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Chapter 4: Evolution and Diversity of Vascular Plants: Lluvia Flores-Renteria

This document provides an overview of vascular plants, including their key characteristics and evolutionary history. It discusses how vascular plants evolved from bryophytes to have sporophyte-dominant alternation of generations. Vascular plants developed traits like lignin, secondary cell walls, and specialized tissues like xylem and phloem which enabled them to grow much larger. Early vascular plants included the lycophytes, which lacked true roots. Modern lycophyte divisions include the Lycopodiophyta, Isoetopsida, and Selaginellaceae.

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182 views71 pages

Chapter 4: Evolution and Diversity of Vascular Plants: Lluvia Flores-Renteria

This document provides an overview of vascular plants, including their key characteristics and evolutionary history. It discusses how vascular plants evolved from bryophytes to have sporophyte-dominant alternation of generations. Vascular plants developed traits like lignin, secondary cell walls, and specialized tissues like xylem and phloem which enabled them to grow much larger. Early vascular plants included the lycophytes, which lacked true roots. Modern lycophyte divisions include the Lycopodiophyta, Isoetopsida, and Selaginellaceae.

Uploaded by

Hannah Gordon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 4: Evolution and

Diversity of Vascular Plants


Part I

Lluvia Flores-Renteria
Vascular Plants = Tracheophyta
(Tracheophytes)

Apomorphies?
Alternation of Generations: Haploid (n) & Diploid (2n) adult phases

“Bryophytes”: Gametophyte
dominant, long-lived
Bryophytes (Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses):
Gametophytes are dominant, long-lived
Bryophytes have which of the
following:
A. Dominant gametophyte
B. Independent sporophyte
C. Dependent sporophyte
D. Vascular system
E. Alternation of generations
Alternation of Generations: Haploid (n) & Diploid (2n) adult phases
Vascular Plants:
Sporophyte dominant, long-lived
Vascular Plants: Sporophytes are dominant
Sporophytic axes
branched with
multiple sporangia

Rhynia
Two early branching patterns in
vascular plants:
lignin - hard substance secreted
within secondary cell wall

Major adaptive:
added structural support enabled
vascular plants to grow much larger.
secondary cell wall

- forms between 1˚ cell wall and plasma


membrane in some plant cells

- adds structural support

- found in tracheids, vessels, fibers


(all dead cells)
cell wall:
cellulosic
plasmodesmata (in some Green Plants)
-allow cell-to-cell communication
lignified secondary cell wall
Exercise
Make a 3D structure of the cell
walls in plants
• Label the following structures in 2 cells:
– Middle lamella
– Primary cell wall
– Secondary cell wall
– Plasma membrane
– Pit
– Plasmodesmata
Sclerenchyma
1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary)
2) Dead at maturity (usually)

Fibers
Elongate, sharply tapering
Sclerenchyma
1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary)
2) Dead at maturity (usually)

Sclereids
Isodiametric to irregular
Tracheary elements
1) cells that function in water/mineral conduction
2) cells dead at maturity, with lignified, 2˚ cell walls
3) cells arranged end-to-end, forming long tubes

Xylem = tissue composed of:


1) tracheary elements
2) parenchyma
3) fibers
(These have common origin/location/function.)
Tracheary Elements
Tracheids – imperforate (only pits at end Vessels – perforation plates = holes in end walls.
walls). Found in most monilophytes (except Evolved independently from preexisting
Equisetum and some lepto. ferns) and most tracheids in Equisetum, a few leptosporangiate
gymnosperms (except Gnetales) ferns, all Gnetales, and almost all angiosperms
Sieve Elements
-cells with sieve areas/plates, having pores lined by callose
callose (polysaccharide composed of β-1,3-glucose units) -lines pores of sieve areas!
Sieve cells – only sieve areas Sieve tube members - Sieve plates
All vasc. pls. except angiosperms Apomorphy of Angiosperms
Phloem
= tissue composed of:
1) sieve elements
2) parenchyma
3) fibers

These have common origin/function.


Endodermis – single layer of cells surrounding
vasculature of roots and some underground stems.

Casparian Strip: forces fluids from outside through


plasma membrane = selective absorption
Exercise
Make a 3D design of the
Casparian strips
Rhynia
- one of earliest
vascular plants
(ca. 400 million years
ago)
- lacked roots
Roots
Function in anchoring and absorption.
Root

apical meristem
- region of actively
dividing cells
Roots
Five diagnostic features:
1) Root cap – functions to protect apical meristem
and lubricate root during growth.
2) Root hairs – function to greatly increase
water/mineral absorption (exception Psilotopsida).
3) Central vascular cylinder – site of conduction of
water/minerals and sugars.
4) Endodermis – Casparian strip functions in
selective absorption.
5) Endogenous lateral roots – develop from
pericycle or endodermis, penetrate to outside.
Mycorrhizae
Symbiotic association with various species of fungi.
Found in many, if not most, vascular plants

Fungus aids plant by


1) increasing surface area for water and mineral
absorption
2) increasing efficiency of mineral absorption.

Fungus benefits in obtaining photosynthates (sugars and


other nutrients) from the plant.
Tracheophyta – Classification
Lycopodiophyta – lycophytes

Apomorphies:
1) Roots dichopodial
-apical meristem
may branch into two.

2) Root protoxylem endarch (to inside)


Protoxylem – first xylem formed
Metaxylem – later xylem
Exercise: Make a drawing,
Label all structures

3) Stem protoxylem exarch (to outside)


4) Sporangia dorsiventral
(flattened upper and lower surfaces)
with transverse dehiscence.
Shoot = stem + leaves
Identify all structures in the shoot
Monopodial growth

Apical meristem does not divide into two


meristems

Branches develop from axillary buds


Leaf – sporophytic
Lycophyll – simple leaf with 1 vein, no leaf gaps.
Tracheophyta – Classification
LYCOPODIOPSIDA
Lycopodiaceae
homosporous = 1 type of
spore
5 genera: Huperzia,
Lycopodiella, Lycopodium,
Pseudolycopodiella,
Phylloglossum)

Lycopodium digitatum
Lycopodium spores:
Used in original camera flash powders,
even some fireworks
ISOETOPSIDA
Selaginellaceae + Isoetaceae
1) Leaves ligulate
2) Heterosporous – 2 types of spores

Ligule – tiny appendages on upper side of leaf (near base)


Heterospory – two types of spores:
megaspores (from megasporangia)
microspores (from microsporangia)
Isoetaceae
Quillwort family

1 genus:
Isoetes (ca. 200 spp.)

Isoetes – quillwort/Merlin’s grass


Lycopods native to San Diego
area:
Isoetes Merlin’s Grass
Isoetes orcuttii

Isoetes howellii
Selaginellaceae
Spike-moss
family

1 genus:
Selaginella
(700 spp.)

Selaginella
spike-moss
Spores in Selaginella are:______
A. Diploid
B. Haploid
C. Found in the microsporangium
D. Dimorphic (heterosporous)
E. Flagellated
Selaginella bigelovii
Selaginella cinerascens
Some
Selaginella
have
dimorphic
leaves 2 rows large
leaves

Selaginella apoda
Some
Selaginella
have
dimorphic
leaves
2 rows small
leaves

Selaginella apoda
Extinct Lycopods were
tall trees:
make up some of coal
deposits

Lepidodendron
Next lecture

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