Smart Farm Management analysis

Arif Jahan Linkon(1702017)

Rokibul Hasan Roni(1702058)
MD Monir(1702062)
15 Feb 2022

Source: http://www.afbmnetwork.orange.usyd.edu.au/afbmjournal/

Keyword: farm management, farm management economics,

whole farm, farm systems modelling, farm management decision
analysis.)
Research Area : In this paper it is argued that solving problems
in farm management involves applying an appropriate balance of
disciplinary knowledge. More specifically, farm management
decisionmaking is about making choices, and the discipline of
choice is economics. Thus economics is the core discipline of
farm management analysis and decision-making.
Modelling farm systems using the whole farm approach, with
emphasis on the risky elements, can be very useful. Also
enlightening is using real farm case studies to test research
output. The conclusion is that bringing to bear on farm
management questions a few disciplines, a few perspectives and
a few figurings to explore a few futures is a useful way to go.

Research Type: Economics is the discipline of choice.Farm

management is about farmers making choices among alternative
uses of resources to achieve a mix of goals to varying degrees, in
the face of many unknowns. Many types of information from many
disciplines are required to make informed choices and information
from non-economic disciplines alone are not sufficient for farm
management decisions to be made. Economics is the discipline
concerned with measuring and valuing benefits and costs of
particular uses of resources and the resultant outcomes and farm
management decisions are determined by the expected benefits
and costs of what to produce and market, by what method and at
what time.
These questions are answered by applying empirical information
to basic principles of production and economics, viz. diminishing
marginal returns, comparative advantage, size, fixed and variable
costs, opportunity costs, inventory income, equi-marginal returns,
cash and profit, gearing and growth, risk, valuation of benefits and
costs, and time. In a logical framework such analyses inform
consideration of deci1 sions and conclusions about the potential
contribution that alternative actions can make to achieving goals.
Methods in use : If pending change involves in addition an
element of uncertainty, which is usually the case, the firm also
assumes the additional function of uncertainty bearing.
In the real world the production processes of the firm are being
altered continuously. Routine procedure will not suffice. Change
born out of dynamic circumstances, is ever present. Adjustments
are called for. It is the entrepreneur who decides what must be
done. The decisions of the entrepreneur are carried out within the
framework of the firm. Two interrelated decisions must be made
(a) the amount of adjustment that is necessary, (b) the method for
making the adjustment; that is, what to do and how to do it. It is
these adjustments of the firm that gives us the key to what we
need to look for in our farm management research. To understand
the basic nature of these adjustments is to know what is
fundamental to the entrepreneurial problem in farming. Since the
existence of the firm of necessity arises out of and is dependent
upon dynamic conditions, it would appear that both the size of the
firm and the success of the firm must be determined within a
framework that allows for ‘time’ and ‘change’. Schultz TW 1939,
‘Theory of the Firm and Farm Management Research’ American
Journal of Agricultural Economics, 21:570-586.
Source of Data : This paper has been partially supported by
the European Union through the ERANETMED
(Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities
and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR and by
the “Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades” through
the “Ayudas para la adquisición de equipamiento científico-
técnico, Subprograma estatal de infraestructuras de investigación
y equipamiento científico-técnico (plan Estatal i+d+i 2017-2020)”
(project EQC2018-004988-P).
Outcome : Farm models can only ever be partial
