UVCI

THE LANGUAGE
OF THE
INFORMATION
AND
COMMUNICATIO
1.0

DR.KOUADIO PASCAL

février 2018
2
Table des
matières

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4
Objectifs

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to :

- define and use ICTs words and phrases
- express ability
- write a paragraph to say how computers communicate

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 Introduction

LEARNING SITUATION
A student from UVCI (Virtual University of Côte d'Ivoire) has discovered that when making a
research on the internet, his computer and other computers communicate in order to collect
information from internet sites all over the world. That students wants to know how it
works. The English teacher helps him and the other students know the language of
computers.

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 READING SPOT
I-

A. READING COMPREHENSION

Read the following text to learn about computers language

When two humans converse, they may have to use the same language but they
generally understand each other without having to adhere to rigid rules of grammar
or formal language frameworks. Computers, on the other hand, have to have
everything explicitly defined and structured. If computers wish to communicate with
one another, they have to know in advance exactly how information is to be
exchanged and precisely what the format will be. Therefore, standard methods of
transmitting and processing various kinds of information are used and these
methods are called "protocols". Protocols are established by international
agreement and ensure that computers everywhere can talk to one another. There
are a variety of protocols for different kinds of information and functions but they
follow either the TCP/IP model or the OSI model. TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol) are two different procedures that are often
linked together. When information is sent over the Internet, it is generally broken
up into smaller pieces or "packets". The use of packets facilitates speedy
transmission since different parts of a message can be sent by different routes and
then reassembled at the destination. It is also a safety measure to minimize the
chances of losing information in the transmission process. TCP/IP and OSI are
internet protocol suites.
From:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite#Comparison_of_TCP.2FIP_an
d_OSI_layering
Users of the Information and Communication Technologies also meet or use other
languages. Therefore they encounter words like hacker, android, cookies, firewall,
password, malware, spyware, upload, download, GIF, browse, peer-to-peer,
Artificial Intelligence, VoIP, chat, RSS, flux, EPS, TIFF, CAD, JPEG, E-Mail, web,
MAN, PAN, DAB, DMB, DVB-H, GIS, and so on. Those words are mainly in relation
with the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and the users have to
search for the meaning of each word since their existence is as recent as ICT.
Let's define each item:
Hacker: a person who uses computers to gain unauthorized access to data or a
skilled computer expert that uses their technical knowledge to overcome a problem.
Android: a humanoid robot or synthetic organism designed to imitate a human
Cookies : a packet of data a program receives and sends back unchanged

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 READING SPOT

Firewall : a technological barrier designed to prevent unauthorized or unwanted

communications between computer networks or hosts
Password : a word or string of characters used for user authentication or access
approval to a resource which is to be kept secret.
Malware : (malicious software) is an umbrella term used to refer to a variety of
forms of hostile or intrusive software, including computer viruses, worms, trojan
horses, ransomware, spyware, adware, scareware, and other malicious programs.
Spyware : it is software that aims to gather information about a person or
organization without their knowledge, that may send such information to another
entity without the consumer's consent, or that asserts control over a device without
the consumer's knowledge
Upload : to send data to a remote system such as a server or another client
Download : to receive data from a remote system
Data : information that is produced or stored by a computer
Browse : to glance at random through a book, magazine, etc
peer-to-peer : the egalitarian social networking (sharing, collaboration)
Artificial Intelligence : (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines.
JPEG : Joint Photographic Experts Group
LAN : Local Area Network
OS : Operating System
WAN : Wide Area Network
GIF : Graphic Interchange Format

B. Exercice : Match each word with its right

definition. Choose the correct series
[Solution n°1 p 21]
words
1-spyware
2-password
3-download
4-peer-to-peer
5-Browse
definitions
a-a secret word or phrase that must be used to gain admission to something.
b-to look at information on the internet
c-collects and sends private information from the infected computer to a third party
d-Files can be shared directly between systems on the network without the need of
a central server
e-copy (data) from one computer system to another, typically over the Internet.

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 READING SPOT

1-c ; 2-b ; 3-e ; 4-d ; 5-a

1-b ; 2-a ; 3-d ; 4-e ; 5-c

1-d ; 2-b ; 3-c ; 4-e ; 5-a

1-c ; 2-a ; 3-e ; 4-d ; 5-b

1-e ; 2-a ; 3-b ; 4-c ; 5-d

C. read the text again and do the activities that

follow

When two humans converse, they may have to use the same language but they
generally understand each other without having to adhere to rigid rules of grammar
or formal language frameworks. Computers, on the other hand, have to have
everything explicitly defined and structured. If computers wish to communicate with
one another, they have to know in advance exactly how information is to be
exchanged and precisely what the format will be. Therefore, standard methods of
transmitting and processing various kinds of information are used and these
methods are called "protocols". Protocols are established by international
agreement and ensure that computers everywhere can talk to one another. There
are a variety of protocols for different kinds of information and functions but they
follow either the TCP/IP model or the OSI model. TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol) are two different procedures that are often
linked together. When information is sent over the Internet, it is generally broken
up into smaller pieces or "packets". The use of packets facilitates speedy
transmission since different parts of a message can be sent by different routes and
then reassembled at the destination. It is also a safety measure to minimize the
chances of losing information in the transmission process. TCP/IP and OSI are
internet protocol suites.

