102 L. S.

PONTRYAGIN ZEROS OF TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS 103

where 8(() is an analytic function of ( unilormly tending to zero in the cirde Setting t =i in chis expression, we obtain
1(1 ~ l for k-oo. Thus the left part of equatioo (25) converges uoifonnly to che <t,c, >(;;;,J - <t,)' >c2, ±2n;. o. [see (13)]
function <t>1s>cc+O as k-oo, and the equation 5
(!)i
)(c+() =Ü has evidently the
solutioo ,;"=O; equation (25) has the solution ,;"k, close to zero for sufficiently § 3. Zeros of the Function h(z, ez) in che presence of a principal term. In
large k. In view of clús, since e is a non-real number, the soJution 2krr+c+(k § 1 ir was shown chat rbe fuoction h(z, ez) has an unbouoded ser of zeros with ar-
for sufficiently large k also will be non~real, bittarily Iarge positive real pare in che case where che polynornial h(z, t) does not
lf the equation cl)!5
)(z) =0 has ali real and simple, oot multiple, roots then possess a principal term. Here wc shall solve che problem of che oature of che ze-
in the intcrval 2krr + € S: x S: 2(k + 1) TT + E the curve w = 4>{5 ) (x) eros ses the axis ros of che function H(z) = h(z, ez) in the presence of a principal term.
w = O in 2s distinct points. Since che curve Let
(26)
h(z, t) = m,n
X ªmnzmtn (28)

and a, z't 5 be che principal term in the polynomial (28). We pick out in (28) che
8
for k sufficiently large will differ very Httle from the curve w = ct>!5 )(x), the curve coefficieot of z'; i.e.,. we ser
(26) will cross the axis w == O in 2s distinct poin.ts in the interval
h(z, t) == z'x(s )(t) + X a nzmtn. (29)
2krr + l::; x ~ 2(k+l)rr + l * m<r,n:$.s m
foc k sufficiently 1arge. Thus, the number of real roots of the function F(z) in the The function x;s )(ez) is evidently periodic with period 2"i and in che strip
interval -2k11 + €::; x S 2ktr + € wiU be equal to 4sk + r 1 for sufficiently large k. b :S y< b + 217, (z = x + iy), has no mote chao 2s zeros. Tbus tbere exists a real
As a consequence of Thcotcm' 3 tbe numbei of non-real roocs of tbe function F(z) number f sucb tbat
is equal to r-r'. (30)
Hence, Theorem 4 is demonsttated-
for arbittary .t.
Tbe problem of the chacacter of the roots of che function <l>Í8 ) (z) is of inter-
Tbcorcm 5. Let h(z, t) be a polynomial with principal term ªrsz'ts and f be
est to us for the information it yields conceroing che solution of the problem rela-
a real number such that x!s )(ex+ié)-/:: O for arbitrary real x (el,, (29) ), The num-
tive to sorne polynomials. For chis purpose ir is neccssary to express cos z and
sinz in tcrms of tan z/2,
ber o[ zeros o[ the function H(z) in the strip -2krr+f ,:'.5. y S: 2kTT +€, x>O, z =x+ iy,
we denote by Nk' We suppose further that táe fun,ction H(z) does not as sume the
l -ran 2 .:._ 2 tan:_
2 2 , value zero on the imaginary axis; i.e., H(iy) I= O; we denote by J'k the an-gle
cosz sinz-
1
drawn by the vector w = H(iy) around the origin when y ranges through the inter-
l+ran 2 !.. 1 +tan2 !..
2 2 val -2kTT+t::; y ::S: 2lm+€. lt will be shown that
and tben to replace tanz/2 by the new unlmown t. Thus, in che polynomial Vk =2rr(2sk-N,+r/2) + Sk
tp~s) (u, v) we muse set where Ok- O simultaneously with 1/k.
J -t2 2t Proof: We consider the rectangle Pka determined by tbe conditions 0:5x::;a,
u-=--·--, v---,
1 +t2 1 +t2 -2krr+t::; y s; 2krr+f, and estímate the full change in tbe vector w ""H(z) when z
traverses three sides of the rectangle Pka in the counrer-clockwise direction wirh
and muJtiply the resultant expression by (J +t2)5. Tbe polynomial obcained in this
thc exception of the side x = O, rbar is the upper, lower, and righc sides.
way we denote by tp(s)(t). This poJynomial has degree 2s. If the term of chis de-
gree is lacking, this meaos chat che polynomiaJ cp(s >(i) has an infinite root, that From che relations in (29) and (30) ir follows readily thac
is che equation (1)!5 >(z) = O has the soJutioo z = "• this root has multiplicity equal H(z) = z'x\') (eZ) (J + (z) ), s,
to che difference between che degree of cp<s) (t) and 2s, Each bounded root t of wherc 0 1 (z) renc:ls uniformly co zero on the three ind.icated sides of the rectangle
0
the polynomial tp(s)(t) cottcsponds to a zero of the function <I>is)(z) obtained from Pka wben k anda simultaneously tend to infiniry. Thus, the uoknown variarion of
che equatioo tan z/2 = t 0 , where real root corresponds (o real root and non-real to che vector w for the function H(z) will differ from che variation z'x!s)(ez-) only
non-real. As an e.xception to tbis we note the root t0 = ± i, since the equatioo by a number r¡ which approaches zero as k-oc, a-u..,,
tan z/2 = ± i has no solution, The polynomiaJ 4> (s )(t) does not have che root ± i, The variation of che vector w for che funcrion z'xt>(ez) is equal to the sum
chis readily follows from condition (13). In realiry, we have of tbe variations foc the functions z' and X~s)(ez). Evidendy, for the function z'
the variation along che chree sides of tbe rectangle Pka is equal to rrr. For the
(27)
function xis) (ez) the variation along the upper side cancels tbe variation along