representations of reality. Farm businesses are complex
operations with many dimensions. Techniques that enable
information about more of the important measurable and
unmeasurable elements of the decision problem to be
incorporated into the analysis are useful in practice. They will
prevail over techniques that deal with parts of the decision
problem in great depth but insufficiently encompass all the
important parts of it. Since the 1980s the power of computers has
made possible more efficient modelling of detailed aspects of the
operation of whole farms, particularly biological interactions and
financial eventualities, for purposes of both systems simulation
and dynamic optimization analyses.
The crop farm simulation work in Western Australia in the 1980s
that resulted in the MIDAS model and its subsequent relatives
and applications is but one outstanding early example (Kingwell
and Pannell 1987). As a first step it is incumbent on those who
carry out farm management anal2 yses from any perspective to
get it right in terms of scientific and economic theory. Thus, in
terms of economics theory, farm modelling exercises -
sophisticated or simple- need to account correctly for such factors
as marginal changes to farm systems, expected inflation effects
on cash flows, and required rates of returns and interest rates.
They need to include a reasonable estimate of tax implications of
changes, accounting for productivity change over time in a
technical sense and for potential changes in real prices and real
required rates of return, and the dynamics of stocks and flows of
livestock. The critical distinction between economic and financial
analysis needs to be made, as well as the distinction between
capital and current expenditures.
Meaningful ways of accounting for the magnitude of important
parameters about which little may be known are also an important
part of any analyses. A simple form of analysing a farm business
is to establish ‘what has been and what is’ the situation, then
explore ‘what might be’ the situation with and without change. The
comparison is between alternative futures, not the future and the
status quo. As well as return to capital and debt servicing ability,
linking the expected operating profit and cash budgets indicates
expected growth in equity. The ‘with change’ situation can be
examined using either a steady state partial budget or expected
whole-farm budgets for the situations with particular changes.
The net benefits and financial viability from making a change are
examined using discounted and financial cash flow budgets. For
major decisions, risk and its possible consequences can be
investigated by using scenario analyses, breakeven budgeting
and sensitivity testing, for a small number of possibilities for the
few key numbers in the budgets. Both partial and whole farm
perspectives are used and in these budgets dollars and interest
rates are consistently nominal or real and tax estimates are
included.
Contribution : The subject for discussion this evening, ”Types
of Economic Material and Methods of Procedure in their
Utilization in Developing State or Regional Programs,” is not a
new one It is one to which extension leaders have given
increased thought and emphasis with the expansion of the
Extension Service organization. In looking ahead in the
development of the Extension Service, it was realized by the
leaders that, with the increased demand for extension work came
also increased responsibility in formulating the type of agricultural
extension program that in the long run would do the most people
the most good. They further realized that as farm folks became
more acquainted with extension work and learned more of the
simpler and easier practices, their demands would more and
more center upon the more complex and hard problems of
agricultural production and distribution.
In order, therefore, to keep pace with progress in building a
substantial vehicle for the dissemination of facts to farmers and
others, the task of developing an extension program that will meet
the present-day needs and demands of farmers has become a job
