An Assignment On

Socialization:the meaning,features,types,stages,importance with

prospect to Bangladesh.

Course title: Fundamental of Sociology

Course code: PS-104

Course teacher: Sherina Khatun

Submitted by Submitted to
Md. Mahabur Rahman Sherina Khatun

Roll: 1923033 Assistant professor

Session: 2019-20 Department of Political Science

Department of Political Science Islamic University, Bangladesh

Islamic University, Bangladesh

Submission Date:20.06.2020

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Introduction:
Socialization is a process by which a person becomes fit to live in a society.In other words,
socialization is a process by which an individual establishes himself as a member performing
his social duties and participating in various activities of the society. Socialization allows a
person to penetrate into his social world,develop him as a civilized participant in various
social activities and motivate him to adopt the ideals and values of the society.Through the
process of values,the individual adopts some of the prevailing customs,rules and regulating
of the society and reflects them within himself.Through socialization,the individual gains
experience in the prevailing customs,values,behaviors and ways of adapting to the society
as a whole and through this he is able to adapt to the social system.Sociologist Ogburn and
Nimkoff says “Socialization is the process by which the individual learns to conform to the
norms of the group.”

Meaning of Socialization:
Socialization is that process by which a living organism is changed into a person and a social
being.Socialization is known as the process of inducting the individual into the social world.It
enables the man to adjust himself to the new social world.It is with the help of this process
that a younger generation learns the adult role which it has to play subsequently.

 The process continues from generation to generation.

 It starts with a birth of an individual and continues till death and even after death.
 Through this process of socialization a child learns to behave as per the expectations
of the society.
 An individual learns the reciprocal responses of the society so that he can anticipate
the behaviour of others towards him as well as his own behaviour towards others.

Features of Socialization:
 Socialization is transmitted both formally and informally. Formal transmission takes
place through direct instructio and education, as in schools, colleges and religious
institutions. Informally, however, socialization is carried through folkways, customs
and cultural values etc.
 The more in agreement the socialising agencies are, the more securely and rapidly ,
socialization takes place. Studies indicate then when there is conflict between the
ideas, examples and skills transmitted by the child’s peer group or between home
and school, socialization of the individual tends to be slower and uncertain.
 Socialization inculcates basic discipline. An individual learns to control his impulses
and projects a disciplined behaviour to gain social approval or for the sake of a
future goal.
 Socialization helps to control human behaviour. This control through the process of
socialization is exercised to maintain social order.Societies depend heavily upon
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 effective socialization to internalize social norms and values as individual’s guides
and motives to action.
 Socialization is continuous. Just as it does not cease when a child becomes an adult,
internalization of culture is continuous over generations. Through this
internalization, society perpetuates itself. Its members transmit cultural values to
the next generation and thus society continues to exist.

Types Of Socialization:

As discussed earlier that, socialization is a lifelong process, it starts from our childhood and
continues throughout our adulthood, even keep going on in our old age. Ian Robertson has
discussed four types of socialization in his book sociology. Following are the four types of
socialization, primary socialization, anticipatory socialization, professional or developmental
socialization and re-socialization.

Primary Socialization

Primary socialization is early childhood socialization. It is called primary socialization in a

sense; it is the beginning of the socialization process, it occurs first and it is the most crucial
stage of socialization for later development. This stage is considered to be the development
stage in children in which their personality and self-concept is developed; they acquire
cognitive abilities, language and internalize norms and values. Moreover, they establish
emotional ties and pick up other roles and perspectives.

Anticipatory Socialization

This stage occurs in between the childhood and adulthood. Adolescence begins to establish
independence from their parents. During this stage adolescence participate in Anticipatory
socialization. They not only learn their immediate group culture but also learn the culture of
a group which they are expecting to join in future.

Professional or Developmental Socialization

Developmental socialization occurs during the adulthood. This type of socialization is

dependent on the primary and anticipatory socialization. In the early two stages an
individual has acquired the skills, developed his attitude and established the goals for
future, which have prepared him for the position which he is likely to hold as an adult. As an
adult individual is encountered with new situations and roles such as, marriage, job,
husband and employee or employer, which will require new expectation and obligations. In
this stage new learning combines with old to continue the process of developmental or
professional socialization.

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Re-Socialization

Sometime when an individual changes his group and become a part of new group he have to
abandon his old way of life. Such situations compel an individual to abandon the old values,
norms and beliefs. To adjust in a new group he has to learn the values norms and beliefs of
new group. The process of learning a new ways of life is called re-socialization.

Stages Of Socialization:
The following points highlight the four main stages involved in socialization.