D. Exercice : Write true when the sentence is correct

and false when the sentence is not correct
[Solution n°2 p 21]
Computers communicate through rigid rules of grammar.

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 READING SPOT

E. Exercice : Write true when the sentence is correct

and false when the sentence is not correct
[Solution n°3 p 21]
People follow protocols to communicate.

F. Exercice : Write true when the sentence is correct

and false when the sentence is not correct
[Solution n°4 p 21]
TCP/IP and OSI are protocol suites.

G. Exercice : Write true when the sentence is correct

and false when the sentence is not correct
[Solution n°5 p 21]
The OSI model comprises 4 layers.

H. PRESENTATION OF PROTOCOLS

The TCP/IP Model consists of only 4 layers:

Application layer (applications and processes running on the network)
Transport layer (provides end-to-end data delivery services)
Internet layer (makes datagrams and handles data routing)
Network layer (provides routines allowing access to the physical network)
1- Application layer : BGP ;DHCP ; DNS ; FTP ; HTTP ; IMAP ; LDAP ; MGCP ;
MQTT ; NNTP ; NTP ; POP ; ONC/RPC ; RTP ; RTSP ; RIP ; SIP ; SMTP ; SNMP ;
SSH ; Telnet ; TLS/SSL ; XMPP ; ...
2-Transport layer : TCP ; UDP ; DCCP ; SCTP ; RSVP ; ...
3-Internet layer : IP ; IPv4 ; IPv6 ; ICMP ; ICMPv6 ; ECN ; IGMP ; OSPF ;
IPsec ;...
4-Link layer : ARP ; NDP ; Tunnels ; L2TP ; ; PPP ; MAC ; Ethernet ; DSL : ISDN ;
FDDI ;
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Data Model is made up of seven
(7) layers:
1-Physical layer (defines the physical characteristics of the network)
2-Data-link layer (provides safe communication of data over the physical

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 READING SPOT

network)
3-Network layer (handles connection to the network by the higher layers)
4-Transport layer (provides end-to-end errors detection and correction)
5-Session layer (manages sessions among applications)
6-Presentation layer (provides standard data representations for applications)
7-Application layer (applications connected to the network)

I. PROTOCOLS LAYOUT

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 LANGUAGE SPOT
II -

II

A. ASKING QUESTIONS WITH “HOW”

1-How many: for items that we can count

The TCP/IP Model consists of only 4 layers.
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Data Model is made up of seven (7)
layers.
When a person wants to be informed about the number of layers in the TCP/IP
model or in the OSI model, he/she asks the following questions:
How many layers does the TCP/IP consist of?
How many layers is the OSI Data model made up of?
2-How often: for frequency
The boy uses the internet everyday ==== How often does he use the internet?
She rarely downloads files. ==== How often does she download files?
We learn lessons on our computer six days a week. ==== How often do we learn
lessons on our computer?
3-How fast: for the speed of an action
He downloads at 546kbs/seconds. ==== How fast does he download ?
We receives the e-mail in 3 seconds. ==== How fast do you receive the e-mail?
4-How far: for the distance
The other computer is 7778 km from here. === How far is the other computer?
They can chat at a 8769 km distance. === How far can they chat?
5-How much: for items that we cannot count.
They shared some information. ==== How much information did they share?
She has different news from her friend. ======= How much news does she
have?
6-How long: for duration
We will learn in this university for 3 years==== How long will we learn in this
university?

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 LANGUAGE SPOT

B. Exercice : Fill in the gaps with “how far” , “how

many”, “how much” , “how old”, “how fast”, “how
often”
[Solution n°6 p 21]
1- do you play football?
I play football every week-end.
2- brothers have you got?
I have got three brothers
3- is your sister?
My sister is 20.
4- does the subway go?
The subway goes at 200 km/h.
5- water does she drinks per day?
She drinks 2 litres per day.
6- is Dallas from New York?
Dallas is 2492 Kilometres from New York.

C. EXPRESSING ABILITY

CAN - CAN'T/ CANNOT - BE ABLE TO -

Here are some sentences from the text :
-Protocols are established by international agreement and ensure that computers
everywhere can talk to one another.
-The use of packets facilitates speedy transmission since different parts of a
message can be sent by different routes.
Can is used to express a physical ability, an intellectual capacity or an ability
to act. It is synonymous with to be able to. The past simple is could and the
negative is cannot or can't.
-She can't read because she did not go to school.
-Bob can drive the car.
-He is not able to play the match because he is not fine.
-Computers can communicate with one another through protocols.

