FLUID MECHANICS

for GENERAL PHYSICS 1/ Grade 12

Quarter 2/ Week 6

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 FOREWORD

Learning physics concepts could be intimidating because of its

problems that requires basic mathematical knowledge like algebra, thus,
learners tend to do away with working on physics modules. This self-learning
kit will offer the same ―physics problems‖ but in a simpler and contextualized
examples where physics learners can relate to in the concepts of Fluid
Mechanics, specifically on the concept of Pascal’s Principle, Archimedes’
Principle, and Bernoulli's Principle. The writers use simple examples and
colorful illustrations in presenting the topic.

Learners will surely enjoy and learn at the same time as they scan
through the pages of this self-learning kit. The writers make sure that the lesson
will be interactive as it is not just a module but something students can learn
and discover new concepts and ideas and at the same time enjoy.

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OBJECTIVES
At the end of this self-learning kit, the students should be able to:
K: analyze fluids in various systems using Pascal’s Principle;
: analyze the concept of buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle;
: define Bernoulli's Principle and continuity equations;
S: solve problems involving fluid mechanics (Pascal’s Principle, Archimedes’
Principle, Bernoulli’s Principle);
A: apply Bernoulli’s principle and continuity equation to infer relations
involving pressure, elevation, speed, and flux.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES

Apply Pascal’s principle in analyzing fluids in various systems

(STEM_GP12FM-IIf-43).

Apply the concept of buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle

(STEM_GP12FM-IIf- 44).

Apply Bernoulli’s principle and continuity equation, whenever

appropriate, to infer relations involving pressure, elevation, speed, and
flux (STEM_GP12FM-IIf46).

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I. WHAT HAPPENED

Fluid mechanics is the study of fluid behavior

(liquids, gases, blood, and plasmas) at rest and in
motion. Fluid mechanics has a wide range of
applications in mechanical and chemical
engineering, in biological systems, and in astrophysics.
In this self-learning kit, fluid mechanics and its
application in various systems are presented and
discussed.
Good day guys! Let me ask you something. Can pressure
be increased in a fluid by pushing directly on the fluid?
Yes, but it is much easier if the fluid is enclosed. The heart,
for example, increases blood pressure by pushing directly on
the blood in an enclosed system (valves closed in a chamber).

What happens to a pressure in an enclosed fluid? Since

atoms in a fluid are free to move about, they transmit the
pressure to all parts of the fluid and to the walls of the
container. Remarkably, the pressure is transmitted
undiminished. This phenomenon is called Pascal’s principle.

Do you see the man sitting on top of this tanker truck? He

gives you a sense of how big the truck is. What’s behind the
truck? Is it a huge apartment complex? It’s just as massive as a
very large building, but it’s not even resting on land. It’s a giant
cruise ship, and it’s floating on water. The ship weighs about
100,000 metric tons. How can such a tremendous weight float
on water? Why doesn’t it sink to the bottom of the ocean
instead? Archimedes’ law explains why.

Retrieved from
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/3e/bc/86/3ebc86da01d73eba8ad054716610e5db.jpg
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PRE-TEST:
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answer on your notebook/Activity Sheet.

1. His principles provided the foundation of hydraulics, one of the most

important developments in modern mechanical technology.
a. Isaac Newton b. Blaise Pascal c. Albert Einstein d. Socrates
2. Pascal’s principle states that ―when a change in pressure is applied to
an enclosed fluid, it is transmitted undiminished to all portions of the
fluid and to the walls of its container‖ can be translated as ___.
a. P=F/A b. F/A=F/A c. F=PA d. A=F/P

3. The aircraft fly based on which principle _________

a. Newton’s third law b. Conservation of mass
c. Bernoulli’s principle d. Gravity

4. An incompressible fluid flows through a pipe of varying radius (shown in

cross-section). Compared to the fluid at point P, the fluid at point Q
has
a. greater pressure and greater volume flow rate.
b. greater pressure and the same volume flow rate.
c. the same pressure and greater volume flow rate.
d. lower pressure and the same volume flow rate.

5. The point where the fluid comes to rest is called as ___________

a. Rest point b. Stagnation point
c. Viscous point d. Boundary layer point

II. ESSAY: Answer the following in 2 to 3 sentences. (5 points each)

1. If you jump into swimming pool, how much water does your body
displace?
2. Why might you be more likely to float in water if you stretch out your
body rather than curl up into a ball?

