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ARAHAH TEKNIK (JALAN) 2C/85

M AN UAL ON T RAFFI C CON T ROL

DEV I CES T EM PORARY SI GN S AN D WORK
Z ON ES CON T ROL

P R E F A CE

The purpose of this manual is to establish uniformity in design

and application of all traffic signs and control devices in Malaysia for
the benefit of road users, road and traffic authorities, and
manufacturers of traffic signs.

This manual supersedes and forms part of the revised version

of JKR/J(Rb) 0001/80, Manual on Traffic Control Devices - Traffic
Signs. The Manual is now divided into the following parts:

1. Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85 - Standard Traffic Signs. Standard

traffic signs drawings for Regulatory, Warning and Guide signs
are illustrated complete with dimensions. A color chart for
all the traffic signs indicates acceptable colors for each sign.

2. Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2B/85 - Traffic Sign Applications.

It consists of, with the exception of Temporary signs, design
criteria and location requirements for all traffic signs.

3. Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2C/85 - Temporary Signs and Work

Zones Control. It consists of standard temporary sign drawings
and their application in the work zones.

4. Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2D/85 - Road Markings and Delineation.

Standard road line paints, road markings and delineators are
identified together with guides on their applications.

The specifications in this manual are recommended to be used

for all new signs and for all replacements of existing signs which
have outlived their usefulness.

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a vehicle provided expressly for this

PART ONE: TEMPORARY SIGNS . purpose.These mobile sign displays may be
mounted on a regular maintenance vehicle.
1. GENERAL ON TEMPORARY
SIGNS.
2. DESIGN OF TEMPORARY SIGNS
Temporary operations, such as road
construction and maintenance operations, Temporary signs are either circular,rectangu-
represent unusual roadway conditions and lar, or diamond in shape. The colors shall be
warrant special attention. If the temporary black symbol or word message and border on
operations require measures different from orange backround unless specified or show to
those normally in effect,the existing perma- be otherwise in the accompanying illustrations.
nent traffic signs shall be removed or cov- Retro-reflective sheetings of minimum engi-
ered and superseded by the appropriate tem- neering grade shall be used on all temporary
porary sign. In other words, temporary signs sign.
are used to notify road users of specific haz-
ards which may be encountered when tem- In addition to temporary sign, flashing bea-
porary operations are underway. cons and other form of delineations shall be
used to supplement guidance through the work
Temporary signs shall be placed in zones.
positions where they will convey their mes-
sages most effectively and placement must
therefore be accommodated to highway
design and alignment. The signs shall be so
placed that road users will, have adequate
timer for response.As a general rule signs
shall be located on the left-hand side of the
highway. Where special emphasis is deemed
necessary, dual installations may be made
which consist of duplicate signs opposite
each other on the left and right sides of the
roadway, respectively. Within a construction
or maintenance zone, however, it is often
necessary and/or desirable to erect signs on
portable supports placed within the roadway
itself. It is also permissible to mount
appropriate signs on barricades.

Temporary signs should be mounted

on portable supports that are suitable for
temporary conditions. All such installations
should be so constructed to yield upon
impact and to minimize hazards to
motorists. For maximum mobility on certain
types of maintenance operations, a large
sign may be effectively mounted on a vehi-
cle stationed in advance of the work or mov-
ing along with it. This may be the working
vehicle itself, as in the case of shoulder-
mowing or pavement marking equipment, or

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TEMPORARY SI GNS

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PART TWO: WORK ZONE CON- Most traffic control zones can be divided into
TROL these specific parts:

1. INTRODUCTION a) Advance Warning Area

Whenever work is done on or near the road b) Transition Area
way, driversare faced with ngng nd unex c) Buffer Space
pected traffic conditions. d) Work- Area
These changes may be hazardous for drivers, e) Termination Area.
workers,and pedestrians unless protective
measures are taken. If no lane or shoulder closure is involved,,
the transition area will not be used. In this
Drivers will not make a distinction between chapter, each of the ".Parts" will be-exam
construction, maintenance, or utility opera ined for one direction of travel.-If ,the work
tions. Proper traffic control and safety are activity affects more than one direction of ,
needed for all types of work. travel., the same principles apply, to traffic in
all directions. Figure -2-1, illustrates the five
This part has been designed and written to parts of a traffic .control. zone to be -.,dis
explain the application of the standards to cussed-in this section.
the various' work situations. It should be use
ful to anyone involved with planning, 2.1 Advance Warning Area
designing, :installing, maintaining, and
inspecting traffic control'. The illustra 2.1.1 An advance warning, area is necessary for
tions scan be- used for 'a quick guide for- all traffic control zones because-
various examples of traffic control. rivers.need.to know what to expect. .Before
Contained in this part are guidelines varying reaching the work area, drivers
from planning' traffic control to fit the needs should have, enough time to alter their driv
of a-particular work activity to' the reasons ing patterns. The advance warning area may
for keeping accurate records." vary from as eries of signs starting 1 km, in
advance of the work area to a single sign or
TRAFFIC CONTROL ZONES flashing lights on a vehicle,

When traffic is affected by construction, 2.1.2 When the work area, including access to
maintenance, or utility operations, traffic the work !_,area; is entirely, off the shoulder-
control is needed to` safely guide and protect and the work does ' ,not interfere with traf
motorists,' pedestrians, and workers in fic, an advance warning sign -may not be-
a "traffic control zone". The traffic control needed. An advance warning sign should be
zone is the distance between the first used when any problems or conflicts with
advance warning sign and the point beyond the flow of traffic may be anticipated., °
the work area where traffic is no longer 2.1.3 The advance warning area,from the first
affected. sign to the start of the next area, should be
long enough to give the motorists adequate
time to respond to the conditions. For most
operations, the length can be:

a) 2 km to '1 km for expressways

b) 500m for most rural roadways or open high
ways conditions.
c) at least 100m for urban roadways. 9,8

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2.2 Transition Area 2.2.5 Lane Closure Taper

2.2.1 When work is performed within one or a)The length of taper used to close a lane
more traveled lanes, a lane closure(s) is is determined by the speed of traffic and the
required. In the transition area, traffic is width of the lane to be closed (the lateral dis
channelized from the normal highway lanes tance' traffic is shifted). There are two for
to the path required to move traffic around mulas for determining the length of a taper
the work area. The transition area contains (L) used for lane closures(Figure 2-2 of this
the tapers which are used to close lanes. section). If restricted sight distance is a prob
lem, the taper should begin well. in advance
2.2.2 The transition area should be obvious to of the view obstruction such as sharp vertical
drivers. The correct path, should be clearly or horizontal, curves.
marked with channeliz.ing devices and pave
ment markings so that drivers will not make The beginning of `tapers should of be hidden
a mistake following the old path. Existing behind curves.Figure 2-3 shows the taper
pavement markings need to be removed and lengths, the recommended number, and
new markings placed when they conflict spacing of channelizing devices.
with the transition. Pavement marking
arrows are useful in transition areas. b)Generally, tapers should be .lengthened, not
shortened, to increase their effectiveness.
2.2.3 With moving operations, the transition Observe traffic to see if the taper .is working
area moves with the work area. A shadow correctly, Frequent use of brakes and evi
vehicle may be used to warn and guide traf dence of skid marks is an indication that
fic into the proper lane. either the taper is too short or the advance
warning is inadequate.
2.2.4 A 'taper is a series of channel.izing
devices and pavement markings placed on 2.2.6 Two-Way Traffic Taper
an angle to move traffic out of its normal
path. Four general types of tapers used in a)The two-way traffic taper is used in advance
traffic control zones are: of a work area that occupies part of a two-
way road in such a way that the remainder
a) Lane closure tapers are those necessary for of the road is used alternately by traffic in
closing lanes of moving traffic (sometimes either direction. In this situation, the function
referred to as.channelizing tapers of the taper is not to cause traffic to merge,
but rather to resolve the potential head-on
b) Two-way traffic,tapers are those needed to conflict. A short taper is used to cause traffic
control two-way traffic where traffic is to slow down by giving the appearance of
required to alternately use a single lane restricted alignment. Drivers then have time
(commonly used when flaggers are present) at reduced speed to decide whether to pro
ceed cautiously_ past the work space or to
c) Shoulder closure tapers are those needed to wait for oppos ngtraffic to clear. A flagger is
close shoulder .areas: usually

d')Downstream tapers are those installed to

direc traffic back into its normal path. 29

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b)Two-way traffic tapers should be 15 to 30 2.3.2 The buffer space provides a margin of
meters long, with channelizing devices safety for both traffic and workers If a driv
spaced a maximum of 3 to 6 meters respec er does not see the advance warning or fails
tively, to provide clear delineation of the to negotiate the transition, a buffer space
taper. provides room to stop before the work area.
It is important for the buffer space to be free
2.2.7 Shoulder.Closure Taper of equipment, workers, materials, and work
ers vehicles
a)When an improved shoulder is closed on a
high-speed roadway, it should be treated as a 2:3.3 Place channelizing devices along the edge
closure of a portion of the roadway which of the buffer space. The suggested spacing in
the motorists expects to use in an emergency. meters is equal to two times the spacing for
The work area on the shoulder should be lane closure taper
preceded by a taper that may be shorter than
for lane closures. One-half of the length 2.3.4 Situations may' occur where opposing
from Figure 2-3 is suggested as a maximum streams of traffic are transitioned so one .
for shoulder closure tapers, provided the Lane of traffic uses a lane that normally
shoulder is not used as a travel lane. If the flows in the opposite direction. In these situ
shoulder is being used as a .travel lane, ations, a buffer space should be used to sep
either through practice or through use caused arate the two tapers for opposing directions
by construction, a lane taper closure should of traffic because it could help prevent head-
be placed on the shoulder. on collisions.