D. Exercice : Find the correct answer among the

words between parenthesis to fill in the gaps.
[Solution n°7 p 22]
1-He is an expert, he fail. (can – can't)
2-Alicia to read and speak German. (can – is able)
3-Yesterday, he was to win the context. (able – could)
4-Last month, he run faster. (able – can – could).

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 LANGUAGE SPOT

5-He is bad at boxing. He beat his opponent. (can – can't – is able to)

E. FORMING WORDS WITH PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

We can add some syllables to a word to form new words. If the syllable is added at
the beginning of the word, we call it a prefix. When the syllable comes at the end of
the main word, we call it a suffix.
Examples: password (pass + word) ; passport (pass + port) existence : (exist +
ence) ; hacker
understand
The part to which we add a suffix or prefix is the main part or the root: pass ;
exist ; hack ; stand

F. Exercice : Add prefixes or suffixes to form other

words. Choose among : un- ; -able; over-; under-;
-ation; up-; down-; -ing;
[Solution n°8 p 22]
1-suit :
2- come :
3– clear :
4– communicate :
5– grade : ;
6– load : ;
7- inform :
8- organize : ;
9– mean :
10– authorize :

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 PRACTICE SPOT
III -

III

A. Exercice
[Solution n°9 p 22]
Through internet, computers as well as people communicate all over the world. Re-
arrange the paragraphs to say how computers communicate with one another.
1-When the packets arrive at their final destination, IP on the destination host
reassembles the fragments into the original payload.
2-When a person searches for something on the internet, his computer is the
source.
3-If a router receives an IP packet that is too large for the network to which the
packet is being forwarded, IP fragments the original packet into smaller packets
that fit on the downstream network.
4-This process is referred to as fragmentation and reassembly.
5-When an IP packet is sent by the source, it places a unique value in
the Identification field.

1;2;3;4;5

2;3;1;4;5

3;5;1;4;2

2;5;3;1;4

3;2;5;1;4

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 Solution des
exercices

> Solution n°1 (exercice p. 10)

1-c ; 2-b ; 3-e ; 4-d ; 5-a

1-b ; 2-a ; 3-d ; 4-e ; 5-c

1-d ; 2-b ; 3-c ; 4-e ; 5-a

1-c ; 2-a ; 3-e ; 4-d ; 5-b

1-e ; 2-a ; 3-b ; 4-c ; 5-d

> Solution n°2 (exercice p. 11)

false

> Solution n°3 (exercice p. 12)

false

> Solution n°4 (exercice p. 12)

true

> Solution n°5 (exercice p. 12)

false

> Solution n°6 (exercice p. 16)

1-How often do you play football?
I play football every week-end.
2-How many brothers have you got?
I have got three brothers
3-How old is your sister?
My sister is 20.
4-How fast does the subway go?

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 Solution des exercices

The subway goes at 200 km/h.

5-How much water does she drinks per day?
She drinks 2 litres per day.
6-How far is Dallas from New York?
Dallas is 2492 Kilometres from New York.

> Solution n°7 (exercice p. 16)

1-He is an expert, he can't fail. (can – can't)
2-Alicia is able to read and speak German. (can – is able)
3-Yesterday, he was able to win the context. (able – could)
4-Last month, he could run faster. (able – can – could).
5-He is bad at boxing. He can't beat his opponent. (can – can't – is able to)

> Solution n°8 (exercice p. 17)

1-suit :suitable
2- come : overcome
3– clear : unclear
4– communicate : communication
5– grade : upgrade ; downgrade
6– load : upload ; download
7- inform : information
8- organize : organisation ; organization
9– mean : meaning
10– authorize : authorization

> Solution n°9 (exercice p. 19)

1;2;3;4;5

2;3;1;4;5

3;5;1;4;2

2;5;3;1;4

3;2;5;1;4

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 Glossaire

PROTOCOLS
SSH : Secure Shell
SMB : Server Message Block, one version of which was also known as CIFS
(Common Internet File System)
FTP : File Transfer Protocol
SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
TCP : Transmission Control Protocol
Telnet : Teletype Network
HTTP : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTTPs : Secure Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
POP : Post Office Protocol
HTCPCP : Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol
MTP : Media Transfer Protocol
SFTP : Secure File Transfer Protocol
SSL : Secure Socket Layer
TLS : Transport Layer Security
E6 : Ethernet globalization protocols
NTP : Network time protocol
PPP : Point to Point Protocol
NNTP : Network News Transfer Protocol
QOTD : Quote Of The Day
IMAP : Internet Message Access Protocol
Bitcoin Protocol : Protocol for Bitcoin transactions and transfers on the web
Ethereum Protocol : Ethereum transactions and smart contracts
HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language

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