q = fr /B).
a. 1.20
b. 16
c. 2.06
d. 5.00

CMS AVAILABLE
CM 12

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

3-47
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

UNIT TEST
Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1
The resonant frequency of a parallel LC circuit can be increased by
a. increasing inductance.
b. increasing capacitance.
c. decreasing capacitance.
d. decreasing coil resistance.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut2, Question ID: ut2

At parallel resonance, the total line current (IT) drawn from the generator is
a. maximum.
b. minimum.
c. 0.
d. infinite.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut3, Question ID: ut3

A tank circuit is
a. a parallel resonant circuit.
b. a series resonant circuit.
c. any LC resonant circuit.
d. a purely resistive circuit.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut4, Question ID: ut4

Which of the following reduces the circuit Q of a parallel resonant circuit the most?
a. a large parallel resistor across the LC tank
b. no parallel resistor across the LC tank
c. a large generator impedance
d. a small parallel resistor across the LC tank

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut5, Question ID: ut5

In a parallel resonant circuit, the circulating current has what relationship to the line current?
a. less than
b. more than
c. same as
d. minimum

3-48
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut6, Question ID: ut6

A parallel LC circuit is resonant at 20 kHz. Its bandwidth is 5 kHz. The circuit Q
(Q = fr /B) is
a. 15.
b. 4.
c. 25.
d. 0.250.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut7, Question ID: ut7

The upper and lower cutoff frequencies of a parallel resonant circuit are 97.6 kHz and 95.4 kHz,
respectively. The bandwidth is
a. 3.2 kHz.
b. 2.2 kHz.
c. 2.2 MHz.
d. 3.2 Hz.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut8, Question ID: ut8

To determine the V-3dB point of a parallel resonant circuit, multiply the resonant peak voltage
(VRESON) by
a. 0.707.
b. 0.0707.
c. 10.707.
d. 1.707.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut9, Question ID: ut9

At resonance, the parallel LC tank circuit acts like a(n)
a. coil.
b. inductor.
c. capacitor.
d. resistor.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut10, Question ID: ut10

To increase the circuit band-width (B) of this circuit,
a. increase the generator impedance (RGEN).
b. increase R1.
c. add a parallel resistor across the tank.
d. decrease the amplitude of VGEN.

3-49
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

TROUBLESHOOTING

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba2, Question ID: trba2a

fr = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 33.65
Min/Max Value: (23.56) to (43.75)
Value Calculation: 33.650
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba2, Question ID: trba2c

VA = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 5.0
Min/Max Value: (3.5) to (6.5)
Value Calculation: 5.00
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba3, Question ID: trba3

8. The faulty component is
a. L2 (shorted).
b. L2 (open).
c. C2 (shorted).
d. C2 (open).

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb2, Question ID: trbb2a

fr = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 33.65
Min/Max Value: (23.56) to (43.75)
Value Calculation: 33.650
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

3-50
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb2, Question ID: trbb2c

VA = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 5.0
Min/Max Value: (3.5) to (6.5)
Value Calculation: 5.00
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb3, Question ID: trbb3

8. The faulty component is
a. L2 (shorted).
b. L2 (open).
c. C2 (shorted).
d. C2 (open).

CMS AVAILABLE
None

FAULTS AVAILABLE
Fault 6
Fault 8

3-51
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 3 – Parallel Resonance

3-52
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 4 – Power in AC Circuits

UNIT 4 – POWER IN AC CIRCUITS

UNIT OBJECTIVE
Calculate and measure the apparent power, real power, reactive power, and power factor in ac
circuits.

UNIT FUNDAMENTALS

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf3, Question ID: f3a

These relationships of current, voltage, resistance, and power hold true for
a. ac only.
b. dc only.
c. ac and dc.

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf4, Question ID: f4a

Are the current and voltage, as shown by the plot, in phase or out of phase?
a. in phase
b. out of phase

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf5, Question ID: f5a

Is the power curve twice the frequency of the basic voltage and current sine waves?
a. yes
b. no

CMS AVAILABLE
None

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

3-53
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 4 – Power in AC Circuits

NEW TERMS AND WORDS

real power (P) - power that is converted from one form of energy to another; the power
dissipated in a resistor as heat; the product of the applied voltage and circuit current in a
resistance, expressed in watts; also called true power.
reactive power (Q) - power not converted into another form of energy; the product of the voltage
across and the current through a reactive component such as an inductor or a capacitor. The unit
of measure for reactive power is the voltampere reactive (var).
apparent power (S) - the product of an rms voltage across and an rms current through an
impedance (Z). The unit of measure for apparent power is the voltampere (VA).
power factor (PF) - the ratio of the true power to the apparent power in a circuit; the cosine of
the phase angle between circuit current and applied voltage.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
F.A.C.E.T. base unit
AC 2 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board
Oscilloscope, dual trace
Generator, sine wave

3-54
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 4 – Power in AC Circuits

Exercise 1 – Power Division

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine ac power division among the components of an RLC circuit by using standard power
formulas. Verify results with an oscilloscope.

EXERCISE DISCUSSION

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d2, Question ID: e1d2a

In this series circuit, the circuit current (I) is common to all components. Can you determine the
power value of each component by multiplying the rms current (I) by each rms component
voltage drop?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d3, Question ID: e1d3a

The total real power (PT) dissipated as heat in this circuit is
a. 3W.
b. 1.5W.
c. 4.5W.

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d4, Question ID: e1d4a

In this circuit, the total reactive power (QT) introduced by C1 and L1 is
a. 1 var.
b. 2 var.
c. 3 var.

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d5, Question ID: e1d5a

In this circuit, the apparent power (S) is
a. 4.5W.
b. 1 var.
c. 9.5 VA.

3-55
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 4 – Power in AC Circuits

EXERCISE PROCEDURE

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4a

VR2(rms) = Vrms
Recall Label for this Question:vr2
Nominal Answer: 2.12
Min/Max Value: (1.484) to (2.756)
Value Calculation: 2.12
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p5, Question ID: e1p5a

PR2 = mW
Recall Label for this Question: pr2
Nominal Answer: 4.452
∗
Min/Max Value: (3.023) to (5.961)
Value Calculation: 2.1 * #vr2#
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p7, Question ID: e1p7a

VL1(rms) = Vrms
Recall Label for this Question: vl1
Nominal Answer: 2.7
Min/Max Value: (1.89) to (3.51)
Value Calculation: 2.7
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

∗
NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute
lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you
will determine the correct value.

3-56
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 4 – Power in AC Circuits

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p8, Question ID: e1p8a

QL1 = mvar
Recall Label for this Question: pl1
Nominal Answer: 5.67
∗
Min/Max Value: (3.85 ) to (7.592)
Value Calculation: 2.1 * #vl1#
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p9, Question ID: e1p9a

VC1(rms) = Vrms
Recall Label for this Question: vc1
Nominal Answer: 7.57
Min/Max Value: (5.299) to (9.841)
Value Calculation: 7.57
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p10, Question ID: e1p10a

QC1 = mvar
Recall Label for this Question: pc1
Nominal Answer: 15.9
*
Min/Max Value: (10.79) to (21.29)
Value Calculation: #vc1# * 2.1
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

∗
NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute
lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you
will determine the correct value.