2.2.8 Downstream Taper 2.4 Work Area.

a) A downstream taper is used at the, down 2:4.1 The work area is that portion of the
stream, end of the work area to indicate to roadway which contains the work activ ty
drivers that they can move back into the lane and is closed to traffic Viand Set aside for
that was_closed. It is placed in the termina exclusive use by workers, equipment, and
tion area. While closing tapers are optional, construction materials. Work areas may
they may be useful in smoothing traffic flow. remainin fixed locations or' may move as
They, may not be advisable when material work progresses. An empty buffer space
trucks move into the work area by backing may be included at the upstream end. The
up from the downstream end of the work work area is usually delineated by channeliz
area. ing devices or'shielded by barriers to exclude
traffic and pedestrians.
b) Closing tapers are similar in length and spac
ing to two-way traffic -tapers. 2.4.2 Conflicts between traffic` and the work
activity or potential. hazards increase as:
2.3 Buffer Space
a) The work area is closer to the traveled lanes
2.3.1 The buffer space is the open or unoccu
pied space between the transition and work b). Physical,deterrents to normal operation
areas (Figure 2-1). With a moving operation, exist, such as uneven pavements, vehicles
the buffer space is the space between the loading or unloading.
shadow vehicle, if one is used, and the work
vehicle. 31

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c) Peed and volume of traffic :increase 2.5 Termination Area

d)The change, in travel path gets more com 2.5.1 The termination area provides a short dis
plex shifting traffic a few meters in compari tance for traffic to clear the work area and to
son n with shifting traffic across the median return to the normal traffic lanes. It extends
and into lanes normally used by opposing from the down stre Am end of the work area
traffic. to the PEMBINAAN TAMAT sign. A down
stream taper may be placed in the termina
2.4.3 Work areas that remain overnight have a tion area.
greater need for delineation than daytime
operations. 2.4.4 Guidelines 2.5.2 For, some work operations, such as single
location utility or maintenance repair, it may
a) Use traffic control devices to make the work not be necessary to display a sign as it will
area clearly visible to traffic. be obvious to drivers that they have passed
the work area.
b) Place channelizing devices between the
work area and the traveled way. Devices 2.5.3 There are occasions where the termina
placed on a tangent (along the work area) to tion area could include a transition. For
keep traffic out of. a closed lane should be example, if a taper were used to shift traffic
spaced in accordance wi.th the extent and . into opposing lanes. -around the work area,'
type of activity, the speed limit of the road then the termination area should have a taper
way, and the vertical, and horizontal align to shift traffic back to its normal-path., This
ment such that it is apparent the lane is taper would then' be in the %transition area
closed. For highspeed roadways, the devices for' the opposing direction of traffic. It-:is
should be-spaced 2 to 4 times the spacing advisable to use'` a buffer space between the
for lane closure taper.. For-low-speed or tapers` for opposing traffic.
urban roadways, a closer spacing may be
used. 2.5.4 Avoid gaps in the traffic control that
may falsely indicate to drivers that they' have
c) Provide a safe entrance and exit for work passed the work area,- For example; if the
vehicles. work area includes intermittent activity
throughout a 1 - kilometer section, `the drivers
d)Protect mobile and moving operations should be reminded periodically that they are
with adequate warning on the work ,and/or. still. in the work area. The primary purpose of
shadow vehicles. the guide sign KAWASAN KERJA m is to
inform the drivers of the length of the work'
e)Flashing lights and flags should be consid area. It should not be erected until work
ered on work vehicles, exposed to traffic. begins.

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FORMULAS FOR TAPER LENGTH

Posted Speed Formula
65 kmh or under L=ws
155
70 kmh or over L=ws
1.6
Where L= taper length
W= with of lane or offset
S= posted speed, or off-peak 85 percentile speed

Figure 2-2. Formulas for taper lengh

Taper Lengh Number of Spacing of

Speed Lane With in Meters Channelizing Devices Along
Limit Devices for Taper
K.M.H Taper * in Meters

3 3.5 3.75
30 17 20 22 5 6
40 30 35 40 6 7
50 50 55 60 7 9
55 60 70 75 8 10
65 80 95 100 9 12
70 130 155 165 13 13
80 150 175 190 13 15
90 170 195 210 13 16

Figure 2-3. Taper Lengths for Lane Closures-Distance L

* Base on 3.75 meter wide lane. This column is appropriate

for lane widths less than 3.75 meters

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AREA DI STANCE SPACI NG OF
DEVI CES

ADVANCE WARNI NG AREA

Ex pr es s way s 1 - 2 km mi n. 50 m apar t
Rur al Roadway s or Open Hi ghway s ' 500 ` mi n. 50 m apar t
Ur ban Roadway s 100 m ( mi na) mi n. 15 m apar t
TRANSI TI ON AREA;
Lane c l os ur e Taper As i n Fi g. 2- 3 As i n Fi g. 2- - 3
.
2- way Tr af f i c Taper 15 - 30 m 3 _ . 6 m apar t
Shoul der C- l os ur e Taper Hal f t he v al ues of As i n Fi g. 2- 3
Fi g. 2- 3 ( max . )
Downstream Taper 15 - 30 m 3 - 6 m apar t
BUFFER SPACE Ar bi t r ar y - Doubl e t he
v al ues of

ARAHAH TEKNIK (JALAN) 2C/85

,
Fi g. 2- 3
WORK AREA, Ar bi t r ar y Doubl e or f our
.. t i mes t he
v al ues of
Fi g. 2- 3
TERMI NATI ON AREA
Downs t r eam Taper 15 - 300 -, 3 -- 6 m apar t

Fi gur e 2- 4 Details'of Tr af f i c Cont r ol Zone Ar eas

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3.0PLANNING FOR TRAFFIC CON- b) Follow the standards on the use and location
TROL of tapers and transitions. Avoid introducing
severely reduced travel path geometrics at
During,plann ng--for work zones one should the approaches to or within the work area.
strive for the greatest payoff in terms of safety c) Minimize fixed object hazards. For example
and convenience at a cost commensurate with lightweight channelizing devices and sand
the' hazards and problems involved. A,properly bags (to act as a buffer) should be used to
installed,traff c control, zone will allow traffic protect barrier ends. Sand bags are recom
to pass through or around a work zone safely mended too to be,placed on the,.bottom of
and requires time and effort for planning, supports for various devices so they do not
installation, and maintenance. All' employees become a projectile as a result of a collision..
involved with work zone safety should be d) Minimize traffic conflicts with workers and
properly trained.' These include design, traffic equipment. Consider using a portable barrier.
and constnic engiaeers, inspectors, superintend- e) Provide night visibility with illumination,
ents,' and foremen. reflectorized devices, and pavement mark
ings.~,onsider floodlighting hazardous areas.
Planning for traffic, control through a construc- f) Provide safe pedestrian walkways by sepa
tion zone may be more involved than for main- rating pedestrians from vehicular traffic and
tenance or utility zones work activities. Provide safe pedestrian
because of the differences in traffic disruption and.vehicular,access across or through drive
and duration of-the-work. ,Although t-he ways.
°requirements for safety in-all-zones are the g) Store equipment and materials outside the
same, planning`for'the three types of work recovery area for errant vehicles.
operations will be discussed separately. Traffic h) Provide a buffer space between traffic and
volume and length of time that the closure will workers.
be in effect both determine the exposure of traf- i) Provide safe,employee access to work, stor
fic to potential hazards. The goals common to, age areas, businesses, residences, and within
all traffic control zones are: the work area. Provide a safe entrance and
exit for work vehicles. This may require the
a) to minimize accidents and accident severity use of temporary traffic signals, flaggers, or
b) to minimize inconvenience and conflicts as a temporary portable barriers. j) Plan for the
result of the work safety of workers on the project. As required
by safety and health regulations, provide
3.1 Minimize Accidents safety clothing, hardhats, and equipment for
employees.
3.1.1 For all work zones, the first fundamental
principle is that safety should have a high
priority through all stages of the work:

3.1.2 Guidelines

a) Use traffic control devices that are visible

and effective.

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k) Flashing lights and flags should be utilized h)Emergency vehicles should have a high
on work vehicles exposed to traffic. To pro priority in passing through a work zone or
tect mobile and moving operations, shadow using an alternate route
vehicles may be used and equipped with i) Access to police and fire stations, fire
signs, flags, and flashing lights as' appropri hydrants, and hospitals should be maintained
ate. at all times.