The Oral Stage

In the womb the foetus is warm and comfortable. At birth, the baby faces his first crisis: he
must breathe, he must exert himself to be fed, he is susceptible to cold, wet and other
discomforts. He cries a good deal in order to attract attention.

During the first stage of socialisation, he seeks to establish what is called oral dependency.
By his cries he is able to build up fairly definite expectations about feeding time and also
about his pressing needs for care. At this stage, the baby is not involved in the family as a
whole. He is rather involved only in the sub-system consisting of him and his mother. If the
father or anyone else in the family performs the role of the mother in caring for the baby no
role differentiation is made.

That person will also be performing the role of ‘mother’. At this stage, the baby does not
seem to internalise any role at all. He is so passive as compared to his mother that it is
doubtful as to whether he internalizes two roles at all. By the time oral dependency has
been established, his own role and that of his mother are probably ‘merged’ together. This
is the stage, according to Freud, of “primary identification.”

The Anal Stage

This stage probably begins soon after the first year and extends up to the third year. This
period is called anal stage because toilet training is the main focus of attention of the
socializing agent, particularly mother. During this stage, the child internalizes two roles his
own and that of his mother .These two roles are now clearly separated. The child not only
receives care, he also receives love and gives love in return.

During this stage, the child is taught as to how to discriminate between ‘correct’ and
Incorrect’ behaviour, first by advice and/or hints given by the mother and, secondly, by
being rewarded or appreciated for correct performance and not rewarded or appreciated
for incorrect behaviour.

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The Puberty Stage
This stage extends from the fourth year to puberty, (i.e., age of 12 or 13). In the course of
the third stage, the child becomes a member of the family as a whole. He identifies himself
with the social role ascribed to him on the basis of his biological sex.

Identification means either of two closely related things: 1.One identifies with a social role.
That is, one not only internalizes the role but adopts it as one’s own.2.One identifies with a
social group. That is, one internalizes the role system of the group and considers oneself a
member of it.

Identification in the first sense links a boy with his father and brothers, but net with his
mother. A girl, on the other hand, identifies with her mother and sisters, but not with her
father. Identification in the second sense links a boy or a girl with the family, including both
parents and all siblings.

There are, thus, three kinds of identification:

 With the father or mother, as the case may be

 With the siblings.
 With the family as a member.

The Adolescence Stage

Adolescence, which begins roughly at puberty, is the age during which the young boy or girl
has a tendency to get away from parental control. The “crisis” of this age arises from the
fact that adolescents hanker after greater freedom while there is parental control over
many activities in which he loves to have his own way.

The strain involved in transition during the adolescent period depends upon the cultural
definition of adult roles. In some societies vital decisions concerning adolescents are taken
by the parents or guardians. That makes transition easier. In India it is so. Thus, the choice of
a marriage partner is made by elders within conventional rules.

In some others, particularly in Western societies, adolescents are required to take important
decisions more or less on their own. Obviously, in such cases transition is somewhat
different and puts strain on them.

Socialization importance with prospect to Bangladesh:

Socialization is the process of learning how to become part of a culture.Through
socialization one learns the cultures,language,their role in life,and what is expected from
them. Socialization is a very important process in the forming of personality. Socialization
allows all individuals in a community to develop very similar values,norms and
beleifs.Without socialization a person will develop different physical and mental disabilities.

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In Bangladesh we can see many persons with disability,specially challenged,or physically
challenged. Bangladesh is a overpopulated country.Here almost half of our people are very
poor and uneducated.They have no idea about socialization and family planing.During the
first few years of children’s live,childrewn interacts only with a few different people,mostly
family.But in Bangladesh many of our children don’t get a well family,they suffer after their
birth.When the children lears to walk,lears talk,develop the ability to have a relationship,
and start developing personality this time our children don’t get this opportunities to build
themselves.And yet in Bangladesh people with disabilities are treated like a burden on the
society.This happend just because of the basic rights like healthcare and proper education is
very tough for us.We hardly even dare to think of asking for opportunities for recreation and
socialization!Recreation and socialization are essential for our wellbeing and they are our
rights as citizens of this country.Socialization is a very important life process.If we need a
well developed country then we have to take a look about proper socialization.One day our
children make a developed country for our future generation and Bangladesh is crying need
such as people who make that true and it happend when our children get proper
socialization. so,socialization among children is very important.It is a very important process
throughout life,but it is the most important in young children.

Conclusion:
Therefore, socialization is the process of fitting individuals into particular forms of group life,
transmitting established cultural traditions and transforming transforming human organisms
organisms into social beings. Socialization not only helps in the maintenance and
preservation of social values and norms but it is also the process with the help of which the
younger generation is told to transmit social values and norms to the next generation. This
process does not stop with the life of an individual but continuous from generation to
generation.