3-57
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 4 – Power in AC Circuits

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p11, Question ID: e1p11a

QT = mvars
Recall Label for this Question: qt
Nominal Answer: –10.2
∗
Min/Max Value: (–18. ) to (–3.29)
Value Calculation: #pl1# – #pc1#
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p12, Question ID: e1p12a

S= mVA
Recall Label for this Question: s
Nominal Answer: 11.2
Min/Max Value: (7.84) to (14.56)
Value Calculation: 11.2
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p13, Question ID: e1p13a

13. Compare your value of real power (P) to your value of apparent power (S). Is all the power
delivered by the generator dissipated in R2 as heat?
a. yes
b. no

∗
NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute
lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you
will determine the correct value.

3-58
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 4 – Power in AC Circuits

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1a

VR2(rms) = Vrms
Recall Label for this Question: vr2a
Nominal Answer: 4.28
Min/Max Value: (2.996) to (5.564)
Value Calculation: 4.280
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1

1. Use your value of VR2(rms) (#vr2a# Vrms) and the new value of resistance (3.2 kΩ) to
determine the real power (P) dissipated in R2.
a. 45.8 mW
b. # ( ( vr2a ^ 2 ) / 3.2 ) # mΩ
c. 18.3 mW
d. 5.8 mVA

Location: Review Questions page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2

2. Real power (P) is dissipated as heat in
a. resistance.
b. reactance.
c. capacitance.
d. inductance.

Location: Review Questions page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3

3. The unit of measure for apparent power (S) is the
a. watt.
b. voltampere reactive.
c. volt.
d. voltampere.

Location: Review Questions page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4

4. To calculate the average power in ac circuits, use
a. rms values of current and voltage.
b. peak-to-peak values of current and voltage.
c. peak values of current and voltage.
d. average values of current and voltage.

3-59
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 4 – Power in AC Circuits

Location: Review Questions page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5

5. A circuit consisting of three series resistors dissipating 6W each has a total circuit dissipation
of
a. 6W.
b. 2W.
c. 18W.
d. 36W.

CMS AVAILABLE
CM 11

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

3-60
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 4 – Power in AC Circuits

Exercise 2 – Power Factor

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine the power factor of ac circuits by using standard electronic formulas. Verify results
with an oscilloscope.

EXERCISE DISCUSSION

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d3, Question ID: e2d3a

In ac circuits containing resistance and reactance, can the real power ever be greater than the
apparent power?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d6, Question ID: e2d6a

In this circuit, the phase angle between the generator voltage and circuit current is 45°. The real
power (P) dissipated as heat in the resistor is
a. 20W.
b. 14.1W.
c. 7.07W.

3-61
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 4 – Power in AC Circuits

EXERCISE PROCEDURE

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p4, Question ID: e2p4a

VR2(pk-pk) = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: vr2pk
Nominal Answer: 6.0
Min/Max Value: (4.2) to (7.8)
Value Calculation: 6.0
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p6, Question ID: e2p6a

VL1 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: vl1pk
Nominal Answer: 7.6
Min/Max Value: (5.32) to (9.88)
Value Calculation: 7.6
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p8, Question ID: e2p8a

VC1(pk-pk) = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: vc1pk
Nominal Answer: 21.4
Min/Max Value: (14.98) to (27.82)
Value Calculation: 21.4
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

3-62
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 4 – Power in AC Circuits

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p10, Question ID: e2p10a

QT = mvars
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: –10.2
∗
Min/Max Value: (–17.2) to (–3.9 )
Value Calculation: #( 2.1 * ( ( vl1pk / 2 ) * 0.707) ) – ( 2.1 * ( ( vc1pk / 2 ) * 0.707) )#
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p12, Question ID: e2p12a

PF =
Recall Label for this Question: pf
Nominal Answer: 0.401
*
Min/Max Value: ( .272) to ( .537)
Value Calculation: # ( 2.1 * ( ( vr2pk / 2 ) * 0.707 ) / 11.1 )#
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p14, Question ID: e2p14a

θ= degrees
Recall Label for this Question: ang
Nominal Answer: –65.0
Min/Max Value: (–84.5) to (–45.5)
Value Calculation: –65
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

∗
NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute
lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you
will determine the correct value.

3-63
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 4 – Power in AC Circuits

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p15, Question ID: e2p15a

PF =
Recall Label for this Question: pf1
Nominal Answer: 0.4226
∗
Min/Max Value: ( .0911) to ( .1006)
Value Calculation: # cos ( ang * ( pi / 180 ) ) #
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 5
Correct Plus Tolerance = 5

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p16, Question ID: e2p16a

PR2 = mW
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 4.691
*
Min/Max Value: ( .981) to (1.15 )
Value Calculation: # pf1 * 11.1 #
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

∗
NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute
lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you
will determine the correct value.

3-64
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 4 – Power in AC Circuits

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1a

θ= degrees
Recall Label for this Question: angr
Nominal Answer: –35.0
Min/Max Value: (–45.5) to (–24.5)
Value Calculation: –35
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1

1. Using the cosine function on your calculator, determine the power factor (PF) from your phase
angle measurement (#angr#°).
a. 0.500
b. # cos ( angr * ( pi / 180 ) )#
c. 0.125
d. 0.050

Location: Review Questions page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2

2. The power factor (PF = cos θ) can be determined from the ratio of real power (P) to the
a. reactive power (Q).
b. phase angle (θ).
c. circuit current (I).
d. apparent power (S).

Location: Review Questions page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3

3. When you multiply the cosine of the angle (PF = cos θ) by the apparent power (S), you obtain
the
a. real power of the circuit (P).
b. reactive power of the circuit (QT).
c. reactive power of the inductor (QL).
d. reactive power of the capacitor (QC).

3-65
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 4 – Power in AC Circuits

Location: Review Questions page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4

4. In this circuit, the phase angle between VGEN and I is 45°. The power factor (PF = cos θ) is
a. 1.707.
b. 0.707.
c. 45.
d. 55.

Location: Review Questions page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5

5. In this circuit, the apparent power supplied by the generator (S = I x VGEN) is
a. totally consumed by the resistor.
b. lower than the power consumed by the resistor.
c. equal to the power consumed by the resistor.
d. higher than the power consumed by the resistor.