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II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION:

PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE

Pascal’s principle (also known as Pascal’s law) states that ―when a

change in pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid, it is transmitted
undiminished to all portions of the fluid and to the walls of its container.‖

Pressure is equal to the force divided by the area on which it acts.

According to Pascal’s principle, in a hydraulic system a pressure exerted on
a piston produces an equal increase in pressure on another piston in the
system. If the second piston has an area 10 times that of the first, the force on
the second piston is 10 times greater, though the pressure is the same as that
on the first piston. This effect is exemplified by the hydraulic press, based on
Pascal’s principle, which is used in such applications as hydraulic brakes.

Pascal also discovered that the pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the
same in all directions; the pressure would be the same on all planes passing
through a specific point. This fact is also known as Pascal’s principle, or
Pascal’s law. In 1653, Pascal law was stated by French mathematician Blaise
Pascal.

Applications of Pascal’s Principle and Hydraulic Systems

A common application of Pascal’s Principle is a hydraulic lift used to
raise a car off the ground so it can be repaired. A small force applied to a
small-area piston is transformed to a large force at a large-area piston. If a car
sits on top of the large piston, it can be lifted by applying a relatively small
force to the smaller piston.

What is a hydraulic system?

A hydraulic system is a drive technology where a fluid is used to move
the energy from e.g. an electric motor to an actuator, such as a hydraulic
cylinder. The fluid is theoretically uncompressible, and the fluid path can be
flexible in the same way as an electric cable.

Figure 1. A typical hydraulic system with two fluid-

filled cylinders, capped with pistons and
connected by a tube called a hydraulic line. A
downward force

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 ⃗ on the left piston creates a change in pressure that is transmitted
undiminished to all parts of the enclosed fluid. This results in an upward force
⃗ on the right piston that is larger than ⃗ because the right piston has a
larger surface area.

We can derive a relationship between the forces in this simple

hydraulic system by applying Pascal’s principle. Note first that the two pistons
in the system are at the same height, so there is no difference in pressure due
to a difference in depth. The pressure due to acting on area is simply
= as defined by p= .

According to Pascal’s principle, this pressure is transmitted

undiminished throughout the fluid and to all walls of the container. Thus, a
pressure is felt at the other piston that is equal to . That is, = .
However, since = , we see that = .
This equation relates the ratios of force to area in any hydraulic system,
provided that the pistons are at the same vertical height and that friction in
the system is negligible.

Hydraulic systems can increase or decrease the force applied to them.

To make the force larger, the pressure is applied to a larger area. For
example, if a 100-N force is applied to the left cylinder in Figure and the right
cylinder has an area five times greater, then the output force is 500 N.
Hydraulic systems are analogous to simple levers, but they have the
advantage that pressure can be sent through tortuously curved lines to
several places at once.

The hydraulic jack is such a hydraulic system. A hydraulic jack is used

to lift heavy loads, such as the ones used by auto mechanics to raise an
automobile. It consists of an incompressible fluid in a U-tube fitted with a
movable piston on each side. One side of the U-tube is narrower than the
other. A small force applied over a small area can balance a much larger
force on the other side over a larger area.

Figure 2. (a)A hydraulic jack operates by applying forces (𝐹 , 𝐹 ) to an

incompressible fluid in a U-tube, using a movable piston (𝐴 , 𝐴 ) on each side of
the tube. (b) Hydraulic jacks are commonly used by car mechanics to lift
vehicles so that repairs and maintenance can be performed.

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 From Pascal’s principle, it can be shown that the force needed to lift
the car is less than the weight of the car: = , where is the force
applied to lift the car, is the cross-sectional area of the smaller piston, is
the cross sectional area of the larger piston, and is the weight of the car.

Example: Pascal Puts on the Brakes!

Consider the automatic hydraulic system shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. An automatic hydraulic system

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 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

Archimedes’ Principle states that the buoyant force on an object

equals the weight of the fluid it displaces. In equation form, Archimedes’
principle is

where is the buoyant force and is the weight of the fluid displaced by
the object. Archimedes’ principle is valid in general, for any object in any
fluid, whether partially or totally submerged.

Bouyancy
Buoyancy is a familiar phenomenon: A body immersed in water seems
to weigh less than when it is in air. When the body is less dense than the fluid,
it floats. The human body usually floats in water, and a helium-filled balloon
floats in air.

Buoyant Force

The buoyant force is the net upward force on any object in any fluid.