3.2 M;inimize Inconvenience 3.3 Utility Work Zones

3.2.1 Work in or near traveled lanes couses 3.3.1Utility work may be divided into three
confusion and disruption of normal traffic. classifications; emergency, maintenance, and
The traffic control plan should be aimed at new construction. The guidelines for traffic
reducing inconvenience and conflicts. control listed here are for normal situations
and additional protection should be provided
3,2.2 Guidelines. when special complexities and hazards
exist.
a) Close only those lanes that must be closed,
and reopen them as soon as practicable to 3.3.2. Emergency Work
maintain maximum roadway capacity.
b) Avoid-severe-speed reductions. a) Can occur at any time of day or night b)
c) Avoid,,traffic delays that could cause back May be caused by storm damage
ups. c) May involve customer disruptions of utility
d) void scheduling work during peak hours and service.
holidays. d) Work operation usually involves a small
e) Prepare an alternate route or plan in case of crew and a work vehicle for a short period of
an accident or other emergency. If an alter time.
nate route is not feasible be prepared to e)The work ve:licle should be equipped with a
use signs, flaggers, and radio announcements yellow flashing li;ht,a limited number of
to warn traff.ic of the backup and explain the portable signs and channelizing devices in
delay. good condition, and equipment for flaggers
f) Reduce inconveniences forpedestri in the event they are needed.
ans and bicycles by providing the shortest f) The extent of traffic control may be less than
and safest path, safe clearances and mini longer term construction or maintenance, yet
mum grades, steps, and curbs. the safety of pedestrians, motorists, and
g) Emergency organizations, such as police, workers should be provided.
fire, and ambulance services, should be noti
fied prior to the start of work, allong time for 3.3.3 The public will. not easily make a dis
them to adjust their routes. tinction between maintenance and new con
struction so the type of traffic control-used-
should be adequate for the nature, location, a
nd duration of work, type of roadway, traffic
volume and speed, and potential hazard.
New construction and some maintenance
activities are planned (as opposed to emer
gency activities) so these guidelines should
be followed.

a) In urban areas, consider avoiding the hours

of peak traffic when scheduling work.
b) Maintain street and road work areas for only

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as long as is necessary to safely move in, be fully coordinated with the District JKR
finish the - work, remove all utility work having jurisdiction over the roadway.
signs, and move out.
c) Take special care to clearly mark suitable 3.4 Highway Maintenance Work Zones
boundaries for the work space with channel
izing devices so pedestrians and drivers can 3.4.1 Maintenance operations are needed to
see the work space. If any of the traveled preserve, repair and restore the roadways and
lanes are closed, tapers shall be used as include those activities performed on travelway
required. If a shoulder is closed, a shoulder surfaces, shoulders, roadsides, drainage facili-
taper is suggested. ties, bridges, signs, markings, and signals.
d) Pedestrians should not be expected to walk
on a path which is inferior to the previous 3.4.2 These operations may be emergencies
path. Loose dirt, mud, broken concrete, or (as a result of storms or accidents), or planned
steep slopes may force pedestrians to walk activities. They may be stationary, mobile, or
oh the roadway rather than the sidewalk. moving operations. The traffic control needed
Repairs (temporary or permanent) to dam will vary according to the nature, location and
aged sidewalks should be made quickly. This duration of work, type of roadway and speed of
may include bridging with steel plates or traffic and potential hazard. It is intended that
good quality wood supports. the guidance in this section will apply to utility
e) Any"work which cannot be completed dur work, maintenance, and construction work
ing the day and impedes traffic or presents a zones.
hazard overnight might need additional
attention. Reflectorized signs and channel 3.5 Traffic Control Plans for
iz.ing devices are required. Warning lights Construction Operations
are optional' but should: be considered.
f) Any member of the crew who serves as a 3.5.1 The following factors need to be consid-
flagger should be equipped with a red flag or ered for the Traffic Control Plans:
a circular red (stop) paddle, a reflective vest,
and be trained for proper flagging proce a) Economic and community
dures. * commercial business districts
g) Work areas :involving excavations on. the * residential locations
roadway generally should-not' exceed the * recreation areas
width of one traffic lane at a time. The work * shopping centers
should be stage and, if needed, approved * railroad crossings
bridging should be utilized. This type of * rural areas
activity should * other work planned adjacent to: or within the
area of the project

b) Traffic
* volumes
* bicycle
* large vehicles such as trucks and buses
* speed of traffic
* capacity of roadway
* traffic signal operation (effect on existing..
vehicle detectors)

c) Seasonal changes and weather.

* maintaining traffic control during seasonal.
shutdowns

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* loss of visibility and damage to devices dur f) Scaled drawings of construction stages,-
ing rain .including detours
* maintenance of traffic control devices (clean g) Schedules for times during the day when
ing, cutting vegetation away from signs) work is permitted or when certain lanes should
remain open
.3.5.2 A 24-hour work day may be desirable
as it allows the total number of working days to 3.6 Detours, Transitions, and
be decreased. Consideration should include: Median Crossovers

a) Neighbourhood objection to nightime noise. 3.6.1 Studies have shown that reliance upon
b) Higher percentage of drinking drivers at speed zone signing solely is not an effective
night method of reducing travel speed in work
c) Limited available commercial services, such zones. This should' be recognized during
as supply of ready-mix concrete or.aggregate the desipn6f the project and the following
are some guidelines for determining speed
3.5.3 The controlled staging of construction limits in detours transitions and median
should be considered, including: crossovers:

a) The location of work (on roadway,: shoul a) Detours and crossovers should be designed
ders, or sidewalks) b)The number of lanes for speeds equal. to the existing speed limit
required for- the-work activity if at all possible. Speed reductions should
c) Hours of a day during which a ,lane may be not be more than 20km/h below the limit of
closed the entering roadway.
d) Whether work may progress simultaneously `b) Where a speed reduction greater than
in both directions of traffic 20km/h is unavoidable, the transition to the
e) The length of the work area (controlled stag lower limit should be made in' steps of not
ing such as guardrail removal and immediate more than 20km/h.
replacement) c) Where severe speed reductions are necessary
f) Minimize time of exposure to hazards such police or flaggers may be used in addition to
as dropoffs advance signing. The conditions requiring
g) Time .involved, such as curing bridge decks. the reduced speed should be alleviated as
h) Remove or protect hazards created by the soon as possible.
work activity within the recovery area such
as boulders, drainage basins, pipe, head
walls, blunt ends of guardrails, and sign sup 3.7Transitional Areas from
ports Construction Zones to Sections of
i) Delays during traffic control set-up and take Older Roadways.
down time (preferably during low traffic vol
ume periods) 3.7.1 Transitional areas from construction
zones to sections of older highways should
3.5.4 Materials developed for the Traffic be carefully designed and located so that the
Control Plans may include but are not limited driver can adjust to the reduced standards or
to: changed conditions. It should be recognized
that these transitional, areas may remain in
a) Scaled drawings of the control zone place for a period of time until. the adjacent
b) List of devices selected for installation c) section of roadway is improved.
Special manpower needs, such as flaggers d) The following factors should be considered
Copies of permits when designing, constructing, and operating
e) Phone numbers of officials to"be contacted these transitional areas:
in an emergency

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a) Provide adequate sight distance and geomet 4.0 FUNCTION OF DEVICES

rics consistent with the roadway'having the
higher - design speed. Traffic control devices include signs, signals,
b) If channelizing devices, other than portable lighting units, pavement markings, delin
barriers, are used, they should be lightweight eators, channelizing units, hand :signaling
or yielding. signs or flags, and portable barriers which
c) Sign supports should be yielding or break are used. to warn, guide, or regulate traffic.
away. Pavement markings should be used to This chapter discusses proper application,
provide a well defined path. and placement for various devices used.
d) Transitional area should be kept clear: of Figure 4-1 notes how several devices may be
unnecessary hazards. attached to other devices and supports.

4.1 Signs

4.1.1 Typical temporary signs for construction

and maintenance are available and shown in
the illustrations at the end of Part One.

4.1.2 Choosing Signs

a) Choose-signs that are appropriate; signs

that accurately describe the work sit
uation.
b)Choose the message on signs according to
what action the driver needs to take. Use
larger signs when greater visibility is desired,
as with high speed or volume. Avoid mes
sages having only a local meaning since it
may not be clear to strangers.

c) Start with a .common sign at the beginning

of the work area. Then; use signs with more
specific messages,, with the most specific
sign, stating what action should be taken,
closest to the work area Drivers sometimes
forget what they are told so the last sign in
the advance warning area should tell them
specifically what to look for or expect, such
as a flagger car A one-lane road:

d) The massage 'PEMBINAAN DI HADA-

PAN" or "ORANG BEKERJA DI HADA-
PAN" with an appropriate distance, is used on
the signs. Use the end of the advance warning
area as deciding on the distance on the signs.
For example KAWASAN KERJA 1000 m
means that the advance warning area ends, and
the transition or work area starts.