CMS AVAILABLE
CM 9

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

3-66
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 4 – Power in AC Circuits

UNIT TEST
Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1
The unit of measurement for real power (P) is the
a. VA.
b. var.
c. watt.
d. PF.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut2, Question ID: ut2

An ac circuit having an inductive reactive power (QL1) of 38 vars and a capacitive reactive
power (QC1) of 16 vars has a total reactive power of
a. 38 vars.
b. 16 vars.
c. 54 vars.
d. 22 vars.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut3, Question ID: ut3

Real power (P) is dissipated as heat in a(n)
a. inductance.
b. resistance.
c. capacitance.
d. reactive component.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut4, Question ID: ut4

The phase angle (θ) between the voltage and current in an ac circuit is 40°. The power factor (PF
= cos θ) is about
a. 1.0.
b. 0.05.
c. 0.95.
d. 0.77.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut5, Question ID: ut5

An ac circuit draws 0.7 Arms of current from a 48 Vrms source. The power factor is 0.6. The
apparent power (S) is
a. 33.6W.
b. 33.6 VA.
c. 20.2 VA.
d. 20.2W.

3-67
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 4 – Power in AC Circuits

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut6, Question ID: ut6

Apparent power (S) is measured in
a. VA.
b. vars.
c. W.
d. kW.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut7, Question ID: ut7

In this circuit, R is 1Ω. The real power (P) dissipated as heat in R is
a. 4W.
b. 20W.
c. 5W.
d. 50 VA.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut8, Question ID: ut8

The power factor (PF = cos θ) states what part of the apparent power (S) is
a. total reactive power (QT).
b. inductive reactive power (QL1).
c. capacitive reactive power (QC1).
d. real power (P).

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut9, Question ID: ut9

Real power (P) equals apparent power (S) when the circuit is
a. capacitive.
b. inductive.
c. resistive.
d. reactive.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut10, Question ID: ut10

When working with power values, what kind of values should you use for current and voltage?
a. peak-to-peak values
b. average values
c. rms values
d. peak values

3-68
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 5 – Low- and High-Pass Filters

UNIT 5 – LOW- AND HIGH-PASS FILTERS

UNIT OBJECTIVE
At the completion of this unit, you will be able to determine the cutoff frequencies and
attenuations of RC and RL low- and high-pass filters by using test circuits.

UNIT FUNDAMENTALS

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf4, Question ID: f4a

Another type of filter, called a high-pass filter, passes
a. low frequencies but rejects high frequencies.
b. high frequencies but rejects low frequencies.

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf6, Question ID: f6a

A low-pass filter has a cutoff frequency (fc) of 10 kHz. A bandof frequencies ranging from 20
kHz to 100 kHz is
a. passed essentially unmodified.
b. greatly attenuated.

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf10, Question ID: f10a

In this filter circuit, the output voltage (Vo) is
a. greater than the input voltage (Vi).
b. smaller than the input voltage (Vi).

CMS AVAILABLE
None

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

3-69
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 5 – Low- and High-Pass Filters

NEW TERMS AND WORDS

band - a range of frequencies.
dB per octave - decibels per octave (dB/octave); a 1 dB increase or decrease over a two-to-one
frequency range.
dB per decade - decibels per decade (dB/decade); a 1 dB increase or decrease over a ten-to-one
frequency range.
octave - a two-to-one or one-to-two ratio; a frequency factor of two. One octave is the doubling
or halving of a frequency.
decade - a ten-to-one or one-to-ten ratio; a frequency factor of ten.
rolled off - gradually attenuated, or decreased. A filter attenuates when its rejected frequencies
are rolled off.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
F.A.C.E.T. base unit
AC 2 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board
Oscilloscope, dual trace
Generator, sine wave

3-70
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 5 – Low- and High-Pass Filters

Exercise 1 – Low-Pass Filters

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Calculate the cutoff frequencies and attenuations of RC and RL low-pass filters. Verify results
with an oscilloscope.

EXERCISE DISCUSSION

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d2, Question ID: e1d2a

The output voltage (Vo) from each filter is tapped off from a voltage divider. Will Vo be less
than the input voltage (Vi)?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d3, Question ID: e1d3a

As the frequency of the driving generator (VGEN) changes, the circuit reactance (XL or XC)
changes. Does this change in reactance cause Vo to change as the generator frequency is varied?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d5, Question ID: e1d5a

In this low-pass RL filter, the inductive reactance (XL) is small (compared to the resistance, R)
at low frequencies. Does most of the input voltage (Vi) appear across the inductor (L) or the
resistor (R) at low frequencies?
a. inductor
b. resistor

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d8, Question ID: e1d8a

fc = Hz
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 9650.0
Min/Max Value: ( 9361) to ( 9940)
Value Calculation: 9650
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

3-71
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 5 – Low- and High-Pass Filters

EXERCISE PROCEDURE

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p2, Question ID: e1p2a

3. While observing the output (Vo) of the filter, vary the generator frequency over a 100 Hz to 50
kHz range. Does the filter's output voltage (Vo) increase or decrease with frequency?
a. increase
b. decrease

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p3, Question ID: e1p3a

5. Measure the filter's output voltage (Vo). Is your measured value of Vo approximately equal to
the input voltage (Vi) of 15 Vpk-pk?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p7, Question ID: e1p7a

fc = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: fc1
Nominal Answer: 10.6
Min/Max Value: (6.36) to (14.84)
Value Calculation: 10.6
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 40
Correct Plus Tolerance = 40

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p8, Question ID: e1p8a

Vo(40kHz) = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: vo40k
Nominal Answer: 3.8
Min/Max Value: (2.66) to (4.94)
Value Calculation: 3.8
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

3-72
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 5 – Low- and High-Pass Filters

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p10, Question ID: e1p10a

15. Are frequencies greater than fc essentially passed or greatly reduced in this RC low pass
filter?
a. passed
b. reduced

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p12, Question ID: e1p12a

18. While observing the output (Vo) of the filter, vary the generator frequency over a 1 kHz to 50
kHz range. Does Vo increase or decrease with an increase in frequency?
a. increase
b. decrease

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p13, Question ID: e1p13a

fc = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: fc2
Nominal Answer: 23.9
Min/Max Value: (23.18) to (24.62)
Value Calculation: 23.9
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p14, Question ID: e1p14a

21. If the frequency of the generator were adjusted to # fc2 * 2# kHz, the attenuation would be
a. –3 dB.
b. –6 dB.
c. –9 dB.

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p15, Question ID: e1p15a

22. Compare the RC and RL filter response curves. Do both filters have the same roll-off rates?
a. yes
b. no

3-73
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 5 – Low- and High-Pass Filters

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1

1. Based on the new value of cutoff frequency (fc), R1
a. decreased in value, increasing fc.
b. did not change in value.
c. increased in value, decreasing fc.
d. had no effect on fc.

Location: Review Questions page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2

2. Low-pass filters essentially pass signals that are
a. greater than the cutoff frequency (fc).
b. equal to fc.
c. 6 dB greater than fc.
d. lower than fc.

Location: Review Questions page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3

3. The roll-off rate of an RC or RL filter is nearly constant at 6 dB per octave, or
a. 6 dB per decade.
b. 20 dB per decade.
c. 3 dB per decade.
d. 20 dB per octave.