Pressure increases with depth in a fluid. This means that the upward
force on the bottom of an object in a fluid is greater than the downward
force on the top of the object. The object will rise to the surface and float if
the buoyant force is greater than the object’s weight. The object will sink if the
buoyant force is less than the object’s weight. If the buoyant force equals the
object’s weight, the object will remain suspended at that depth. The buoyant
force is always present whether the object floats, sinks, or is suspended in a
fluid.

Figure 4. Pressure due to the

weight of a fluid increases with depth
since P = hρg. This pressure and
associated upward force on the bottom
of the cylinder are greater than the
downward force on the top of the
cylinder. Their difference is the buoyant
force FB. (Horizontal forces cancel.)

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 Just how great is this buoyant
force? To answer this question, think
about what happens when a
submerged object is removed from a
fluid, look at Figure 5a and 5b below.

An object submerged in a fluid

experiences a buoyant force 𝑭𝑩 . If 𝑭𝑩 is
greater than the weight of the object,
the object will rise. If 𝑭𝑩 is less than the
weight of the object, the object will sink.

Figure 5a

If the object is removed, it is replaced

by fluid having weight 𝑾𝒇𝒍 . Since this weight
is supported by surrounding fluid, the
buoyant force must equal the weight of the
fluid displaced. That is, 𝑭𝑩 𝑾𝒇𝒍 , a
statement of Archimedes’ principle.

Figure 5b

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 The space it occupied is filled by fluid having a weight . This weight
is supported by the surrounding fluid, and so the buoyant force must
equal , the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

It is a tribute to the genius of the Greek mathematician and inventor

Archimedes (ca. 287–212 B.C.) that he stated this principle long before
concepts of force were well established.

Example: Calculating Buoyant Force: Dependency on Shape

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Density and Archimedes’ Principle

Density plays a crucial role in Archimedes’ principle. The average

density of an object is what ultimately determines whether it floats. If its
average density is less than that of the surrounding fluid, it will float. This is
because the fluid, having a higher density, contains more mass, therefore
more weight in the same volume. The buoyant force, which equals the
weight of the fluid displaced, is thus greater than the weight of the object.
Likewise, an object denser than the fluid will sink.

The extent to which a

floating object is submerged
depends on how the object’s
density is related to that of the fluid.
Observe the picture on Figure 3,
the unloaded ship has a lower
density and less of it is submerged
compared with the same ship Figure 6. An unloaded ship (a) floats higher in the
loaded. water than a loaded ship (b).

We can derive a quantitative expression for the fraction submerged by

considering density. The fraction submerged is the ratio of the volume
submerged to the volume of the object, or

The volume submerged equals the volume of fluid displaced, which we

call . We can now obtain the relationship between the densities by
substituting into the expression, which gives,

⁄
⁄̅

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where ̅ is the average density of the object and is the density of the
fluid. Since the object floats, its mass and that of the displaced fluid are
equal, and so they cancel from the equation, leaving

We use this last relationship to measure densities. This is done by

measuring the fraction of a floating object that is submerged—for example,
with a hydrometer. It is useful to define the ratio of the density of an object to
a fluid (usually water) as specific gravity:

where ̅ is the average density of the object or substance and is the

density of water at 4.00°C. Specific gravity is dimensionless, independent of
whatever units are used for . If an object floats, its specific gravity is less than
one. If it sinks, its specific gravity is greater than one. Moreover, the fraction of
a floating object that is submerged equals its specific gravity. If an object’s
specific gravity is exactly 1, then it will remain suspended in the fluid, neither
sinking nor floating. Scuba divers try to obtain this state so that they can hover
in the water. We measure the specific gravity of fluids, such as battery acid,
radiator fluid, and urine, as an indicator of their condition.

Specific Gravity

Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of an object to a fluid (usually

water).

Example: Calculating Average Density: Floating Woman

Suppose a 60.0-kg woman floats in freshwater with 97.0% of her volume
submerged when her lungs are full of air. What is her average density?

Strategy:
We can find the woman’s density by solving the equation

for the density of the object. This yields

̅ ̅ ( )

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 We know both the fraction submerged and the density of water, and
so we can calculate the woman’s density.

Solution:
Entering the known values into the expression for her density, we obtain

Discussion:
Her density is less than the fluid density. We expect this because she
floats. Body density is one indicator of a person’s percent body fat, of interest
in medical diagnostics and athletic training.