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e) The overall effect of the signs should be to hills, curves,: buildings, and vegetation.
make the driver aware of what he is proach Larger signs or higher mounting should be
ing and what action may be required. considered.
f) The warning area length for moving opera
tions will vary according to geometrics and 4.1..5: Speed zone signing, either advisory or
sight distance. regulatory, is usually not an effective way to
control traffic. Posting severely reduced
4.1.3 Sign Spacing speed limits that cannot be enforced is par
ticularly ineffective. The need for speed
a) Where a series of advance warning signs are reduction must be obvious to drivers.
used, the warning sign nearest the worksite Drivers will slow down only if they see that
should be approximately 150m from the they need to Emphasis is needed to provide
point of restriction with the additional signs good geometrics in transitions.
at 150-300 meter intervals.
4.1.6 If traffic is heavy and becomes backed
b) A "rule-of-thumb" for the spacing between up, additional warning signs should be
signs in a series is: placed in advance of the backup.

* 50m for urban, residential or business dis 4.1.7 A drive-through check, both day and
tricts, or with speeds under 60km/h night, should be made to determine if signs
* 150m for urban arterials, and rural roads, or have been properly spaced to allow adequate
with speeds over 60km/h driver response time.
* 300m for expressways
4.1.8 Signs may be attached to posts or
4.1.4, The :location of` the advance warning portable supports. Use fixed sign supports on
area may need to be adjusted when special long-term projects. Portable supports are
problems are encounted. more practical for-short-term projects or
changing activities such as flagging.
a) Urban: distance restrictions can be imposed Lightweight, yielding,-or breakaway sup
by the length of city blocks, additional ports should be used for all sign installations.
advance warning - may be necessary due To avoid glare from headlights, signs may be
to. 'extra'' intersections created by--alleys, tilted back and away slightly from the
shopping centers, and side roads. roadway.
b) Rural.,open highway: there is a need for
greater warning distances and larger signs 4.1.9 Minimum height and lateral clearance
c) Divided roadways and-one-way streets with for signs attached to posts are shown in
two or more lanes in one direction: signing Figure 4-2. Signs on portable pports should
on both sides of the roadway should be con be at least 0.3m above the roadway.
sidered if a median is available: Existing Sign,locations and mounting heights may be
overhead sign structures may be used for the adjusted above the minimum requirements
signs. to obtain good visibility 4.1.10 Reflectorized
d) Signs should be high enough to be seen signs should be checked periodically for
over parked cars or heavy traffic. proper reflectivity and cleanliness. One
e) Signs should not block the view of vehicles method is to drive through the work zone at
entering the area. night using low-beam headlights. Another
f) All signs should be carefully placed for best method .is for the inspector to use a piece of
visibility. Existing signs which are not need ref.lectorized sign material (inspector's
ed during the work activity should be guide) which.has been predetermined by the
removed. In most cases, the signs should be respective supplier agency to be of minimum
moved in front of view obstructions, such as acceptable quality for reflectivity; Place the

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inspector's, guide on the sign to be inspected. 4.2.3 Drums

Step back about 10 meters, view the sign
and inspector's guide with a flashlight held a) Drums are used as either channelizing or
close to the eye. If the inspector's guide is warning devices. These devices may be
brighter than the sign, the sign should be highly visible, give the appearance of being
cleaned and/or replaced. formidable objects and, therefore, command
the respect of drivers. Generally drums are'
4.1.11 Illuminated signs should be considered: limited to longer-term work operations
when a reflectorized sign 'ia not effective, as because of the size and weight. For stability,
when.,the sign is overhead or when a small amount of sand may be placed in the
background light sources reduce: the sign's drum. (see Figure 4-3)
visibility. b) Disadvantages of drums are the possibility
of rolling across the road when hit and diffi
4.2 Channelizing Devices culties of storage and placement

4.2..1. Cones 4:2.4 Barricades

a) Cones are lightweight channelizing devices a) Barricades should be constructed of light

that may be stacked for storage, are easy to weight materials. Barricades are classified as
place and remove, and are minor impedence Types I, II, and III. (The type is determined
to traffic flow. For stability, a rubber or sand by the number of rails facing traffic) Types I
collar or specially weighted base may be and II are normally used for either channel
added. Cones cause no damage when hit. izing or marking hazards, while Type III are
They shall be at least 450mm high, but taller used for road closures. (See Figure 4-3).
cones-should,be,used on expressways and b) Types I and II have stripes on both sides and
other roadways-where speeds are relatively may be used to separate opposing lanes of
high, or wherever more conspicuous; guid traffic. Type III usually faces one direction of
ance.is,needed. Taller cones, 900mm high, traffic, so the stripes are on one side only.
have good daytime visibility, see Figure 4-3 The stripes should slope' down toward the
b) The disadvantages of cones are that drivers side where traffic is to pass.
have less respect for them and they are easi c). Barricades may be highly visible due to that
ly displaced or knocked over unless properly large amount of reflective area,offer a means
weighted down. of supporting signs, and are useful for pedes
trian control. They may, however, be cum
4.2.2 Vertical Panels bersome, for short-term projects and, if the
barricades are heavy and rigid, may cause
a) Vertical panels are used as either channeliz excessive damage: if hit.
ing or warning devices but are not as
portable or easy to install as cones. They 4.2.5 Sharp Deviation Signs
should be mounted on lightweight posts
driven into the ground or placed on a) Sharp deviation signs should be constructed
lightwight portable supports and may be of lightweight materials. They are normally
mounted back to back and used between used to warn drivers of sharp deviation or
opposing lanes of traffic (see Figure 4-3) sharp change in the horizontal alignment of
b) Vertical panels are advantageous in narrow the roadway.(see Figure 4-3)
areas, where barricades and drums would be b) Sharp.dev ation sign should be highly visible
too wide and the V-shaped,-reflective stripes should
always point to the alternative direction that
the traffic should .. take.

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4.2.6 Tubular Markers rary barriers to adjacent existing barriers or

guardrails.
a) Tubular markers are similar to cones in that f) Exposed ends of barriers should have crash
they are lightweight, easy to install, and are a cushions to protect traffic. Another way to
minor impedence to traffic flow. Tubular protect traffic is to flare the ends away from
markers may be set in special weighted the roadway by extending the barrier beyond
bases or fastened directly to the pavement. the clear roadside recovery area
They offer a particular advantage, due to the
narrow size, to form new lanes or separate 4.3 Markings
two-way traffic for a 'short-term activity.
b) Tubular markers shall be at least 450mm, 4.3.1 Pavement Markings a) Drivers use
high, with taller devices preferred for better pavement markings as a primary means
visibility. They have the same disadvantages of guidance. Pavement markings include
as cones with the addition that tubular mark lane stripes, edge stripes, centerline stripes,
ers have less visible ar;a. See Figure 4-3 pavement arrows and word messages.
Markings are made of (with bead reflector
4.2.7 Barriers ization)paint, raised reflectorized markers,
preformed reflectorized plastics, hot reflec
a) There are four primary functions of barriers torized plastics, epoxies and other materials
* Keep traffic from entering a work area or placed by heating and spraying
from hitting an exposed object or excavation b) The standard markings planned, for the road
* Provide positive protection for workers should be in-place before opening a new
* Separate two-way traffic facility to traffic. Also, if revised lane pat
* Protect construction such as falsework terns are planned for the work zone, tempo
bridges. rary markings should be placed before the
traffic is changed. Where this is not feasible,
b) Portable barriers are made of concrete, such as during the process of making a traf
metal or other materials and are strong fic shift or carrying traffic through surfacing
enough to prevent vehicle penetration and to operations, temporary delineation may be
redirect vehicles. Portable concrete barriers accomplished with lines of traffic cones or
may be precast sections with built-in con other channelizing devices.
necting devices. c) When.pavement,_placed ,during the day is
c) Barriers may serve the additional function of to be opened to traffic at night and perma
channelizing traffic. When used as channel nent striping cannot be placed before the end
izing devices, barriers should be light in of work, a temporary stripe should be
color for increased visibility. Delineators or applied to provide an indication to the driver
steady-burn warning lamps may be attached of the location of the lane or centerline.,
to the barrier for channelization. A solid Standard marking patterns are most desirable
edgeline may be placed on the pavement for this use. One rockscreened seal, coats,
adjacent to the barrier. striping shrould be pplied.follow.ng`removal
d) The need for barriers should be based on an of excess screenings.
engineering analysis. Concrete safety-shape d) For relatively long-term. use or when the
barriers are designed surface is to be covered later with another
to minimized the damage when they are hit. layer, reflectorized traffic'paint,:or pre
When a barrier is used in a lane closing situ formed:adhesive-backed tape, `-with or.-
ation, the barrier should be preceded with ,without .raisedpavement markers should be
channelizing devices placed along a standard considered. For relatively short-term use,
lane closing taper'. and when frequent-shifts are,- to be made,
e) On construction projects, particular attention adhesive-backed reflectorized tape is useful.
is needed for connecting portable or tempo Raised pavement markers may be used to