Location: Review Questions page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4

4. If the cutoff frequencies of an RC and an RL low-pass filter are 10 kHz, the two filters have
which of the following relationships?
a. Both greatly attenuate a 100 kHz signal.
b. Both pass a 100 kHz signal.
c. The RC filter passes a 100 kHz signal; the RL filter attenuates a 100 kHz signal.
d. The RC filter attenuates a 100 kHz signal; the RL filter passes a 100 kHz signal.

Location: Review Questions page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5

5. Low-pass filters greatly reduce (attenuate) signals that are
a. greater than the cutoff frequency (fc).
b. equal to fc.
c. 1 dB less than fc.
d. lower than fc.

3-74
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 5 – Low- and High-Pass Filters

CMS AVAILABLE
CM 6

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

3-75
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 5 – Low- and High-Pass Filters

Exercise 2 – High-Pass Filters

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Calculate and measure the cutoff frequencies and observe the attenuation rates of RC and RL
high-pass filters. Verify results with an oscilloscope.

EXERCISE DISCUSSION

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d2, Question ID: e2d2a

Does the filter's output voltage (Vo) change as the generator frequency (VGEN) is varied?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d4, Question ID: e2d4a

In this high-pass RL filter, the inductive reactance (XL) is large (compared to the resistance, R)
at high frequencies. Does most of the input voltage (Vi) appear across the resistor (R) or inductor
(L) at high frequencies?
a. resistor
b. inductor

3-76
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 5 – Low- and High-Pass Filters

EXERCISE PROCEDURE

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p2, Question ID: e2p2a

3. While observing the output (Vo) of the filter, vary the generator frequency from 100 kHz to
100 Hz. Does the filter's output voltage (Vo) increase or decrease with a decrease in frequency?
a. increase
b. decrease

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p3, Question ID: e2p3a

Vo(100kHz) = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: vo100k
Nominal Answer: 14.7
Min/Max Value: (10.29) to (19.11)
Value Calculation: 14.7
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p5, Question ID: e2p5a

fc = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: fc3
Nominal Answer: 10.4
Min/Max Value: (6.24) to (14.56)
Value Calculation: 10.4
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 40
Correct Plus Tolerance = 40

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p6, Question ID: e2p6a

Vo(5kHz) = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: vo5k
Nominal Answer: 6.0
Min/Max Value: (3.6) to (8.4)
Value Calculation: 6
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 40
Correct Plus Tolerance = 40

3-77
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 5 – Low- and High-Pass Filters

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p8, Question ID: e2p8a

13. Are frequencies smaller than fc essentially passed or greatly reduced in this RC high-pass
filter?
a. passed
b. reduced

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p10, Question ID: e2p10a

16. While observing the output (Vo) of the filter, vary the generator frequency from 100 kHz to
1000 Hz. Does Vo increase or decrease with a decrease in frequency?
a. increase
b. decrease

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p12, Question ID: e2p12a

18. If the generator frequency were adjusted for a frequency of 2.38 kHz, the attenuation would
be
a. –3 dB.
b. –23 dB.
c. 6 dB.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1

1. Determine the cutoff frequency (fc = 1/T) by measuring the period (T) of the 10.6 Vpk-pk
output signal.
a. 340 Hz
b. 1.1 kHz
c. 3.4 kHz
d. 8.1 kHz

Location: Review Questions page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2

2. High-pass filters essentially pass signals that are
a. lower than the cutoff frequency (fc).
b. greater than fc.
c. 6 dB lower than fc.
d. equal to fc.

3-78
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 5 – Low- and High-Pass Filters

Location: Review Questions page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3

3. A high-pass filter has a cutoff frequency (fc) of 50 kHz. At which frequency is the output
voltage greatest?
a. 50 kHz
b. 500 kHz
c. 5 kHz
d. 500 Hz

Location: Review Questions page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4

4. As the frequency decreases, XL1 decreases; therefore, Vo
a. increases.
b. peaks.
c. remains the same.
d. decreases.

Location: Review Questions page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5

5. High-pass filters greatly reduce (attenuate) signals that are
a. lower than the cutoff frequency (fc).
b. greater than fc.
c. 1 dB lower than fc.
d. equal to fc.

CMS AVAILABLE
CM 17

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

3-79
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 5 – Low- and High-Pass Filters

UNIT TEST
Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1
The cutoff frequency of a low-pass filter is 10 kHz. A frequency one decade lower is
a. 5 kHz.
b. 1 kHz.
c. 20 kHz.
d. 100 kHz.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut2, Question ID: ut2

The output of a low-pass filter is 9 dB down at a frequency of 15 kHz. The output at 30 kHz (an
octave higher) is
a. 3 dB down.
b. 12 dB down.
c. 15 dB down.
d. 29 dB down.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut3, Question ID: ut3

The cutoff frequency (fc) of a low-pass filter with R equal to 600Ω and C equal to 100 pF is 2.65
kHz. This frequency is attenuated by approximately
a. –10 dB.
b. –6 dB.
c. –20 dB.
d. –3 dB.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut4, Question ID: ut4

A high-pass filter output is 10 dB down at a frequency of 100 kHz. What is the output at
10 kHz?
a. 12 dB down
b. 20 dB down
c. 16 dB down
d. 30 dB down

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut5, Question ID: ut5

As the frequency of a low-pass RL filter increases, Vo
a. decreases.
b. increases.
c. remains the same.
d. approaches Vi.

3-80
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 5 – Low- and High-Pass Filters

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut6, Question ID: ut6

A high-pass RC filter has a cutoff frequency (fc) of 10 kHz. Decreasing the frequency from fc
causes Vo to
a. decrease.
b. increase.
c. remain the same.
d. approach Vi.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut7, Question ID: ut7

The rate of attenuation, or loss, beyond fc is
a. not predictable.
b. predictable for RC filters only.
c. highly predictable.
d. predictable for RL filters only.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut8, Question ID: ut8

Which two circuits are low-pass filters?
a. (1) and (2)
b. (1) and (4)
c. (2) and (3)
d. (2) and (4)

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut9, Question ID: ut9

Which two circuits are high-pass filters?
a. (1) and (2)
b. (1) and (4)
c. (2) and (3)
d. (2) and (4)

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut10, Question ID: ut10

When the output voltage of an RL or RC filter is attenuated, the voltage
a. increases.
b. peaks.
c. remains the same.
d. decreases.

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AC2 Fundamentals Unit 5 – Low- and High-Pass Filters

TROUBLESHOOTING

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba2, Question ID: trba2a

fc = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: ts1
Nominal Answer: 23.9
Min/Max Value: (16.73) to (31.07)
Value Calculation: 23.9
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba3, Question ID: trba3

7. The faulty component is
a. R2 (open).
b. VGEN.
c. L1 (open).
d. L1 (shorted).

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb2, Question ID: trbb2a

fc = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: ts2
Nominal Answer: 10.6
Min/Max Value: (7.42) to (13.78)
Value Calculation: 10.6
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb3, Question ID: trbb3

7. The faulty component is
a. R2 (open).
b. C1 (open).
c. R1 (shorted).
d. C1 (shorted).

3-82
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 5 – Low- and High-Pass Filters

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbc2, Question ID: trbc2a

fc = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: ts3
Nominal Answer: 23.8
Min/Max Value: (16.66) to (30.94)
Value Calculation: 23.8
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbc3, Question ID: trbc3

7. The faulty component is
a. L1 (open).
b. L1 (shorted).
c. R1 (open).
d. R1 (shorted).

CMS AVAILABLE
None

FAULTS AVAILABLE
Fault 3
Fault 4
Fault 7

3-83
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 5 – Low- and High-Pass Filters

3-84
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

UNIT 6 – BANDPASS AND BANDSTOP FILTERS

UNIT OBJECTIVE
Analyze the operation of bandpass and bandstop filters by using standard electronics formulas.

