BIOLOGY

AS
New syllabus
Exam questions

Created by
WAHID WANIS
 Cell structure
What is meant by endosymbiont?
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List the main evidences that support endosymbiont theory.

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Microtubules are important structures in living cells, they are made of special
protein.

Describe structure of microtubules.

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List the main functions of microtubules in living cells.

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Microtubules are not considered as a permanent structures that can be found

during the whole life of the cell without being changed.

Explain this statement

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Centrioles and centrosome are absent from most of plant cells

What is the difference between centrioles and centrosomes?

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Until recently, it was believed that, cetrioles acted as MTOCs for the assembly of
microtubules that make up the spindle during nuclear division.

What is MTOCs?

The microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) is a structure found in

eukaryotic cells from which microtubules emerge. MTOCs have two
main functions: the organization of eukaryotic flagella and cilia and the
organization of the mitotic and meiotic spindle apparatus, which
separate the chromosomes during cell division.

If centrioles are not involved if assembly of spindle fibres, what are the roles of
centrioles in living organisms?

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Describe the structure of centrioles.

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Describe the structure of a virus.

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In the recent systems of classification virus is not involved as a living organism?

What are the features of a virus which are similar to

Living organisms

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Non-living structures.

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Formation of microtubule is an example of polymerization

What is meant by the term polymerization?

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Describe the process of polymerization in formation of microtubules.

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Microtubules with other filament form cytoskeleton, what is meant by the term
cytoskeleton?

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Microtubules are formed of dimers.

Explain the term dimmers with reference to microtubule structure.

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The following structures are found in living cells

Name three structures shown in the above figure

1-

2-

3-

which of the above structures is a membrane bound organelle?

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Describe functions of this organelle.

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 Cell membrane
What is cell signaling

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Signaling molecules may be hydrophilic and hydrophobic.

Explain how a hydrophilic signaling molecule can lead to a response.

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Using ruled lines label

a-Signaling molecule

b-G-protein

c-Second messenger

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What is the relationship between pressure potential, solute potential and water
potential.

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1.When cells respond to an extracellular signal, they most often convert the
information from one form to another. This process is called:

A. signal transformation. 
B. signal transduction. 
C. signal interference. 
D. signal amplification. 
 Enzymes
Enzymes have different turnover rate

What is meant by turnover rate?

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List and describe two factors that affect turnover rate of most enzymes.

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Explain the meaning of the following

Vmax of an enzyme.

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Michaelis –Menten constant.

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What are the practical applications of Km and V maxof enzymes.

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Notice
E is enzyme

S is substrate.

E.S is enzyme-substrate complex.

Why is the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction proportional to the amount of

E.S complex (enzyme-substrate complex)?

The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is proportional to the amount

of E.S since the formation of product occurs after the formation of such
a complex. No product is formed by the simple collision of E with S. E
and S must bind together before product is formed.
What is meant by saturation of the enzyme?

Saturation of the enzyme means that all of the E(enzyme molecules) is

bound to S(substrate) and no free E exists. The enzyme has bound to as
much substrate as possible. This situation occurs at high levels of S.

What is meant by saturation kinetics?

Saturation kinetics refers to the situation of an enzyme reaction reaching

a maximal velocity at high levels of S. All of the E present is present as
E.S, so the maximum amount of E.S is formed. Since the rate is
proportional to the amount of E.S, the rate is at a maximum value. The
enzyme is said to be saturated with S

What is the chemical basis of enzyme specificity?

Explain lock and key + induced fit

What is the advantage of calculating the value 1/Vmax

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On the above figure,

a-sketch a curve to shoe the reaction velocity if there is a competitive inhibitor.

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b-Draw a line to determine Km in case of using competitive inhibitor.

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What is enzyme immobilization?

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How a certain enzyme such as lactase can be immobilized in lab.

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of enzyme immobilization

Advantages

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Disadvantages

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Cell and nuclear division
The following figure shows a kinetochore

What is kinetochore?

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During which stage of cell cycle it is made?

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What are homologous chromosomes?

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How many kinetochores are found in a pair of chromosomes?

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Name the coloured ends of the chromosomes

shown in the above figure?

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Describe the structure of the those ends.

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List their main functions

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Name the enzyme that influence the above structures

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One  characteristic  of  cancer  cells  is  that  they  can  become  immortal.  How  

does this  happen?

Normal  human  cells  usually  divide  a  limited  number  of  times

only,  because  
the  telomere  sequences  at   the  ends  of  each  chromosome  lose  part
of  their
sequence  at  each  cell  division.   In  most  cases,  cancer  cells
reactivate  
telomerase  expression  to  maintain  telomeres  lengths  and   enable  the
cells  
to  divide  indefinitely.  

What are stem cells?

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What is potency of stem cells?

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Stem cells are classified according to their potency.

What is the difference between totipotent and pluripotent stem cells?

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Outline the features of stem cell therapy.

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2. Where can scientists obtain stem cells?

From an embryo or tissues in the body , Stem cells can also be obtained
from a fetus, umbilical cord or by using a recently developed technique
to ‘reprogramme’ specialized body cells so that they behave like
embryonic stem cells. These ‘reprogrammed’ cells are known as induced
pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells).

Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into which types of cell?

All types of specialized cells in the body

Neural stem cells from the brain can differentiate into which types of cell?

Only specialized brain cells