Some Examples of Buoyancy That Applies Archimedes’ Principle

It is due to buoyancy that human swimmers, fish, ships, and icebergs
stay afloat. Some applications of buoyancy are given in the points below.

1. Hot Air Balloon

 The atmosphere is filled with air that exerts buoyant force on any
object. A hot air balloon rises and floats due to the buoyant
force. It descends when the balloon’s weight is higher than the
buoyant force. It becomes stationary when the weight equals
the buoyant force.

2. Ship
 A ship floats on the surface of the sea because the volume of
water displaced by the ship is enough to have a weight equal to
the weight of the ship. A ship is constructed in a way so that the
shape is hollow, to make the overall density of the ship lesser
than the seawater. Therefore, the buoyant force acting on the
ship is large enough to support its weight.

3. Fish
 A certain group of fishes uses Archimedes’ principle to go up and
down the water. To go up to the surface, the fish will fill its swim
bladder (air sacs) with gases (clever isn’t it?). The gases diffuse
from their own body to the bladder and thus make the body
lighter. This enables the fish to go up.

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 CONTINUITY EQUATION AND BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE

Have you ever wonder why birds can fly? Or why

airplanes can fly? Or why umbrella gets inverted during
windy day? The principle behind all these phenomena is
the Bernoulli’s Principle. As we go along out discussion
today, we will discover the wonder behind these
phenomena.

We are considering IDEAL fluids, i.e. fluids exhibiting the following

characteristics:
A. Non-turbulent flows. Turbulent flow is irregular flow characterized by
small whirlpool-like regions.
B. Steady-state flow. In steady (laminar) flow, the velocity of the fluid at
each point remains constant.
C. Non-viscous fluid. Internal friction is neglected. An object moving
through the fluid experiences no viscous force.
D. Incompressible fluids. Density is constant throughout the fluid.

CONTINUITY EQUATION
The mass flow rate has the same value at every position along a tube
that has a single entry and a single exit for fluid flow. The equation is as
follows:
A1V1 = A2V2

Where A is the pipe cross-sectional area and v is the fluid speed.

The continuity equation implies that if the pipe cross-section area

decreases, the flow velocity will increase. We can relate it to everyday
activities such as watering the plants using a garden hose. If you your finger
to close a part of the hole, the waters’ speed increases as it come out of the
hose.

Example:
A horizontal pipe of 25 cm2 cross-section carries water at a velocity of
3.0 m/s. The pipe feeds into a smaller pipe with a cross section of only 15 cm2.
What is the velocity in the smaller pipe?

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Solution:
A1 V1 = A2 V2
(A1 V1)/ A2 = V2
(3.0 m/s)(25 cm2)/(15 cm2) = V2
V2 = 5.0 m/s

BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
Bernoulli’s Principle states that as the pressure of a fluid flowing
horizontally decreases as the speed of the fluid increases. It only applies for
steady flow. Flow follows streamlines. The formula is as follows:

Bernoulli’s equation is similar to the conservation of energy equation.

This explains how airplanes fly. Lower pressure is caused by the increased
speed of the air over the wing. Since the pressure is higher beneath the wing,
the wing is pushed upwards. Airplane wings are shaped to make air move
faster over the top of the wing. When air moves faster, the pressure of the air
decreases. So the pressure on the top of the wing is less than the pressure on
the bottom of the wing. The difference in pressure creates a force on the
wing that lifts the wing up into the air.

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Example:
Water enters a house through a pipe with an inside diameter of 2.0 cm
at an absolute pressure of 4.0x105 Pa (about 4 atm). A 1.0 cm diameter pipe
leads to the second floor of the bathroom 5.0 m above. When the flow speed
at the inlet pipe is 1.5 m/s. Find the flow speed, pressure and volume flow rate
in the bathroom.

We are given the diameter of the inlet (d2 = 2.0cm) and outlet (d2=
1.0cm) pipe. To calculate for the flow speed at the outlet pipe, we first need
to calculate the cross-sectional area of each pipe.

Using the equation the calculated cross-sectional area of the inlet pipe
is A1 = 3.14 x 10-4 m2 and that for the outlet pipe is A2 = 7.85 x 10-5 m2.
To calculate the flow speed in the bathroom, we use the continuity
equation:

The volume flow rate is given by

This is equal to

To calculate for the pressure at the bathroom pipe, we will use the
Bernoulli’s Principle:

We set the height of the inlet pipe y1 = 0 and the bathroom pipe is at a
height y2 = 5.0 m.