challenging the best combined thought of administrators,
specialists, and farmers.
As a basis of sound judgment, we are also experiencing an
increasing demand for the careful analysis and relating of all the
available 3 facts bearing upon the development of successful
agricultural areas, types of farming, and farm organization. Out of
the total of 2,900 counties in the United States that have 400 or
more farmers, 2,200 now have a county• agricultural agent—
about 900 have a home demonstration agent, and about 450
have an assistant county agent. .
Language : The paper was written in English language by
following the rules and principles of English grammar. It was easy
to understand and presented in a manner of grammatically
correct, error-free writing.
Research Gap : In this work classification of various kinds of
abnormalities is missing and feature extraction methodology could
be improved to get more accuracy.
Originality of the Research : : This research paper is
original.In previous works only we was discused about farm but
agriculture some difference thing. Agricultural research can be
broadly defined as any research activity aimed at improving
productivity and quality of crops by their genetic improvement,
better plant protection, irrigation, storage methods, farm
mechanization, efficient marketing, and a better management of
resources. So we will discused here everything.
Recomendation : This work can be extended for classification
of various kinds of farms.
Conclusion : A glance through history suggests that some
elements of managing a farm have altered little over time -
farming remains a biological, human, economic and financial
process subject, over time, to much volatility of outcomes and
much influence from beyond the farm gate.
The gist of this paper is that people who are armed with a mix of
farm-related disciplinary knowledge including the economic way
of thinking, the intellectual wherewithal to look at questions about
the management of farm businesses from a number of
perspectives, the ability to do some farm management figuring,
and the capacity to imagine a few different futures, can do much
that is useful in informed farm decision analysis and decision-
making; in evaluating agricultural research; and in judging
agricultural and environmental policy measures. Whereas
academic imperatives of specialization in order to learn more and
more about less and less seem to have dominated academic
efforts in farm management, what is required for farm
management economics is to try to know more and more about
more and more.
The notion of bringing the appropriate balances of disciplinary
emphases, perspectives methods and futures to bear on the
problem at hand comes from Kenneth Boulding (1956, 1974) who
talked of there being an ‘optimum degree of generality’ of
disciplinary knowledge to bring to bear to solve a problem. This
‘optimum degree of generality’ lies somewhere between the totally
abstract and the totally specific, neither of which are meaningful in
a real problem-solving sense. Used with care, the whole farm,
interdisciplinary approach, where human, technical, economic,
financial, institutional and risk aspects are all considered in
analyses in a balance appropriate 4 to the problem, has proved to
be extremely valuable in an applied research and a practical
problem solving sense.
The methods for evaluating important farm decision questions are
well established. At present, the standard whole farm budgeting
techniques for analysing major decisions are not widely used in
farm management. Most farmers make their decisions about
major changes to their farming system on the basis of judgement
and experience, at best doing some rudimentary cash flow
calculations.
Most do it well enough for their business to survive, albeit at
various levels of economic efficiency, for usually a couple of
decades. There will be no shortage of challenges for farmers
managing and making decisions in the future. A few disciplines,
perspectives, figurings and a few futures are sufficient for good
farm management analysis: sophisticated thinking and simple
figuring is the rule.