UNIT FUNDAMENTALS

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf4, Question ID: f4a

The center frequency of a bandpass filter equals the
a. cutoff frequency.
b. resonant frequency.

Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf7, Question ID: f7a

Resonant bandpass and bandstop filters select a specific range of frequencies. A high circuit Q
results in which range of bandwidth (B)?
a. narrow
b. wide

CMS AVAILABLE
None

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

3-85
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

NEW TERMS AND WORDS

Bandpass filters - a circuit that passes frequencies over a narrow range, or band, of frequencies
and rejects those above and below this range.
bandstop filters - a circuit that rejects frequencies within a narrow band and passes those above
or below this band; also called a band reject filter.
center frequency - resonant frequency.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
F.A.C.E.T. base unit
AC 2 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board
Multimeter
Oscilloscope, dual trace
Generator, sine wave

3-86
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

Exercise 1 – BandPass Filters

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Calculate and measure the center frequency and bandwidth of series and parallel bandpass filters.
Verify results with an oscilloscope.

EXERCISE DISCUSSION

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d2, Question ID: e1d2a

At series resonance, the circuit current (IT) is
a. maximum.
b. minimum.

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d4, Question ID: e1d4a

The center, or resonant, frequency (fr) of the bandpass circuit shown is
a. 1.59 kHz.
b. 15.9 kHz.

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d7, Question ID: e1d7a

To pass only a very few frequencies, the bandwidth (B) is
a. wide.
b. narrow.

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d9, Question ID: e1d9a

Is the output voltage (Vo) across the LC tank circuit maximum or minimum at resonance?
a. maximum
b. minimum

3-87
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

EXERCISE PROCEDURE

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p3, Question ID: e1p3a

fr = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: fr1
Nominal Answer: 15.9
Min/Max Value: (11.13) to (20.67)
Value Calculation: 15.900
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4a

Vo = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: vo1
Nominal Answer: 14.4
Min/Max Value: (10.08) to (18.72)
Value Calculation: 14.400
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p6, Question ID: e1p6a

f1 = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: f1p
Nominal Answer: 11.9
Min/Max Value: (7.735) to (16.07)
Value Calculation: 11.900
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 35
Correct Plus Tolerance = 35

3-88
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p7, Question ID: e1p7a

f2 = 1/T = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: f2p
Nominal Answer: 23.5
Min/Max Value: (15.28) to (31.73)
Value Calculation: 23.500
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 35
Correct Plus Tolerance = 35

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p8, Question ID: e1p8a

B= kHz
Recall Label for this Question: bp
Nominal Answer: 11.6
∗
Min/Max Value: Value Calculation ± 3%
Value Calculation: # f2p # – # f1p #
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p9, Question ID: e1p9a

11. Is the range of frequencies selected by the bandpass filter determined by the bandwidth (B)?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p12, Question ID: e1p12a

fr = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: fr2
Nominal Answer: 15.9
Min/Max Value: (11.13) to (20.67)
Value Calculation: 15.900
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

∗
To compensate for tolerance accumulation overflow, Min/Max Values are not
shown.

3-89
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p13, Question ID: e1p13a

19. Does the output amplitude (Vo) of this series band pass filter increase or decrease at
frequencies above and below the center frequency?
a. increase
b. decrease

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p14, Question ID: e1p14a

20. Which curve (A or B) shows the correct response for either a series or parallel bandpass
filter?
a. A
b. B

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1

1. Measure the period (T) at the output of the bandpass filter (Vo). The resonant frequency (fr =
1/T) is approximately
a. 112.4 µs.
b. 8.9 kHz.
c. 15.9 kHz.
d. 62.9 µs.

Location: Review Questions page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2

2. The range of frequencies passed by a bandpass filter is the
a. lower cutoff frequency (f1).
b. upper cutoff frequency (f2).
c. center, or resonant, frequency (fr).
d. bandwidth (B).

Location: Review Questions page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3

3. In this series bandpass filter, the output voltage (Vo) is maximum
a. at the resonant frequency (fr).
b. at the upper cutoff frequency (f2).
c. at the lower cutoff frequency (f1).
d. below fr.

3-90
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

Location: Review Questions page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4

4. In a bandpass filter, the output is maximum at the center frequency and decreases above and
below the
a. center frequency (fr).
b. lower cutoff frequency (f1).
c. upper cutoff frequency (f2).
d. –3 dB point.

Location: Review Questions page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5

5. In a parallel bandpass filter, a parallel LC resonant output circuit is connected in series with
a(n)
a. capacitor.
b. inductor.
c. resistor.
d. inductor and a capacitor.

CMS AVAILABLE
CM 2
CM 1

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

3-91
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

Exercise 2 – BandStop Filters

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Calculate and measure the center frequency and bandwidth of series and parallel bandstop filters.
Verify results with an oscilloscope.

EXERCISE DISCUSSION

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d2, Question ID: e2d2a

At fr, the impedance of the RLC series circuit is
a. maximum.
b. minimum.

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d3, Question ID: e2d3a

At resonance, is the output voltage (Vo) across the series LC circuit greatly attenuated?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d6, Question ID: e2d6a

Will the output signal (Vo) increase or decrease off resonance?
a. increase
b. decrease

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d8, Question ID: e2d8a

To reject or greatly attenuate a small band of frequencies, the bandwidth is
a. wide.
b. narrow.

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d10, Question ID: e2d10a

Is Vo across the resistor (R) maximum or minimum at resonance?
a. maximum
b. minimum

3-92
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

EXERCISE PROCEDURE

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p2, Question ID: e2p2a

Vo(1kHz) = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: vo2
Nominal Answer: 14.9
Min/Max Value: (12.67) to (17.14)
Value Calculation: 14.900
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 15
Correct Plus Tolerance = 15

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p4, Question ID: e2p4a

fr = 1/T = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: fr3
Nominal Answer: 16.1
Min/Max Value: (10.47) to (21.74)
Value Calculation: 16.100
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 35
Correct Plus Tolerance = 35

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p7, Question ID: e2p7a

f1 = 1/T = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: f1s
Nominal Answer: 8.0
Min/Max Value: (5.2) to (10.8)
Value Calculation: 8.000
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 35
Correct Plus Tolerance = 35

3-93
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p8, Question ID: e2p8a

f2 = 1/T = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: f2s
Nominal Answer: 31.1
Min/Max Value: (20.22) to (41.99)
Value Calculation: 31.100
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 35
Correct Plus Tolerance = 35

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p9, Question ID: e2p9a

B= kHz
Recall Label for this Question: bs
Nominal Answer: 23.1
∗
Min/Max Value: (9.137) to (37.89)
Value Calculation: #f2s#–#f1s#
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p10, Question ID: e2p10a

12. Is the range of frequencies rejected by the bandstop filter determined by the bandwidth?
a. yes
b. no

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p13, Question ID: e2p13a

fr = 1/T = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: fr4
Nominal Answer: 16.1
Min/Max Value: (10.47) to (21.74)
Value Calculation: 16.100
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 35
Correct Plus Tolerance = 35

∗
NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute
lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you
will determine the correct value.