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form the pavement markings or may be used edge of divided highways and on one way
to supplement marked stripes. High speeds roadways, they shall be yellow.
and volumes of traffic may justify raised
markers for even comparatively short peri 4.4 Lighting Devices
ods". They are particularly valuable at
points. of curvature and transition. 4.4.1 Warning Lamps
e) Pavement arrows are useful in guiding traffic
when the traveled way does not coincide a) Most of the warning lamps in common use
with the configuration of the exposed surface are portable lens directed enclosed units and
area, such as when the color of the transition may be used on channel izing devices and
pavement is different from the existing pave signs., The color of the light emitted shall be
ment. Pavement arrows are especially useful yellow (amber). They may be used in either
on a two-way, undivided roadway a steady burning or flashing mode.
to remind driver of opposing traffic. TWO- b) The principal: types and uses of warning
WAY TRAFFIC . signs should be used :in lights are:
conjunction with the arrows for the applica * Flashing lamps, Type A are appropriate for
tion. The arrows should' be completely use on a channel izing device, such as a
removed once the two-way traffic condition barricade, to warn of an isolated hazard at
is no longer needed. night
f) Whenever traffic is shifted from its normal * High intensity lamps Type B, are appropri
path, 'whether a lane .s closed, lanes are nar ate to use on advance warning signs day and
rowed, or traffic is shifted onto another road night.
way or a detour, * Steady burning lamps, Type C, are appro
conflicting pavement marking shouia be prite for use on a series.of channelizing
removed. Exceptions to this may be made devices which either form the taper to close
for short-term operations, such as a work a lane or shoulder or keep a section of lane
zone under flaggers control, moving or or shoulder closed, and are also appropriate
mobile operations. Use of raised pavement on the channelizing devices alongside of the
markings or removable markings may be work area at-night. (see Figure 4-1)
economical since they are usually easier'to
remove when no longer needed. 3.2 4.4.2 Work vehicles in or near the traffic areas
are hazards and should be equipped with
4.3.2 Delineators flashing lights. The vehicle warning lights
may be emergency flashers, flashing, strobe
a) Delineators are refliective units with a mini or rotating beacons. High intensity lights are
mum dimension of approximately 75mm. effective both day and night. These lights
The reflector units can be seen up to 300m, should be used in addition to other channel
under normal conditions, when reflecting the izing and warning devices. However, in
high beams of a car, and should be installed some emergency situations, where the work
1.2m, above the roadway on lightweight will. be in progress for a short time, these
posts. flashing vehicle lights may be the only warn
b) Delineators should not be used alone as ing device.
channel zing devices in work zones but may
be used to supplement these channel zing 4.4.3 Floodlights
devices in outlining the correct vehicle path.
They are not to be used as a warning device. a) Floodlights are used to light work activities,
To be effective, several delineators need to flagger stations and other restricted or haz
be seen at the same time. The delineators ardous areas at night when area lighting is
should be white on the left side and red on not sufficient. Floodlights should be posi
the right side of the roadway. On the right tioned or shielded to prevent glare to the

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drivers. The increased visibility provided by shoulder and there is no interference which
floodlighting may enable the driver to requires the adjacent traveled lan 'to be
y see distracting portions of the work area. In closed.
this case, steady-burning warning lights * when the flagger is controlling traffic on a
mounted on channelizing devices may be normal two lane two-way road.
advisable. Floodlighting -. :the work-area
cannot be considered as illuminating signs or Use of the arrow modes under the above
devices. Each illuminated sign or device conditions will lead to the loss of credibility
should have its own light source. when the arrow mode is.:: used-' for -:Lane-
b) During the planning and design of a road chosures.,o-v moving operations.
way improvement project, consideration
may be given to specifying that proposed d) The caution modes may be used for station
road lighting be completed as one of ary or moving work operations on or outside
the earlier stages during construction. of the shoulder. The caution mode may be
Consideration should also be given for pro used in addition to other, devices such as
viding temporary luminaries at certain loca signs, channelizing devices, flashing vehicle
tions such as the work activity, certain cross . lights.
roads, and transitions. e) As large arrow panels can be seen from 1600
meters away, they are especially effective in
4.4.4 Arrow Panels high-volume or high-speed areas and for
moving operations either on the work or
a) Arrow panels are signs with a matrix of shadow vehicle. For day and night use,
lights capable of either flashing or sequential arrow panels.should be equipped with both
displays. Flashing arrow panels are effective an, automatic and manual dimming device
day and night, for moving traffic out of a capable of 50 percent dimming from rated l
lane to the right, to the left, or both, and may amp voltage. The flashing rate of the lamps
be used for tapered lane closures, diversions shall not be less than 25 times per minute.
of traffic, and;moving,operati.ons. There are Circular hoods are recommended around
two types of arrow panels, flashing and each of the lenses to prevent side distraction
sequencing. Flashing arrow panels have four at night.
operating modes: f) The most commonly used panel. face is rec
* right arrow tangular in shape, solid construction and
* left arrow should be finished nonreflective black. The
* night and left arrow panels shall be mounted on a vehicle, trailer,
* caution mode (four or more lamps arranged or other suitable supports. Vehicle mounted
in pattern which does not indicate a direc panels should be provided with remote con
tion). trols. See Figure 4-4.

S querieng arrow panels have several arrow 4.4.5 Hazard Identification Beacons
heads that flash Yn a series, direct ngtra to
the right or left. a) A hazard identification beacon is a flashing
yellow signal. light (minimum diameter
c)The flashing-or-sequencing arrow modes 200mm) used at points of special. hazard as
should not be used under the folaow.ing con a means of calling drivers atten
ditions: Lion to these locations. When used,
used, the flashing beacon should operate 24
* Wfen the location for the work does not hours a day.
require ariy lanes to be efosed or traffic b) On construction projects, because of the
diverted. time and effort required to install and put
* When all of the work is on or outside the these units into operation, hazard identifica

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tion beacons are used, generally, only at b) Flaggers need to know the correct ways to
locations where frequent changes would not stop, slow down or keep traffic moving.
be required. They should also know how to be courteous
c) Harzard identification beacons may be oper to the public to explain delays or to help
ated singly or in groups containing more motorists. It is recommended that the flagger
than one unit. They are brighter than flashing be given a pocket instruction card for refer
warning lamps,Types A and B because they ence that shows the proper methods for con
are like one lens of a traffic signal. trolling traffic.
d) During normal. daytime maintenance opera
tions, the functions of flashing beacons are 4.6.2 Flagger Guidelines
adequately provided for by the lighting
equipment on maintenance vehicles, either a) Flaggers are responsible for the safety of
emergency flasher, the rotating dome light, traffic and workers; their job is .important.
or both. However, at locations where the They can promote good public relations
daytime maintenance acti'vi'ty requires an because they have close public contact.
obstruction to remain in the roadway at The image they project is often responsible
night, flashing beacons may be installed at for the public's attitude toward the entire
the point of hazard. At locations where van work operation.
dalism is no problem, the power may be pro b) For short work areas where both ends can be
vided by a portable electric generator. Do not seen at the same time, only one flagger is
use flashing beacons for channelization. needed.Both directions of traffic must be
able to see the flagger and -.to recognize the-
4.5 Shadow Vehicles person as a flagger. If this is not possible
with one flagger use two.
4.5.1 Moving operations, such as lane striping c) Fiaggers should be visible, always face traf
or sweeping, need traffic controls that move fic and be prepared to warn the worker to.get
with the work.operations. Shadow vehicles out of the way if necessary. Do not allow
may be used to assist traffic control for mov other workers to gather n?ar the flagger .
ing operations.Signs and other warning During lunch or other breaks, flaggers
devices may be placed on the work vehicle should leave their station so that drivers will
(depending on the type of work) or the shad know that the flaggers are not on duty, and
ow vehicle, or both. not think they are ignoring their duties.
d.)Whenever a flagger is on duty, the advance
4.5.2 Need for shadow vehicle depends on the flagger sign should be displayed to traffic.
speed of traffic compared to the speed of the When a flagger is not on duty remove or
work vehicle, exposure of workers to traffic cover the sign. The responsibility for placing
and the type of work activity. Signs, flags, or and removing the PENGAWAL BEDERA
flashing l'i'ghts may be attached to shadow DI HADAPAN signs should be assigned to
vehicles to warn traffic. specific person.