17
Common Applications

1. Bernoulli & Flight

Bernoulli’s Principle is what allows birds and planes to fly. The secret
behind flight is ―under the wings‖.

AIRFOIL
 On top: greater air speed and less
air pressure

 On bottom: less air speed and more

air pressure

2. Inverted Umbrella

Bernoulli’s principle is the phenomena why your umbrella inverts on

a windy day.
 Wind blows on top of umbrella
 Air molecules speed up on top f umbrella; therefore, pressure decreases
on top of umbrella
 Air under umbrella which has greater pressure pushes up and inverts
umbrella

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 3. Shower Curtain
Bernoulli’s principle is also the reason
why your shower curtain blows inward with a
hot shower.

 Hot inside shower

 Air molecules speed up inside shower;
therefore, pressure decreases inside
shower
 Air outside shower with more pressure
pushes shower curtain in.

Performance Task:

Directions: Read the situation below. After which, do what is ask.

Over the past years, there have been heated debates on the correct
explanation how the wings of airplanes work. Some use Bernoulli’s principle,
whereas others use Newton’s laws.
As an aeronautics engineer working for the Philippines flagship carrier,
you were tasked by your supervisor to explain and demonstrate how
airplanes work to a group of Senior High School students. You are required to
construct different working airplane models made from paper. These paper
airplanes should be able to reach a horizontal distance of at least 20 m when
flown from the second floor of a building.
Submit your paper airplanes to your subject teacher together with a
brief report (written in short bond paper) explaining the models and the
concepts on how they work. Be guided with the rubric that follows:

Rubric:
FOCUS CONTENT ORGANIZATION STYLE CONVENTIONS
The single- The presence of The order The choice, use Grammar,
controlling part ideas developed developed and and arrangement mechanics,
made with an through facts, sustained within of words and spelling, usage and
awareness of task examples, and across sentence sentence formation.
about a specific anecdotes, details, paragraphs using structures that
topic. opinions, statistics, transitional devices create tone and
reasons and/or and including voice.
explanations introduction and
conclusion

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 Sharp, distinct Substantial, Sophisticated Precise, illustrative Evident control of
controlling point specific, and/or arrangement of use of a variety of grammar,
made about a illustrative, content with words and mechanics,
4 single topic with confident, evident and/or sentence spelling, usage and
evident demonstrating subtle transitions. structures to sentence formation.
awareness of task strong create consistent
development and writer’s voce and
sophisticated tone appropriate
ideas. to audience.
Apparent point Sufficiently Functional Generic use of a Sufficient control of
made about a developed arrangement of variety of words grammar,
single topic with content with content that and sentence mechanics,
3 sufficient adequate sustains a logical structures that may spelling, usage and
awareness of elaboration or order with some or may not create sentence formation.
task. explanation. evidence of writer’s voice and
transitions. tone appropriate
to audience.
No apparent Limited content Confused or Limited word Limited control of
point but with inadequate inconsistent choice and grammar,
evidence of a elaboration or arrangement of control of mechanics,
2 specific topic. explanation. concept with or sentence spelling, usage and
without attempts structures that sentence formation.
at transition. exhibit voice and
tone.
Minimal evidence Superficial and/or Minimal control of Minimal variety in Minimal control of
of a topic. minimal content. content word choice and grammar,
1 arrangement. minimal control of mechanics,
sentence spelling, usage and
structures. sentence formation.
Adapted from https://pt.slideshare.net/mobile/jennytuazon01630/rubrics-in-essay

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

EVALUATION/POST TEST:

I. TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Read each sentences carefully. Write true if the statement is
correct, false if otherwise. Write your answers on your notebook/Activity
Sheet.
1. Bernoulli’s equation is different to the conservation of energy
equation.
2. Airplane wings are shaped to make air move faster over the top of the
wing.
3. Bernoulli’s Principle does not apply on steady flows of fluids.
4. The continuity equation implies that if the pipe cross-section area
decreases, the flow velocity will increase.
5. Bernoulli’s Principles states that as the pressure of a fluid flowing
horizontally increases as the speed of the fluid decreases.

20
II. PROBLEM SOLVING:

Directions: Solve the given problems below. Write your solutions on your
notebook.