Reference:
1. Atzori, L.; Lera, A.; Morabito, G. The Internet of Things: A
survey. Comput. Netw. J. 2010, 54, 2787–2805. [CrossRef]
Agronomy 2019, 9, 216 19 of 19
2. Sundmaeker, H.; Verdouw, C.; Wolfert, S.; Pérez Freire, L.
Internet of food and farm 2020. In Digitising the Industry-Internet
of Things Connecting Physical, Digital and Virtual Worlds;
Vermesan, O., Friess, P., Eds.; River Publishers: Delft, The
Netherlands, 2016; pp. 129–151.

Critical Review 2

Research Area : In this paper it is argued that solving problems

in farm management involves applying an appropriate balance of
disciplinary knowledge. More specifically, farm management
decisionmaking is about making choices, and the discipline of
choice is economics. Thus economics is the core discipline of
farm management analysis and decision-making. Modelling farm
systems using the whole farm approach, with emphasis on the
risky elements, can be very useful. Also enlightening is using real
farm case studies to test research output.

The conclusion is that bringing to bear on farm management

questions a few disciplines, a few perspectives and a few
figurings to explore a few futures is a useful way to go.
Research Type: New technologies have the potential to
transform agriculture and to reduce environmental impact through
a green revolution. Internet of Things (IoT)-based application
development platforms have the potential to run farm
management tools capable of monitoring real-time events when
integrated into interactive innovation models for fertirrigation.
Their capabilities must extend to flexible reconfiguration of
programmed actions. IoT platforms require complex smart
decision-making systems based on data-analysis and data mining
of big data sets. In this paper, the advantages are demonstrated
of a powerful tool that applies real-time decisions from data such
as variable rate irrigation, and selected parameters from field and
weather conditions.
The field parameters, the index vegetation (estimated using aerial
images), and the irrigation events, such as flow level, pressure
level, and wind speed, are periodically sampled. Data is
processed in a decision-making system based on learning
prediction rules in conjunction with the Drools rule engine. The
multimedia platform can be remotely controlled, and offers a
smart farming open data network with shared restriction levels for
information exchange oriented to farmers, the fertilizer provider,
and agricultural technicians that should provide the farmer with
added value in the form of better decision making or more
efficient exploitation operations and management.
Methods in use : The first step to develop our management
platform was to know the variable inputs the system has and how
they have to be processed by using the rules.
Taking into account that the final goal is to enhance the
sustainability and competitiveness of the activity, the system also
includes business process management (BPM) and business
rules. It is also important to define the platform architecture. This
section therefore presents the serverbased decision-making
structure for decision making on irrigation device settings, which
processes data inputs on edaphic and environmental conditions,
images of crop growth, and crop status.
The objective of this server-based decision-making structure is
the integration of a BPMS and a business rules management
system. A middleware data-exchange system serves as a link
between both. The middleware that serves to relay data from
Bonita BPM and Drools includes the following developments: •
Performance of an integrated architecture for a business rules
management system and a business rule management system
(BRMS). • Dialogue through the intermediate middleware
component that is responsible for the data management model
and the rule-based activities. Bonita Soft provides connectors to
interact with the Drools manager that connect with the Drools API
Engine to run the execution of a certain rule, in order to obtain
results that conclude with the previously triggered decision-
making process.
The process of preparing a rule base in Drools can be divided into
several consecutive steps that are presented in Figure 2, wherein
several layers are created: data preparation, association rule
learning, rule selection, classification model testing, rule set
editing, and deployment of rules.
These steps, which can be performed with a standard web
browser, are described below in Figure 2: Data are collected for
the smart decision system, (soil sensors, leaf sensor, etc.)
weather and environmental conditions, and machinery (pivot
irrigation, controllers, pumps, etc.) from a range of devices, and
the information is then transmitted through the network
coordinator to the middleware.
These data, once pre-processed and formatted, are sent to the
rule engine for rule-based processing to produce relevant results.
Historical database information may be required for some rules.
Having obtained the results, the coordinator module
communicates with the appropriate services (e.g., pumps,
irrigation controllers, etc.), sends their recommendations via
virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) and virtual router instances
(VRI), and reports either to the farmer profile or directly to
systems installed on the farm for automated implementation, if the
system device is configured to do so. The type of setting and the
basic information for a range of settings—i.e., turn on, watering
time, turn off—are configurable by the farmer with appropriate
permissions for automatic SDS adjustment.
Source of Data : This paper has been partially supported by
the European Union through the ERANETMED
(Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities
and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR and by
the “Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades” through
the “Ayudas para la adquisición de equipamiento científico-
técnico, Subprograma estatal de infraestructuras de investigación
y equipamiento científico-técnico (plan Estatal i+d+i 2017-2020)”
(project EQC2018-004988-P).
Outcome : The user starts with a dataset for training the