4.6 Flagging e.) Schedule both work and relief hours for
flaggers, and replacement flaggers should be
4.6:1 Flagger Training available. Choose flaggers who are alert,
have good eyesight, quick reflexes and a
A) Attention should be given to proper thorough understanding of their job.
instruction of all personnel who are flaggers, f) Orange or fluorescent orange clothing such
starting with the basics of flagging. New as a vest, shirt, or jacket for flaggers is
flaggers should have a special introductory required. For nighttime conditions, similar
training session and all flaggers need period outside garments and the flags used shall be
ic reminders as well, as close supervision. reflectorized. Flaggers may use either a red,

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600mm square flag or 600mm diameter cir * through areas requiring,-one-way traffic
cular Stop-Go paddle. (see Figure 4-5 and 4- operations
6).
g) On longer work areas, use two or more flag b) The traffic signal shall be installed in accor
gers, and one of them should be designated dance with the standards set forth by JKR
as chief flagger. The chief flagggr's job is to and must be based upon a traffic engineering
provide coordination. A two-way radio may study.
be needed for communication between two
or more flaggers. A flag or other token may 4.7.2 Crash Cushions
be used where the flaggers cannot see each
other. The flag or token is given to the last a) Crash cushions are devices designed to
driver, in line going through the work °zone absorb the energy of a colliding vehicle in a
and turned over to the flagger at the other controlled manner such that the impact
end to indicate that it is clear to send traffic forces on the passengers are tolerable. Two
through in the other direction. types of crash cushions commonly used in
work zones are sand-filled plastic barrels
4.6.3 Flagging Procedures a) To Stop Traffic and "Guardrail Enemy Absorbing Terminal"
The flagman shall face traffic and extend the b) Crash cushions should be designed to meet
flag horizontally across the traffic lane in a the needs of each location, depending on the
stationary position so that the full area of the type length and width of the hazard.
flag is visible hanging below.the staff. For Crash cushions are used to protect traffic
greater emphasis, the free arm may be raised from hazards such as exposed barrier ends or
with the plam toward approaching traffic. bridge parapets. Crash cushions may be
(Figure 4-5) mounted on shadow vehicles and work vehi
cles to protect traffic during construction,
b) Traffic To Proceed. maintenance, and utility operations.
The flagman shall stand parallel to the traffic
movement and with flag and arm lowered 4.7.3 Fillet of Material
from view of the driver, motion traffic ahead
with his free arm. Flags shall not be used to e.) A fillet of material is a "wedge" of gravel,
signal traffic to proceed. (Figure 4-5) sand or other material placed in a manner
that will provide stability for errant vehicle
c) To slow Traffic and used to reduce the dropoff as a result of
Where it is desired, to alert or slow traffic by an excavation.
means of flagging, the flagman shall face b) This fillet of material can be used when
traffic and slowly wave the flag in a sweep work in the excavation is discontinued for a
ing motion of the extended arm from the short period of time, as at night, and
shoulder level to straight down without rais Frequently this 'wedge' is composed of the
ing the arm above a horizontal position same material which is either being excavat
(Figure 4-5) ed or back filled (such as crushed rock base
course).
4.7 Miscellaneous

4.7.1 Traffic Signals

a) Standard traffic signals may, be used for

work zone traffic control for these types of
applications.
* a highway intersection with a temporary
haul road' or equipment crossing.

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POST, SINGLE SUPPORTS

BARICADES, TYPE I&II

BARICADES, TYPE III

SHADOW VEHICLE
VERTICAL PANELS
CONES & TUBES

WORK VEHICLE
SUPPORTS

BARRIERS
DRUMS
SIGNS
ATTACHMENTS
SIGN
FLAGS
DELINEATORS
FLASHING LIGHT, TYPE 'A'
FLASHING LIGHT, TYPE 'B'
STEADY BURN LIGHT, TYPE 'B'
ARROW PANEL
CRASH SUSHION

NOTE : Shaded blocks indicate appropriate devices may be attached to other

devices or supports

FIG. 4-1 SIGN AND DEVICES THAT MAY BE MAUNTED

ON OR USED I COMBINATION WITH OTHER
DEVICES

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5 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS (LAY cent to the roadway at certain stages of the

OUTS) activity.
(b)Equipment maybe moved along or across
Each traffic control zone is different, with the highway.
variables such as speed, volume, location of (c Motorists may be distracted by the,work
work, pedestrians and intersections changing activity.
the needs for each zone. The' goal of a traf
fic control zone is safety, and the key factor 5.2 Work On Or Over Shoulder. Or, Parking,
in making the control zone work is the appli Lane
cation of proper judgement. The examples
apply the standards. 5.2.1No encroachment.in the travelled
lane.,means there is no direct interference
The typical applications include use of with traffic. When shoulder ,s occupied or
various traffic control methods, although closed, the motorist should be advised and
they do not include' a layout for every con the workers should be protected.- Usually, a
ceivable' work situation.Typical applications single warning sign is adequate, When an
may be altered to fit the conditions of a par improved shoulder,is closed on a high-speed
ticular work area. roadway, it should be treated, as a closure of
a portion of the road.system which, the
On many of the typical applications, the motorist expects to be able to use in an mer
existing pavement markings have been either gency. The work area on the shoulder
marked or changed to'ind'icate those that should.be closed off; by a.taper of.,channel
should be changed for long-term projects. If izing devices
the project is short-term, such as 1-day main
tenance operations, the pavement markings 5.2.2 Minor encroachment in the travelled
may not' need to be removed and replaced lane-means when work on the shoulder or,
although guidance should be provided with takes up.;part ,of a lane,, traffic volumes,
channelizing devices. type of traffic (buses, trucks:- and. cars),
speed, and capacity should be analyzed to
Figure 5-1 shows the typical traffic control determine whether the affected lane .should
devices needed for various work zones. It be; closed. Figure 5-2 illustrates.a method
indicates how traffic control increases as for handling traffic where the work area
work approaches the travelled lane and as encroaches slightly into the trav
con flict with traffic increases. Some of the elway.For high-speed traffic conditions a
less complicated work zones are not illustrat lane closure should be considered.
ed. The typical traffic control devices for
such zones are given in Figure 5-1. 5.3 Work On Two-bane Roadway

5.1- Work Entirely Beyond Shoulder or Parking .5.3.1 When one. lane:is closed:on a two-lane,,
Lane two-way road, the remaining lane must be
used by traffic travelling in both dire
5.1.1 Traffic control depends primarily on cions.The short two-way.traffic taper (15
devices such as.advance meters minimum) .:i,s.used to slow traffic as
warning signs, flashing vehicle lights and f lags it, approaches the work space. Alternate
An advance warning sign should be- used one-way traffic control may be;.affected by
when any of the following conditions may the following means:
occur.
(a) Two flaggers one.,,-at each end of the work
(a) Work will be performed immediately adja area.

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(b) One flagger can assign right-of-way at a izing devices along the centerline and out
short work area with low volumes. side of the work activity and give advance
(c)For very short work areas at a spot location warning to the opposing traffic. An alterna
here traffic volumes and speeds are very low tive is to close the two center lanes, as
the move ment may be self-regulating. This shown in Figure 5-6, to give traffic and
method is not satisfactory when the work workers additional protection and provide
area is near sharp hills and curves. easier access to the work area. Overall safety
(d) A pilot car considered with existing traffic volumes in
(e) Temporary traffic signals for long duration each direction are the main factors for deter
projects. mining alternates.

5.3.2 If the work area ends near the curve or 5.4.3 Two Lanes Closed
hill, a flagger should be stationed at both
ends of the work area. The transition area (a) When the work occupies both lanes for
should be adjusted so that the flagger and the one direction of traffic, the number of lanes
entire taper will be visible before the curve remaining open may be "reduced to one for
or hill for an adequate stopping sight dis each direction, Figure 5-7. A capacity analy
tance. Refer to Figures 5-3 and .5-4. sis is necessary before this method is initiat
ed. Move traffic over one lane at a time and
5.4 Work On Four-Lane, Two-Way Roadway separate the tapers by a distance of 2L
(Undivided) (where L = _SW for S > 70km/h or L =.W
_SZ for S < 65km/h). When 1'6 both cen
5.4.1 Left Lane Closed ter lanes arelosed, traffic controls may be
used as indicated in Figure 5-6
(a) Traffic controls similar to Figure 5-8(a)
may be used for four-lane roads,, either undi 5.5 Work On A One-Way Or Divided
vided or divided. If traffic volumes are high, Roadway
traffic may back up as a result. If morning
and evening peak hourly traffic volumes in 5.5.1 One Lane Closed
the two directions. are uneven and the
greater volume is on the side where the work (a) An example of. a left hand closure is shown
is being done, the inside lane for opposing in Figure 5-8(a) for 'a four-lane divided road
taffic may be closed and made available way.
to the side with heavier traffic. A volume
checkin both directions should be made 5.5.2 Two Lanes Closed On A Four-Lane
before this method is used, Figure 5-5. Roadway
(b) If the heavier traffic changes to the oppo
site direction, the traffic control in Figure 5-5 (a) Two lanes of a four-lane roadway may be
can be changed to allow .two lanes for closed by using two tapers and separating
opposing traffic by moving the devices from them by a distance of 2L (Figure 5-9).
the opposing lane back to the centerline. (If Careful analysis of roadway capacity should
these changes occur frequently, use cones at be made first. This type of closure is usually
close spacing to emphasize lane lines and limited to non-peak hours of traffic.
centerline).
5.5.3 Center Lane Closed On A Three-Lane
5.4.2 Right Lane Closed Roadway

(a) If the work activity can be contained (a) To close the center lane, first channelize
entirely within the right (or inside) lane, then traffic out of the right lane and into the cen
only that lane may be closed. Place channel ter lane. The traffic in the center lane can