1. What force must be exerted on the master cylinder of a hydraulic lift to

support the weight of a 2 500-kg car (a large car) resting on the slave
cylinder? The master cylinder has a 4.00-cm diameter and the slave
has a 25.0-cm diameter.
2. If a person's body has a density of 855 kg/m³, what fraction of the body
will be submerged when floating gently in (a) freshwater? (b) In salt
water with a density of 1027 kg/m³?

21
 REFERENCES

Arevalo, Ryan L. and Mulig, Charity I. General Physics 1. Makati City,

Philippines: DIWA Learning Systems Inc., 2017.

Bernoulli Equation Practice Worksheet. Retrieved from

https://www.teachengineering.org/content/cub_/lessons/cub_bernoull
i/cub_bernoulli_lesson01_bepworksheetas_draft4_tedl_dwc.pdf

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. 2020. Atmospheric pressure.

Encyclopædia Britannica, May 27.
https://www.britannica.com/science/atmospheric-pressure.

Hansen, Dennis Damborg. n.d. Fritz Schur Energy.

https://www.fsenergy.com/technology/hydraulic-system/.

Ling, Samuel J., Jeff Sanny Loyola, and William Moebs. 2016. University Physics.
Vol. 1. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/detasils/books/university-
physics-volume-1 in your citation.

Ling, S. J., Loyola, J., & Moebs, W. (2016). University Physics (Vol. 1). OpenStax.
Retrieved from https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-
volume-1 in your citation.

MCAT Physical : Continuity Equation. Retrieved from

https://www.varsitytutors.com/mcat_physical-help/continuity-equation

Teaching Guide for Senior High School - GENERAL PHYSICS 1. The Commission
on Higher Education in collaboration with the Philippine Normal U
niversity. Retrieved from
https://chedk12.wordpress.com/teachingguides

Young, H. D., & Freedman, R. A. (2012). Sears and Zemansky's university

physics : with modern physics. -- 13th ed. (13th ed.). (N. Whilton, Ed.)
Jim Smith.

n.d. APlus Physics.

https://www.aplusphysics.com/courses/honors/fluids/Pascal.html.

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 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Division of Negros Oriental

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

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OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Acting CID Chief

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Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

GENEVA FAYE L. MENDOZA

JOSE MARI B. ACABAL
Writers/Illustrators/Lay-out Artists

_________________________________

QUALITY ASSURANCE TEAM

ARNOLD D. ACADEMIA
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VICENTE B. MONGCOPA
FLORENTINA P. PASAJINGUE
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO

DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set
learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to
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and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

23
 SYNOPSIS AND ABOUT THE AUTHORS

This self-learning kit contains interactive approach

ANSWER KEY
in the study of the concept of Fluid Mechanics. The module
is a one-week lesson for the concepts of Bernoulli’s
Principle. Its mathematical approach is made simple and
interactive to help facilitate independent learning while
learners are at home.

Pascal’s principle (also known as Pascal’s law)

states that ―when a change in pressure is applied to an
enclosed fluid, it is transmitted undiminished to all portions
of the fluid and to the walls of its container.‖

Archimedes’ Principle states that the buoyant

force on an object equals the weight of the fluid it
displaces. In equation form, Archimedes’ principle is
𝑭𝑩 𝒘𝒇𝒍
Buoyancy is a familiar phenomenon: A body
immersed in water seems to weigh less than when it is in air.
When the body is less dense than the fluid, it floats. The
human body usually floats in water, and a helium-filled
balloon floats in air.

The buoyant force is the net upward force on any

object in any fluid.

Continuity Equation implies that the mass flow rate

has the same value at every position along a tube that has
a single entry and a single exit for fluid flow.

Bernoulli’s Principle states that as the pressure of a

fluid flowing horizontally decreases as the speed of the fluid
increases. It only applies for steady flow. Flow follows
streamlines.

GENEVA FAYE L. MENDOZA completed her BSE –

Physical Science at NORSU-Bayawan Campus. She
taught Science 7 to 10 at Eligio T. Monte de Ramos High
School, Santa Catalina District 1. Now, she teaches
Science 8 and 10 at Casiano Z. Napigkit National High
School, Santa Catalina District 1.

JOSE MARI B. ACABAL finished his Bachelor’s

Degree in Secondary Education at NORSU-Bais major in
Biological Sciences in 2015. He also finished his Masters
Degree in Education major in General Science at
Foundation University in October 2019. Currently he is a
Teacher III at Panciao High School of Manjuyod District 1
in the Division of Negros Oriental.

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