classification model. Typically, the dataset is divided into a
training and a testing part. The design of data management and
processing procedures, associated with a long-term wireless
monitoring system, can join all these farming systems and data
acquisition elements (see backend structure in Figure 2). The
data from WSN is stored in a MySQL database via middleware
through a management process and a communication socket.
The user can, for instance, upload a profile of crops and fields
that will be stored in the MySQL database. The weather forecast
updates from a weather server can then be added, including field
coordinates and responses with forecasts in XML, which will also
be stored in MySQL as the weather profile. Data from aerial
images (drone or satellite) may be manually uploaded for users
via web view (Image and NDVI index file). The general structure
of the system is shown in Figure 3, where the server layers are
described: database, middleware, Server Web, BPM, and
responsive web view. Agronomy 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW
8 of 21 socket. The user can, for instance, upload a profile of
crops and fields that will be stored in the MySQL database. The
weather forecast updates from a weather server can then be
added, including field coordinates and responses with forecasts in
XML, which will also be stored in MySQL as the weather profile.
Data from aerial images (drone or satellite) may be manually
uploaded for users via web view (Image and NDVI index file). The
general structure of the system is shown in Figure 3, where the
server lay
The system supports several types of pre-processing. Middleware
prepares information to store, and the user can do pre-processing
using intervals of determinate values. The user can then merge
values at different intervals.
Contribution : This paper has been partially supported by the
European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean
Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond) project
ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR and by the “Ministerio de
Ciencia, Innovaci´on y Universidades” through the “Ayudas para
la adquisici´on de equipamiento cient´ıfico-t´ecnico, Subprograma
estatal de infraestructuras de investigaci´on y equipamiento
cient´ıficot´ecnico (plan Estatal i+d+i 2017-2020)” (project
EQC2018-004988-P).
Language : The paper was written in English language by
following the rules and principles of English grammar. It was easy
to understand and presented in a manner of grammatically
correct, error-free writing. Research Gap : In this work
classification of various kinds of abnormalities is missing and
feature extraction methodology could be improved to get more
accuracy.
Originality of the Research : This research paper is original.
Recomendation : This work can be extended for classification
of various kinds of farms.
Conclusion : In this work, we have presented the results of
new decision rules to create variable rate irrigation parameters
and variable rate fertirrigation rules for parametric optimization of
agricultural inputs. In addition, we tested a new multimedia
platform for user manager (farmer) profiles to notify events, to
share postings and data with the community, and to interact with
the irrigation–fertirrigation system controller. Comparing our study
with other applications, we can highlight the potential of PLATEM:
that integrates all the tools that a farmer may need on a day-to-
day basis, so that many fertirrigation operations can bring in
results with a rule engine and a list of rules or models based on
historical data acquisition and user-inserted values. Another
important function is information sharing through forums with input
from agronomists, agricultural technicians, and other farmers on
doses, plagues, water restrictions, etc. Work continues on
expansions of the rules for the integration of the business engine
system.
The goal of this integration is to present the basic user-demanded
rules defined in the system, enabling a simple and unique
functional platform for smart farming in irrigation areas, both
under cover and in the field, for fertilization and pest control. In
future work, further development of smart system applications will
be necessary, and is likely to produce two opposing supply chain
scenarios: one with further integration of the supply chain, in
which farmers have private data, and another in which farmers
are empowered by big data and open collaboration and can easily
switch between suppliers, sharing data with agricultural
organizations and the Ministry of Agriculture, and participating in
short supply chains rather than integrated long supply chains.
Currently, PLATEM is working well for relatively small data sets. A
further action required to process bigger amount of data is to
apply different decisionmaking tools, since the rule engine and
decision tree become inefficient because of the swapping of
training tuples in and out of the main memory.
The situation is likely to navigate a steady course between these
two extremes differentiated by cropping methods, commodity,
market structure, etc. In this work, the use of open data is
fostered with the aim of promoting communication channels
between farmer, researcher, commercial intermediary, and
technological expert. Another focus is on the extension of the
system that would allow mixing rules from multiple datasets in a
single knowledge base and a common communication protocol
through various sources, e.g., manufacturers of irrigation
controllers, real-time information from satellites, and weather
forecasting servers. Finally, we have to consider supporting
alternative backend rule learning adjusted to each user profile
(horticulture, cereal, and fruit farmers, etc.) to classify the rules on
use in the rule container. The promise of big data in agriculture is
alluring, but the above challenges have to be addressed for
increased uptake of big data applications. Although there are
certainly technical issues to be resolved, we recommend 7
focusing on the most significant obstacles above all, the initially
identified governance issues, and the design of suitable business
models.