3-94
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p14, Question ID: e2p14a

18. Does the output amplitude (Vo) of this parallel band stop filter increase or decrease at
frequencies above and below fr?
a. increase
b. decrease

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p15, Question ID: e2p15a

19. Which curve (A or B) shows the correct response for either a series or parallel bandstop?
a. A
b. B

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1

1. Using the oscilloscope, measure the period (T) of the generator output (VGEN). The resonant
frequency (fr = 1/T) is approximately
a. 26.3 µs.
b. 15.9 kHz.
c. 62.9 µs.
d. 3.8 kHz.

Location: Review Questions page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2

2. In a series or parallel bandstop filter, the output voltage level at fr is
a. maximum.
b. minimum.
c. equal to V-3db.
d. constant throughout the band.

Location: Review Questions page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3

3. In the bandstop response curve, frequencies less than f1 and greater than f2 are
a. greatly attenuated.
b. rejected.
c. passed.
d. greatly reduced in amplitude.

3-95
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

Location: Review Questions page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4

4. In a series bandstop filter, a series LC resonant output circuit is connected in series with a(n)
a. capacitor.
b. resistor.
c. inductor.
d. inductor and a capacitor.

Location: Review Questions page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5

5. In this parallel bandstop filter, an increase in the value of C1
a. increases fr.
b. increases f1.
c. decreases f2.
d. decreases fr.

CMS AVAILABLE
CM 19

FAULTS AVAILABLE
None

3-96
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

UNIT TEST
Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1
In either series or parallel bandpass filters, the output voltage is maximum at the
a. lower cutoff frequency (f1).
b. V-3dB point.
c. upper cutoff frequency (f2).
d. resonant, or center, frequency (fr).

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut2, Question ID: ut2

To select a range of frequencies from 1 kHz to 2 kHz and to reject all others, which kind of filter
would you use?
a. low-pass
b. high-pass
c. bandpass
d. bandstop

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut3, Question ID: ut3

What kind of filter would remove a frequency range of 3 kHz to 4 kHz from an audio tape unit?
a. bandpass
b. bandstop
c. low-pass
d. high-pass

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut4, Question ID: ut4

In a parallel bandpass filter, f1 = 5 kHz and f2 = 28 kHz. What is the bandwidth (B)?
a. 23 kHz
b. 33 kHz
c. 28 kHz
d. 5 kHz

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut5, Question ID: ut5

In this series LC band-pass filter, a decrease in R1 causes the center frequency (fr)
a. to increase.
b. voltage (Vo) to increase.
c. to remain the same.
d. to decrease.

3-97
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut6, Question ID: ut6

Which circuit represents a series bandpass filter?
a. 4
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut7, Question ID: ut7

Which circuit represents a series bandstop filter?
a. 4
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut8, Question ID: ut8

The resonant frequency of a bandpass filter is also called the
a. lower cutoff frequency.
b. center frequency.
c. f2.
d. upper cutoff frequency.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut9, Question ID: ut9

In this parallel bandpass filter, the –3 dB voltage point equals
a. Vo at resonance.
b. 0.707 x VGEN.
c. 0.707 x Vo at resonance.
d. 0.5 x Vo at resonance.

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut10, Question ID: ut10

In either series or parallel bandstop filters, the output voltage is minimum at the
a. lower cutoff frequency (f1).
b. V-3dB point.
c. upper cutoff frequency (f2).
d. resonant, or center, frequency (fr).

3-98
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

TROUBLESHOOTING

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba2, Question ID: trba2a

fr = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: Ts1
Nominal Answer: 15.9
Min/Max Value: (11.13) to (20.67)
Value Calculation: 15.900
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba2, Question ID: trba2c

VR2 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 14.7
Min/Max Value: (11.76) to (17.64)
Value Calculation: 14.700
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 20
Correct Plus Tolerance = 20

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba3, Question ID: trba3

8. The faulty component is
a. C1 (shorted).
b. C1 (open).
c. L1 (shorted).
d. L1 (open).

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb2, Question ID: trbb2a

fr = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: Ts2
Nominal Answer: 15.9
Min/Max Value: (11.13) to (20.67)
Value Calculation: 15.900
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

3-99
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb2, Question ID: trbb2c

Vo = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 14.4
Min/Max Value: (11.52) to (17.28)
Value Calculation: 14.400
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 20
Correct Plus Tolerance = 20

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb3, Question ID: trbb3

8. The faulty component is
a. R1 (open).
b. L1 (open).
c. C1 (open).
d. C1 (shorted).

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbc1, Question ID: trbc1a

Vo = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Ts3
Nominal Answer: 14.9
Min/Max Value: (12.67) to (17.14)
Value Calculation: 14.900
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 15
Correct Plus Tolerance = 15

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbc2, Question ID: trbc2a

fr = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 16.1
Min/Max Value: (10.47) to (21.74)
Value Calculation: 16.100
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 35
Correct Plus Tolerance = 35

3-100
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbc3, Question ID: trbc3

7. The faulty component is
a. R1 (shorted).
b. C1 (shorted).
c. R1 (open).
d. L1 (shorted).

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbd1, Question ID: trbd1a

Vo = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Ts4
Nominal Answer: 14.9
Min/Max Value: (12.67) to (17.14)
Value Calculation: 14.900
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 15
Correct Plus Tolerance = 15

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbd2, Question ID: trbd2a

fr = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 16.1
Min/Max Value: (10.47) to (21.74)
Value Calculation: 16.100
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 35
Correct Plus Tolerance = 35

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbd3, Question ID: trbd3

7. The faulty component is
a. R1 (shorted).
b. C1 (shorted).
c. R1 (open).
d. L1 (shorted).

3-101
AC2 Fundamentals Unit 6 – Bandpass and Bandstop Filters

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbe1, Question ID: trbe1a

Vo = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Ts5
Nominal Answer: 14.7
Min/Max Value: (12.5 ) to (16.91)
Value Calculation: 14.700
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 15
Correct Plus Tolerance = 15

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbe2, Question ID: trbe2a

fr = kHz
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 16.1
Min/Max Value: (10.47) to (21.74)
Value Calculation: 16.100
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 35
Correct Plus Tolerance = 35

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbe3, Question ID: trbe3

7. The faulty component is
a. C1 (open).
b. C1 (shorted).
c. L1 (open).
d. R2 (open).

CMS AVAILABLE
None

FAULTS AVAILABLE
Fault 1
Fault 2
Fault 10
Fault 11
Fault 12

3-102
AC2 Fundamentals Appendix A – Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

APPENDIX A – PRETEST AND POSTTEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen.
Pretest and posttest are the same.