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then be directed around the work area by a 5.8 Short-Term Utility Operations
second taper. This is illustrated in
Fig..5.10(a). Another method is shown in 5.8.1 Despite the shortness of "short-term"
Figure 5-10(b) for traffic of. lesser volume. operations, certain traffic controls are neces
sary.
5.6 Mobile Operations
5.8.2 In urban areas, the work vehicle may be
5.6.1 Mobile operations are work activities used for warning if it is equipped with flash
that make frequent short stops up to a 15- ing lights, rotating beacons, or flags.
minute period, such as litter cleanup or pot
hole patching and are similar to stationary 5.8.3, Figures .5-12 is specifically included as
lights, flags, and/or channelizing devices typical applications for utility operations.
should be used. Other typical: applications may apply as
well.
5.6.2 - Do not decrease safety by using fewer
devices simply because the operation will 5.8.4 When, entering or leaving a manhole,
change its location frequently. Use more vis workers should always face oncoming traf
ible devices which are portable. Flaggers fic, so that they can get out of the way if
may be used but caution must b e taken so necessary. Materials or equipment should be
they are not exposed to unnecesary hazards. stored away from the manhole opening.
Move the control devices periodically to
keep them near the work area. 5.9 Urban Areas

5.7- Moving Operations 5.9.1 Urban traffic control zones may be sub
divided into segments:
5.7.1 Moving operations are' work activities
where workers and "equipment move along (a), Decide how to control vehicular traffic;
the road without stopping, usually at slow how many lanes are, required; or whether
speeds. The advance warning area moves any turns should be prohibited at intersec
with the work area. Traffic should be direct tions.
ed to pass safely. Parking may be prohibited (b) Them decide how to control pedestrian
and work should' be scheduled during off traffic. If work will be done on the side
peak hours. For some-moving operations, walk decide whether. it will be necessary to
such as street sweeping, if volumes are light close the sidewalk and assign the pedestrians
and sight distances are good', a -well marked to another path .
and `signed vehicle may suffice. If vol (c) Next, decide what is needed to maintain
umes and/or speeds are higher, a shadow or access to business, industrial, and residential
backup vehicle equipped as a sign truck, areas. Even if the road is closed to vehicles,
hould follow the work vehicle. Where feasi pedestrian access
ble, warning signs should be placed along and walkways should be provided. 5.10
the road and periodically moved as the work Pedestrians
progress (see Figure 5-11(a)). In addition,
vehicles may be equipped with flags, flash 5.10.1 When there is pedestrian traffic in the
ing vehicle lights, and appropriate signs. area, specific walkways should be provided.
See Figure 5-11(b) for- one example of If nearby buildings are being demolished or
using shadow vehicles for moving opera built, covered walkways may be' needed.
tionse Actual conditions may change the Do not force pedestrians to walk through'
signs and devices needed. the work area or into travelled lanes. If a
sidewalk is closed, provide a temporary
walkway around the work area or direct the

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pedestrians to an alternate route protected by or, adjusting detectors in the pavement.

channelizing devices. Three examples of intersection traffic con
Conflicting pavement markings shoul.d be trol.: are given in Figure .5-14, 5-i5 and 5-
removed and temporary markings placed. 16.

5.10.2 All signs or devides;should be set up so 5.14 Detours

that they do not cause a hazard for pedestri
an. Al.1 signs mounted near or over side 5.14.1 Detour signing is usually handled by
walks should have a-2.2-meter vertical clear the traffic engineer with authority over the
ance.It is especially important to cover or roadway because it is considered a traffic
repair any holes and to have broken or dam routing problem. Detour signs are used to
aged sidewalks repaired quickly. For repair direct traffic onto another roadway. When
or reconstruction work involving sidewalks the detour is long, install. signs to periodical
on both sides of the road, the work should be ly remind and reassure.drivers that they are
staged so that one side is rebuilt before the still on a detour by using-LENCONGAN
other side is disrupted. signs.

5.11 Bicycles 5.14.2 When an entire roadway is closed, a

detour should be provided ' and traffic
5.11.1Bicycles-also need protection or access should be warned of the closure in advance.
to the roadway. If a bicycle path is closed
because of work being done, an alternate 5.14.3 Figure 5-7 illustrates a road closure in a
route should be provided if appropriate. Give city with typical detour signing.
guidance' to bicyclists of available alternate
routes. Bicycles should not be directed into 5.14.4 Sign the f detour so that traffic will. be
the same path being used by pedestrians. able to get through the entire area and back
to the original roadway. 4
5.12 Interchanges
5.15 Temporary roadway
5.12.1 On limited access highways, with inter
change ramps, access to these ramps should 5.15.1 Figure 5x18(a) illustrares the controls
be maintained even if the work area is in the around an area where a portion of the road
lane adjacent to the ramps.` If access is not way has been closed. Notice the use of chan
possible, close the ramp, using signs and nelizing devices and pavement markings to
Type III barricades. Early coordination with 1ndipatezthe transition to the temporary
officials having jurisdiction over the affected oadway.
cross roads is needed prior to ramp closure.
5.15.2 Figure 5-18 (b) shows a typical applica
5.12.2 The access to the exit ramp,should be tion of a single lane detour road for handling
clearly marked and out,lined with channeliz two-way. traffic on one roa`&way of a nor
ing,devices. For long-term projects, old mally 2-lane highway.
markings should be removed and new ones
placed. As the work area changes, the access 5.16 Median Crossovers
may be changed. 5.13 Intersections
5.16.1 In -Figure 5-19, traffic is_channelized---
5.13.1 Use advance warning signs, devices and into -a.--lane normally used by opposing
markings as appropriate on all cross roads. traffic. Two tapers are. used far. oncoming
The effect of the work upon signal, operation traffic ; one to merge traffic into one lane,
should be considered such as signal, phasing and the secondto move traffic onto the tem
for adequate capacity and, for maintaining porary path. A buffer-space is '' shown

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between the two directions of traffic at the

far end of the work area.

5.16.2 Figure 5-19 shows a typical application

for handling two-way w traffic on one
roadway of a normally divided highway.
This method of. operation should be used
only-when other methods of traffic control
are determined infeasible.

5.16.3 Where two-way traffic is maintained on

one roadway of a normally divided highway,
oppsing traffic should be separated with
either drum, cones, or vertical panels
throughout the lenght of the two-way opera
tions.

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6.INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE AND them. Start with the sign or device that is
INSPECTION farthest from the work area and place the
others while approaching the work area
Before the work is scheduled to begin, the
foreman and/or inspector should check all 6.1.2 If traffic in both directions will be
signs, pavement, marking material, and affected, such as with work in the center
channelizing deviced.that they;are.ready to lanes, the devices can be placed in both
be used. All devices should be: directions at the same time, starting at each
end farthest from the work area.
.(a) Standard in size, shape", color, or
message 6.1.3 When one direction of. traffic will
(b) In;good condition, not needing be directed into opposing traffic lanes, such
repair as Figures 5-5 and 5-21, start with the signs,
(c) Ref'lectorized devices,and pavement markings for the
opposing traffic. When the signs and devices
If a-particular device does not meet all. of are across'from_or at the work area; start
the above requirements, replace it with one setting' up the devices-for the
that: does. Additional devices should oncoming=direction. (It' is essential. to
be available;to replace any that may:be.dam- channelize opposing traffic out of the lane
aged while the work is in progress. On, before moving the oncoming traffic into the
construction, -the inspector and foreman lane):.
should be in-agreement that the devices are
satisfactory before they are replaced on the 6:-1.4 When. signs or channelizing
roadway. devices- are to be. installed and removed
several-times during' the work operation, a
Reflectbrized devices. need extra care when spot should be painted where the devices are
handling and:tr,ansporting to ensure :that located, so the installation can be repeated
the.reflectorizing elements are.not damaged. quickly and proper placement is' assured.
Existing signs that do not apply during, con- The devices'-should be' stored off the road-
struction, maintenance, or utility.work way, `out-6f sight; or-transported to another
should be removed or completely covered. location:
Burlap
6.1.5 Motorist's' do not expect.-to encoun-
or other,materials that, ar,e not. opaque are terworkers in the roadway setting up a traf-
not acceptable. At night, non-opaque mate- fic control zone. Since the goal is to make
rials let the messages be seen because head- the entire-operation safe, use warning
lights, reflect the message through. the mate- devices, flaggers, or flashing vehicle-lights-
rial. to protect the workers and warn the drivers
of the presence of workers.
Work area, signs that are installed
beforet,raff,ic patterns are changed.should 6.2Removal' Of Devices
be covered,.rotated, or.folded in.half so driv-
ers cannot read the, message. 6.2.1 As soon as the work` is completed
As many maintenance, utility, and emer- and the devices are no longer needed, they
gency operations should be removed. Remove the devices in
the opposite order of installation by starting
6.1 Order of Placement with the devices closest to the work area and
continue away from the area. Use flaggers
6.1.1 Traffic' control devices should be or flashing vehicle lights to protect the
placed in the order that drivers will see workers removing the devices.