Reference:
1. Davenport, T.H.; Short, J.E. The new industrial-engineering-
information technology and business process redesign. Sloan
Manag. Rev. 1990, 31, 11–27.
2. De Mauro, A.; Greco, M.; Grimaldi, M. A formal definition Big
Data based on its essential features. Lib. Rev. 2016, 65, 122–
135. [CrossRef]
3. Fry, A. Facts and Trends, Water. In World Business Council for
Sustainable Development; Earthprint Ltd.: Stevenage, UK, 2005

Critical Review 3

Research Area: The role of farm management research in

small-farm development isrelated to the task of breaking
constraints that inhibit increased production and income. These
constraints are classified as resource constraints, lack of
appropriate technologies, inrtitutional constraints and personal
and subjective constraints.
The special problems of modelling small-farm systems are
reviewed. The complexity of many such systems is discussed and
the general lack of relevant and reliable data is noted. Choice of
an appropriate decision criterion for use in modelling is seen as
an especially important and dificult issue. It is argued that multiple
objectives are likely to be important to small farmers. The extra
burden of complexity placed on the analyst in the multiperson
decision situations commonly encountered amongst small farmers
is also noted.
Experience in using decision theoretic method to measure
farmers' beliefs and preferences is noted. Possibilities of building
mathematical programming models to model small-farm systems
in a decision theoretic framework are also examined and this
approach is compared with some alternative planning methods.
The discussion leads to some conclusions about avenues for
further research.

Research Type: Farm management is about farmers making

choices among alternative uses of resources to achieve a mix of
goals to varying degrees, in the face of many unknowns. Many
types of information from many disciplines are required to make
informed choices and information from non-economic disciplines
alone are not sufficient for farm management decisions to be
made. Economics is the discipline concerned with measuring and
valuing benefits and costs of particular uses of resources and the
resultant outcomes and farm management decisions are
determined by the expected benefits and costs of what to produce
and market, by what method and at what time. These questions
are answered by applying empirical information to basic principles
of production and economics, viz. diminishing marginal returns,
comparative advantage, size, fixed and variable costs, opportunity
costs, inventory income, equi-marginal returns, cash and profit,
gearing and growth, risk, valuation of benefits and costs, and
time. In a logical framework such analyses inform consideration of
decisions and conclusions about the potential contribution that
alternative actions can make to achieving goals.

Methods in use : The farm manager has to take vital decisions

on production of enterprises and organization of his business. His
decisions centre on what to produce and how to produce. Such
decisions can be further classified into i) strategic and ii)
operational decisions. i. Strategic Management Decisions: These
are the management decisions, which involve heavy investment
and have long lasting effect. These decisions give shape to
overall organization of the business. a) Deciding the best size of
the farm: The size of farm depends upon type of farm business,
irrigation potential, level of mechanization, intensity of usage of
land and managerial ability of the farmer. The economic efficiency
of each crop/or live stock enterprise and their combinations, when
they are operated on different scales, are considered to decide
upon the optimum size of the holding. b) Decisions on farm labour
and machinery programmes: Deciding the most profitable
combination of the factors to be used in producing a commodity is
one of the important farm management decisions. What
combination of farm labour and machinery should be adopted to
get maximum returns? Would it be profitable to vary labour or
land to better utilize a given set of machinery? These decisions
are to be taken so as to reduce the cost of production. c)
Decisions on construction of buildings: Decisions on size and type
of buildings involve heavy investment, which become fixed
resource for the business. Type of buildings, for the present
pattern and level of production depends upon the kind and level of
crops or livestock produced. d) Decisions regarding irrigation,
conservation and reclamation programmes: As improvements of
alkalinity, salinity and other soil defects require heavy
investments, soil conservation and reclamation programmes often
have to be spread over years. The choice of most economical
method or a combination of methods of reclamation has to be
made from among mulching, contouring, bunding, terracing and
application of soil amendments, laying down of proper drainage
and so on. Decision on irrigation programme is also very crucial
because it involves heavy investment and it gives a flow service
over long period of time and also improves the productivity of
other related inputs.
Source of Data : This paper has been partially supported by
the European Union through the ERANETMED
(Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities
and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR and by
the “Ministerio de Ciencia