1. In a parallel RLC circuit at resonance,

a. impedance is minimum.
b. circulating current is minimum.
c. current and voltage are 180 degrees out of phase.
d. impedance is maximum.

2. A band stop filter is also called a

a. notch filter.
b. bandpass filter.
c. high pass filter.
d. low pass filter.

3. Line current and voltage in a series RLC circuit are in phase at

a. all frequencies below resonance.
b. all frequencies above resonance.
c. the resonant frequency.
d. all frequencies.

4. Band stop filters can be built from

a. series LC circuits.
b. parallel LC circuits.
c. series or parallel LC circuits.
d. All of the above.

5. A band pass filter has the least attenuation at

a. the resonant frequency.
b. frequencies above resonance.
c. frequencies below resonance.
d. None of the above.

6. Which of the following properties of a parallel RLC circuit does not change with a change in
applied frequency?
a. resistance
b. impedance
c. capacitive reactance
d. inductive reactance

A-1
AC2 Fundamentals Appendix A – Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

7. In a series RLC circuit fed by a sine wave signal at any frequency, circuit current is
determined by the circuit
a. capacitive reactance.
b. inductive reactance.
c. impedance.
d. resistance.

8. In an ac circuit, real power is dissipated by the

a. purely capacitive components.
b. purely resistive components.
c. purely inductive components.
d. component with the greatest current flow.

9. In an ac circuit with a lagging power factor

a. current lags voltage.
b. voltage lags current.
c. the power factor is greater than 1.
d. the load is purely resistive.

10. At a given frequency, a series LC circuit appears either inductive or capacitive depending on
which component has the
a. least reactance.
b. least current flow.
c. greater current flow.
d. greater reactance.

11. The ac voltages across the reactive components in a series RLC circuit
a. are equal to the applied voltage.
b. are less than the voltage across the resistive component.
c. can exceed the applied voltage.
d. are not frequency dependent.

12. High pass filters allow the passage of

a. a narrow band of frequencies.
b. voltages above the cutoff level.
c. frequencies below the cutoff frequency.
d. frequencies above the cutoff frequency.

13. The impedance of a series RLC circuit at resonance is determined by the

a. resistance.
b. capacitive reactance.
c. inductive reactance.
d. applied frequency.

A-2
AC2 Fundamentals Appendix A – Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

14. In series or parallel band stop filters, output voltage is least at

a. frequencies above the stop band.
b. frequencies below the stop band.
c. frequencies within the stop band.
d. the -3 dB points.

15. As frequency increases, the reactance of a capacitor in a tuned circuit

a. increases.
b. decreases.
c. does not change.
d. increases at resonance.

16. The output of a simple RC high pass filter appears across the
a. resistor and capacitor in series.
b. resistor and capacitor in parallel.
c. resistor.
d. capacitor.

17. When applied to an RLC circuit, the term Q refers to

a. the quality of the circuit.
b. network quiescent current.
c. the quadrant of the E - I product.
d. the quantity of reactive components.

18. If the frequency applied to a parallel RLC circuit is increased above resonance, then
a. circuit impedance increases.
b. the circuit appears inductive.
c. the circuit appears resistive.
d. the circuit appears capacitive.

19. In a series RLC circuit at a frequency that makes the network appear inductive, the ac voltage
a. lags the current.
b. leads the current.
c. is in phase with the current.
d. is limited only by the resistance.

20. The phasor representing capacitive reactance is shown graphically along the
a. upper part of the Y axis.
b. lower part of the Y axis.
c. right side of the X axis.
d. left side of the X axis.

A-3
AC2 Fundamentals Appendix A – Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

21. If the lower and upper cutoff frequencies of a series RLC circuit are 52 kHz and 68 kHz
respectively, the bandwidth of the circuit is
a. 16 kHz.
b. 52 kHz.
c. 60 kHz.
d. 68 kHz.

22. Which of the following frequencies will be passed with the least attenuation by a high pass
filter with a cutoff frequency of 40 kHz?
a. 10 kHz
b. 20 kHz
c. 40 kHz
d. 80 kHz

23. As frequency increases, the reactance of an inductor in a tuned circuit

a. increases.
b. decreases.
c. does not change.
d. increases at resonance.

24. A band pass filter with high Q has

a. widely separated -3 dB points.
b. a single cutoff frequency.
c. poor selectivity.
d. good selectivity.

25. The selectivity of a series RLC circuit depends on the ratio of

a. XL to R.
b. XL to XC.
c. XC to R.
d. None of the above.

26. The apparent power in a reactive ac circuit

a. equals real power when the power factor is less than 1
b. equals real power when the power factor is greater than 1.
c. is always greater than real power.
d. is always less than real power.

27. An attenuation rate of 6dB per octave is equivalent to a rate of

a. 3 dB per decade.
b. 9 dB per decade.
c. 12 dB per decade.
d. 20 dB per decade.

A-4
AC2 Fundamentals Appendix A – Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

28. The current through the individual branches of a parallel RLC circuit are
a. equal.
b. determined by reactance or resistance.
c. determined by network impedance.
d. constant with changes in frequency.

29. What is the power factor of an ac circuit with an applied voltage of 15 Volts rms and current
flow of 0.5 amps rms, and a resistance of 10 ohms (PF = R/Z)?
a. 0.33
b. 3
c. 3.33
d. 30

30. A voltampere is a measure of

a. real power.
b. apparent power.
c. reactive power.
d. resistive power.

31. The resonant frequency of a tuned circuit can be increased by

a. reducing either capacitance or inductance.
b. increasing either capacitance or inductance.
c. increasing the capacitance.
d. increasing the inductance.

32. In a circuit where the capacitive reactive power is 21 VAR and the inductive reactive power
is 19 VAR, the total reactive power (PQ) is the
a. sum of 19 and 21.
b. algebraic sum of 19 and -21.
c. sum of the square roots of 19 and 21.
d. deference between the square root of 19 and the square root of 21.

33. Current flow through the capacitor or the inductor of a parallel RLC circuit at resonance is
a. much less than line current.
b. equal to line current.
c. much greater than line current.
d. 180 degrees out of phase with line current.

34. If the output voltage from a low pass filter circuit is 70.7% of the input voltage, the loss is
equivalent to an attenuation of
a. 1 dB.
b. 3 dB.
c. 10 dB.
d. 29.3 dB.

A-5
AC2 Fundamentals Appendix A – Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

35. The signal loss resulting from a band stop filter at resonance is commonly called
a. attenuation.
b. impedance.
c. reactance.
d. Q.