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6.3Marking Removal - battery-operated lights

- gasoline generators
6.3.1 Motorists use pavement markings as * Physical deterioration
a primary'-source of guidance . Temporary * Dust-and grime
markings such as delineators can be used -'on sign faces
with other devices in a traffic control zone. - on reflectorized rails
Any pavement markings that are no longer
applicable or that * Dirt and debris
may confuse drivers should be removed as - on roadways
soon as practicable. * Vandalism

6.3.2 Several methods can be used to 6.4.2 El.ements Of An Inspection

remove pavement markings including sand- Program
blasting, hydroblasting, excess oxygen burn-
ing, chemical removal. and' by placing a (a) A comprehensive inspection and
continuous strip of asphaltic material over maintenance program should include the fol-
th6m covered with sand or rock chips. lowing elements:
Painting over with black paint or. liquid
asphalt is not satisfactory and should not be * A formalized plan
used because the black paint is glossy and * Defined inspection procedures
may appear as a normal. stripe at night. 6.4 * A form on which the findings of the
Inspection And Maintenance Program field inspection are recorded.
* Assurance of an adequate inventory
6.4.1 Purpose of devices for emergency replacements or
repairs.
(a) Once the traffic control zone is * Check procedures to assure that
established, it specifield repairs are made.
is -important tp ensure that: it continues to' * Identify possible causes of accidents
function as it was intended-and installed - or skid marks.
and,:,perhaps subsequently modified as a * A review that the travel path is
result of the evaluation process. clearly marked through the entire work
(b) Maintenance is needed to service the zone, both day and night.
equipment and make' corrections which may * Formal documentation of inspec-
be required due to any combination of the` tions and repairs made.
following factors. On highway con-
struction: projects, this ;is normally the (b) The inspector will be faced with the
responsibility of the, Contractor. need to make decisions during the inspection
and must exercise judgement in establishing
* Traffic accidents appropriate practices.
* Device displacement (c) A key element of the program is the
- vehicular contact procedure which insures that.the required
- slip stream from trucks maintenance is performed. When the correc-
- workers tive action is taken, it should be
- wind so noted in order that documentation is com-
plete. 6.4.3 Responsibility
* Damage caused by construction (a) For each project, an individual
activities should be assigned the responsibility for
* Weather created damage traffic control. On. construction projects,,
* Malfunctions and burn.outs the contractor should designate a specific
* Consumption of energy person by name and telephone number. In

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addition, on large,pr,ojects.the traffic control * Type of eqipment used

responsibility should be assigned, to an * Any change in temporary or perme
employee of JKR. Routine inspections of the nt regulatory devices.
traffic control. installation should be carried
out by.these individuals. (b) Major projects will require more
(b) Less frequent but..periodic inspec- detailed.,recordkeeping since they may
tions should be clearly established between involve greater amounts of funds, outside
individuals in control of routine maintenance (Federal, or State aid) funding sources, and
activities and those with greater authority, so longer distances and times of physical
that urgent problems that arise from time to exposure to the workers, motorists, or
time can be brought prompt ,I'y to the atten- pedestrians. °
tion of officials who are in a position to (c) Several methods of recording traffic
respond immediately controls are available. These include:

* Use of photologging
6.4.4 Frequency Photographs, either keyed to a diary or con-
taining a brief description of
(a) To determine the frequency with --t ime'
which inspections should be performed, the - location'
following factors should be considered: - direction
- photographer.'s name
* Project size and duration
* Nature of work activity `* Special notes' on' construction plans
* Complexity of traffic control (preferably the traffic con-
trol plan sheet).
Frequency at which damage is occurring * * Daily diary entries of times, loca-
Number of deficiencies observed during pre- tion and names of. individuals' (when
vious inspections. known) involved in the
(b) Traffic controls that are left in place - installation
overnight should be inspected during hours _, change
of darkness at the same frequency as during - removal of traffic control devices
the daylight hours. Holiday and
weekend inspections should be made as (d) 'Change orders` or work orders'
needed. also serve as a reference, and should be
keyed to' the diary when used.
6.4.5 Recordkeeping (e) When inspection process reveals a
condition that requires correction, the' docu-
(a) Good recordkeeping procedures sug- mentation should include:
gest that the time
and location of the installation and removal *' Description' of the correction need
of traffic control devices be noted. Although ed, tahen it was noted, and by
this can be time consuming for a moving whom
maintenance operation, it is important to * Corrections made or deferred and
record significant traffic control actions why *- Replacements made or
taken by the field crew. It is '`desirable that deferred and.,.why * Any other
this include: heeded actions

* Starting and ending time of work 6.4.6 Legal Liability

* Location of work
* Names of personel (a) Highway personnel should antici-

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pate the likelihood of lawsuits in the event dards and specifications

of an accident or other grievance suffered by * Keep daily project. diary
an injured citizen. To prevent or minimize * Perform and document routine
such litigation and to help defend lawsuits, inspections Follow all safety regula
the following steps are recommended tions
Know and comply with the traffic control. * Conduct personnel safety training
for street and highway construction and * Document all instructions to con
maintenance operations set forth in the tractors
nationally accepted engineering standards
and practices. Provide properly working
devices at the site particularly when unat-
tended (nights, weekends,etc.). Document
all actions taken on or related to traffic con-
trols that are placed in effect at the worksite.

* Inspect the worksite,.at frequent

intervals with a view to detecting and imme-
diately correcting deficiences in traffic con-
trol.
* Remove all material and equipment
not needed at the site as soon as possible.
(This applies also to traffic control devices
that cease to be needed). Provide warning
and protection to motorists, pedestrians, and
workers for potential conflicts and hazards
that may result from. the work
being done at the site or from a vehicle
striking a device.

6.4.7 Documentation For Protection

(a) Since it is not, known when an acci-

dent will occur,
the key to defending cases in courts of law
is advanced preparation. Highway personnel
and the contractors should maintain a careful
record of job-related activities so they may
document their efforts to provide good traf-
fic control at the worksite. The record sys-
tem should reflect priorities and a planned
safety program.

(b) The following steps are recommend

ed as a means of establishing effec
tive project documentation.

* Maintain up-to-date engineering

drawings
* File all pertinent memoranda and
correspondence. Reference stan

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SUMMARY

The following is. a list of the major, points to remember when

planning, setting up and maintaining, a traffic control zone.

(1) Safety is primary. Use whatever controls are necessary

to be sure traffic, pedestrians and workers will be
safe.

(2) Signs need to be seen to be obeyed. Increase the size

or height of signs to make them more visible.

Portab
le signs shall be at least 0.3m above the roadway.

(3) Larger and taller devices are more visible than

those that are minimum sizes.

(4) Increase the:-length of the warning area when traffic is

backed up, when there is a curve, hill or other
obsruction, and on high-speed, high-volume roads.

(.5) Allow room for a buffer space for additional

protection of traffic and workers.

(6) Remind drivers to use caution on long work areas (The work zone shal
be as short as reasonable, according to what must be accomplished
against driver delay and the potential for accidents)

Additional safety and warning is needed when traffic

is diverted into lanes normally used by opposing traffic. (7)
Channelizing devices should break or collapse when
hit. Do not use concrete or other materials that may be
hazardous on devices. Do not use rigid stay bracing for
barricades.

(8) All devices used at night should be reflectorized

or illuminated.

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(9) Remove confusing pavement_marki,ngs as soon as practicable.

Pavement markings serve as a primary source of guidance for
drivers. Use markings that can be easily removed to outline a
temporary detour path.

(10) If warning lamps are to be used, use steady burning

lamps for channelization and flashing lamps for warning.

(11) Periodically inspect the devices. Repair or replace any

damaged or missing devices. All devices shall be clean.

(12) Keep accurate records. If an accident occurs, make a

note of it including whether or, not any control devices
were involved and what devices were used before and after
the accident.

(13) Do not lie to the public. Remove or cover all signs or

devices that are not needed.

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(9) Remove confusing pavement_marki,ngs as soon as practicable.

Pavement markings serve as a primary source of guidance for
drivers. Use markings that can be easily removed to outline a
temporary detour path.

(10) If warning lamps are to be used, use steady burning lamps

for channelization and flashing lamps for warning.

(11) Periodically inspect the devices. Repair or replace any

damaged or missing devices. All devices shall be clean.

(12) Keep accurate records. If an accident occurs, make a note

of it including whether or, not any control devices were
involved and what devices were used before and after the
accident.

(13) Do not lie to the public. Remove or cover all signs or

devices that are not needed.

and should be of retro-reflective material.

Chromaticity Coordinates

COLOR 1 3 .~_
_
4
x y x y x y, x

Red .0.690 0.310 0.595 0.315 0.569 0.341 0.655 0.34.5

Orange 0.610 0.390 0.53.5 0.37.5 0.516 0..394 0.581 0.418

Yellow 0.504 0.458 0.525 0.413 0.493 0.507 0.474 0.488

Green 0.140 0.380 0.135 0.440 0.110 0.438 0.115 0.378

Dark Green 0.040 0.460 0.100 0.460 0.100 0.380 0.030 0.380

Blue 0.134 0.043 0.169 0.097 0.154 0.125 0.114 0.007

0.3.35
White 0.350 0.360 0.300 0.310 0.285 0.325
0.375__

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ARAHAH TEKNIK (JALAN) 2C/85

KAN D U N GAN KERTAS I N I TELAN D I LU LUSKAN OLEH BEN GKEL PI AW AI AN D AN

GARI S PAN D UAN YAN G TH AN D I AD AKAN O f I BU PEJABAT J. K. R

KUALA LU M PU R D AD A
2 7 - 2 8 , N O V EM BER, 1 9 8 5

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 85