Outcome : Evaluating scientific research output or policy

options in farming contexts is an important area where the
standard farm management budgeting methods can have an
important role. Ultimately, such changes have to be analysed for
the farm system of the potential adopter or affected farm
business. However, research and policy is also subject to analysis
beyond the farm gates usually for typical representations of
farming systems and businesses in question. Such analyses are
most commonly carried out at a higher level of abstraction than is
done for particular farm businesses and real farm families are not
part of them. Representative farm models are usually the first run
of such analyses. (Note: representative does not mean arithmetic
average). The use of artificial farm businesses constructed for
analytical purposes can be a powerful, highly useful approach, as
long as these artificial businesses are typical (in ways that are
most important to the analysis) of the types of operations that
exist in the distribution of businesses in the population of interest.
However, the general attractiveness of looking at questions from
a number of perspectives dictates that the analyses would be
enhanced by the addition of some parallel, real, whole farm case
studies. While any model is only a partial representation of reality,
insights and conclusions from the analyses of ‘unreal’ farms that
do not actually exist become more convincing after being
challenged and complemented by results from real farm case
studies in which more of the real situation can be included. Thus
the gap between abstraction of representative situations and the
less abstract real farm case study situation could be reduced.
Consequently a better judgement about the true consequences of
research findings becomes able to be formed. A further reason for
advocating the use of real farm case studies to accompany
representative farm analyses is that while it is possible to
generalize to some degree about ‘what seems to be’ at the
present on the basis of empirical evidence, it is impossible to
generalize about any future situations because each farm
business has a different past and will have a different future.
Contribution : The subject for discussion this evening, ”Types
of Economic Material and Methods of Procedure in their
Utilization in Developing State or Regional Programs,” is not a
new one It is one to which extension leaders have given
increased thought and emphasis with the expansion of the
Extension Service organization. In looking ahead in the
development of the Extension Service, it was realized by the
leaders that, with the increased demand for extension work came
also increased responsibility in formulating the type of agricultural
extension program that in the long run would do the most people
the most good.
Language : The paper was written in English language by
following the rules and principles of English grammar. It was easy
to understand and presented in a manner of grammatically
correct, error-free writing. Research Gap : In this work
classification of various kinds of abnormalities is missing and
feature extraction methodology could be improved to get more
accuracy.
Originality of the Research : This research paper is original
Recomendation : When considering risk and farm
management decisions, the main point is that above average
returns to capital are only possible if the capital is exposed to
above average risk. Emphasis in farm management on risk and
volatility as something to be minimized is misplaced. This
emphasis has been at the expense of an emphasis on risk and
volatility not only as something farmers manage to live with, but
as a major source of opportunities to be exploited in order to
prosper and grow. How best to manage businesses in order to
exploit the consequences of risk/volatility on those who manage it
less adeptly than their competitors remains one of the great
neglected questions of the past 50 years of farm management in
Australia. Also missing for many years in Australian farm
management economics was a focus on financial management
under climatic and market risk, gearing and growth in Australian
farming, the type of work typified by the content of the US text
‘Financial Management in Agriculture’ by Barry, Hopkin and Baker
(1998).
Conclusion : The outstanding characteristic of the most
successful managers of businesses is their mastery of
information; thus the educational requirements of farm managers
can be considered in the broad framework of helping to equip
them to ‘master information’. More specifically, the main
requirement of contemporary farm management education is for
students and practitioners to learn to bring rigorous ways of
processing information from a range of disciplines to bear in
solving business problems of a multi-disciplinary
Reference:
1. Marín, J.; Sendra, S.; Parra, L.; Lloret, J.; Mauri, P.V.;
Masaguer, A. Smart Irrigation System for the Sustainable
Watering of Urban Lawns. In Proceedings of the New Engineering
Concepts for a Valued Agricultura Conference (AgEng 2018),
Wageningen, The Netherlands, 8–12 July 2018.
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