36. The term circulating current refers to the

a. current exchanged between the reactive components of a parallel RLC circuit.
b. total line current applied to the components of a parallel RLC circuit.
c. total current through a series RLC circuit.
d. reactive current through a series RLC circuit.

37. Which of the following changes will have the greatest effect on the Q of a parallel resonant
circuit?
a. shunting the circuit with a large resistance
b. shunting the circuit with a small resistance
c. increasing XC
d. decreasing XC

38. The cutoff frequency of a simple low pass filter is 20 kHz. A frequency that is one decade
higher would be
a. 22 kHz.
b. 30 kHz.
c. 40 kHz.
d. 200 kHz.

39. The primary reason that an ideal (resistance-free) parallel LC circuit cannot be constructed is
due to the resistance of the
a. wire used in the coil.
b. capacitor dielectric material.
c. wire joining the coil and the capacitor.
d. signal source.

40. If the value of R in a series RLC bandpass filter is increased, the center frequency will
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain the same.
d. depend on XL/R.

41. The cutoff frequencies of a series resonant circuit are 100 kHz and 120 kHz. A second series
resonant circuit has cutoff frequencies of 106 kHz and 114 kHz. The second circuit has
a. poorer selectivity.
b. a different resonant frequency.
c. a lower XL to R ratio.
d. a higher Q.

A-6
AC2 Fundamentals Appendix A – Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

42. Substituting a smaller capacitance for the capacitor in a parallel bandpass filter will
a. reduce the bandwidth.
b. increase the bandwidth.
c. lower the center frequency.
d. increase the center frequency.

43. If a parallel LC circuit could be constructed without resistance,

a. it would have an infinite Q.
b. it would have a bandwidth of zero.
c. the upper and lower -3 dB would occur at the same frequency.
d. all of the above.

44. As the signal applied to a parallel LC circuit is increased from a frequency below resonance
to a frequency above resonance, the phase angle between line current and line voltage
a. remains constant.
b. changes from lagging to leading.
c. changes from leading to lagging.
d. None of the above.

45. The expression tank circuit is used to describe

a. any LC circuit.
b. a series resonant circuit.
c. an RL or RC circuit.
d. a parallel resonant circuit.

46. A sine wave amplitude observed on an oscilloscope increases suddenly as the frequency
passes 455 kHz, then it decreases rapidly as the frequency is increased further. The
encapsulated circuit is probably a
a. low Q parallel resonant circuit
b. high Q parallel resonant circuit.
c. low Q series resonant circuit.
d. high Q series resonant circuit.

47. The power factor in an inductive ac circuit can be improved by

a. inductance added in parallel.
b. capacitance added in parallel.
c. increasing the applied frequency.
d. inductance added in series.

48. The Q of a bandpass filter with a center frequency of 20 kHz and -3 dB points at 19.8 kHz
and 20.2 kHz is
a. 20.
b. 40.
c. 50.
d. 400.

A-7
AC2 Fundamentals Appendix A – Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

49. If the output of a simple high pass filter is down 6 dB at a frequency of 200 kHz, the output
at 20 kHz will be down by another
a. 12 dB.
b. 20 dB.
c. 26 dB.
d. 46 dB.

50. The cutoff frequency of a simple low pass filter is 40 kHz. The output signal will be reduced
by 9 dB below the pass band at a frequency of
a. 20 kHz.
b. 40 kHz.
c. 80 kHz.
d. 400 kHz.

A-8
AC2 Fundamentals Appendix B – Faults and Circuit Modifications (CMs)

APPENDIX B – FAULTS AND CIRCUIT MODIFICATIONS (CMS)

CM SCHEMATIC FAULT ACTION

SWITCH NO.
– 21 1 shorts L1
– 22 2 opens L1
– 23 3 shorts L1
– 24 4 opens C1
– 25 5 shorts L1
– 26 6 shorts C2
– 27 7 opens L1
– 28 8 opens L2
– 30 10 shorts R1
– 31 11 shorts L1
– 32 12 opens L1
1 1 – places 0.022 µF in parallel
with 0.01-µF C1
2 2 – R2 = 470Ω
6 6 – R1 = 15 kΩ
9 9 – R2 = 3.2 kΩ
10 10 – places 0.002 µF in parallel
with 0.002-µF C1
11 11 – places 0.002 µF in series
with 0.002 µF-C1
12 12 – places 0.002 µF in parallel
with 0.002-µF C2
16 16 – places 10 mH in parallel
with 10-mH L2
17 17 – R2 = 4.7 kΩ
19 19 – places 0.2 µF in parallel
with 0.01-µF C1

B-1
AC2 Fundamentals Appendix B – Faults and Circuit Modifications (CMs)

B-2
AC2 Fundamentals Appendix C – Board and Courseware Troubleshooting

APPENDIX C – BOARD AND COURSEWARE TROUBLESHOOTING

Circuit Board Problems

The F.A.C.E.T. equipment is carefully designed, manufactured, and tested to assure long,
reliable life. If you suspect a genuine failure in the equipment, the following steps should be
followed to trace a problem.

A. ALWAYS insert the board into a base unit before attempting to use an ohmmeter for
troubleshooting. The schematic diagrams imprinted on the boards are modified by the
absence of base unit switch connections; therefore, ohmmeter checks will produce erroneous
results with disconnected boards. Do not apply power to the base unit when you perform
resistance checks.
B. Information describing fault switch functions is provided in Appendix B in this instructor
guide.

Courseware Problems
The F.A.C.E.T. courseware has been written to meet carefully selected objectives. All exercises
have been tested for accuracy, and information presented in discussions has been reviewed for
technical content. Tolerances have been computed for all procedure and review question answers
to assure that responses are not invalidated by component or instrument errors.

Nevertheless, you or your students may discover mistakes or experience difficulty in using our
publications. We appreciate your comments and assure you that we will weigh them carefully in
our ongoing product improvement efforts.

As we address courseware problems, we will post corrections for download from our web site,
www.labvolt.com. Select the customer support tab, and then choose product line: F.A.C.E.T..
Select a course, select from a list of symptoms that have been addressed, and follow the
instructions.

C-1
AC2 Fundamentals Appendix C – Board and Courseware Troubleshooting

We will do our best to help you resolve problems if you call the number below. However, for
best results, and to avoid confusion, we prefer that you write with a description of the problem.

If you write, please include the following information:

• Your name, title, mailing address, and telephone number (please include the best time to
reach you).
• Publication title and number.
• Page number(s), and step and/or figure number(s) of affected material.
• Complete description of the problem encountered and any additional information that may
help us solve the problem.

Send your courseware comments to:

[email protected]

Lab-Volt Systems
P.O. Box 686
Farmingdale, NJ 07727
ATTN: Technical Support

If you prefer to telephone regarding hardware or courseware problems, call us between 9:00 AM
and 4:30 PM (Eastern time) at: (800) 522-4436 or (888)-LAB-VOLT.

C-2
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AC 2 Fundamentals Instructor Guide

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AC 2 Fundamentals Instructor Guide