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Acid Base Salt Notes Exercises

1. The document provides information about chemistry concepts including: - The properties of acids and bases, distinguishing between strong and weak acids. - The types and preparation of oxides and salts. - Tests for identifying anions, cations, and gases through observation of color changes and precipitation. 2. Key points covered include the definition of acids as proton donors, categories of acids based on ion dissociation, and how weak acids produce fewer hydrogen ions in solution than strong acids. 3. Methods are outlined for qualitative analysis including flame tests to identify cations based on color, and reactions of anions and cations with reagents showing precipitation or gas evolution.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)

61 views

Acid Base Salt Notes Exercises

Uploaded by

AlyA

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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SCORE A CHEMISTRY IGCSE 2021 | 11th September 2021 | Saturday | 10 a.m. – 12 p.m.

8.1 The Characteristic properties of Acids and Bases

Definition Acids are Proton (H+ ion) Donors

Acids can also arrange into groups according to the

Categories
extent they split into ions when put in water

COMPLETELY dissociate (split up) into ions e.g.

Strong Acids
sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric

PARTIALLY dissociate (split up) into ions e.g.

Weak Acids
ethanoic, citric, carbonic

This means that if you take similar concentrations of HC/ and CH3COOH, the
concentration of H+ ions in the solution of CH3COOH will be less as only a few
of its molecules will have split up into ions. Its pH will consequently be higher.

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8.2 Types of Oxides

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8.3 Preparation of Salts

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8.4 Identification of Ions and Gases

Notes for use in qualitative analysis

Anion Test Test Result

Carbonate (CO2−; 3) add dilute acid effervescence,
carbon dioxide
produced
chloride (Cl –)[in acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add white ppt.
solution] aqueous silver nitrate
bromide (Br –)[in acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add cream ppt.
solution] aqueous silver nitrate

iodide (I–) [in solution] acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add yellow ppt.
aqueous silver nitrate

nitrate (NO3-) add aqueous sodium hydroxide, ammonia produced

[in solution] thenaluminium foil; warm carefully

sulfate (SO₄²-) acidify, then add aqueous barium white ppt.

nitrate
[in solution]

sulfite (SO32-) add dilute hydrochloric acid, warm sulfur dioxide

gently and test for the presence of produced
sulfur dioxide will turn acidified
aqueous potassium
manganate (VII) from
purple to colorless

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Cation Effect of Aqueous Sodium Effect of Aqueous

Hydroxide Ammonia
Aluminium (Al 3+) white ppt., soluble in excess, white ppt., insoluble in
giving a colorless solution excess
Ammonium (NH4+) ammonia produced on –
warming
Calcium (Ca2+) white ppt., insoluble in excess no ppt., or very slight white
ppt.
3+
Chromium (III) (Cr ) green ppt., soluble in excess grey-green ppt., insoluble in
excess
Copper (II) (Cu2+) light blue ppt., insoluble in light blue ppt., soluble in
excess excess,giving a dark blue
solution
2+
Iron (II) (Fe ) green ppt., insoluble in excess green ppt., insoluble in
excess
Iron (III) (Fe3+) red-brown ppt., insoluble in red-brown ppt., insoluble in
excess excess
Zinc (Zn2+) white ppt., soluble in excess, white ppt., soluble in excess,
giving a colorless solution giving a colorless solution

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Flame Test

Cation present Color of flame Cation present Color of flame

Lithium, Li+ red Magnesium, Mg2+ brilliant white
Sodium, Na+ yellow Calcium, Ca2+ brick-red

Potassium, K+ lilac Strontium, Sr2+ crimson

Rubidium, Rb+ red Barium, Ba2+ apple-green

Caesium, Cs+ blue Copper, Cu2+ green-blue

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SCORE A CHEMISTRY IGCSE 2021 | 11th September 2021 | Saturday | 10 a.m. – 12 p.m.

EXERCISE PAPER 2
1. The table shows the pH of four aqueous solutions, W, X, Y and Z.

Universal Indicator is added to each solution.

Which row shows the color of each solution after the indicator is added?

2. Three chemicals, P, Q and R, were each dissolved in water. The table shows some
of the reactions of these solutions.

Solution Reaction when solid sodium Reaction when heated with

carbonate is added solid ammonium chloride
P Gas Evolved No reaction
Q No reaction Gas Evolved
R No reaction No reaction
The pH of the three solutions was also measured.
What are the correct pH values of these solutions?
P Q R
A 2 7 13
B 2 1 7
C 7 2 13
D 13 7 2

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3. Only two elements are liquid at 20 °C. One of these elements is shiny and conducts
electricity. This suggests that this element is a ......1...... and therefore its oxide is
......2...... .
Which words correctly complete gaps 1 and 2?

4. Two oxides, X and Y, are added separately to dilute sulfuric acid and dilute sodium
hydroxide.
X reacts with dilute sulfuric acid but Y does not react.
Y reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide but X does not react. Which type of oxide are
X and Y?

5. The diagram shows one period of the Periodic Table.

Li B B C N O F Ne

Which two elements form acidic oxides?

A. carbon and lithium
B. carbon and neon
C. carbon and nitrogen
D. nitrogen and neon

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6. The results of two tests on solid X are shown.

Test Observation
aqueous sodium hydroxide added green precipitate formed
acidified silver nitrate added yellow precipitate formed

What is X?
A. copper (II) chloride
B. copper (II) iodide
C. iron (II) chloride
D. iron (II) iodide
7. A solution containing substance X was tested. The table shows the results.

Test Result
Flame test Lilac color
Acidified silver nitrate solution added Yellow precipitate

What is X?
A. lithium bromide
B. lithium iodide
C. potassium bromide
D. potassium iodide

8. What is the correct sequence of steps for the preparation of a pure sample of copper
(II) sulfate crystals from copper (II) oxide and sulfuric acid?

A. Dissolving → crystallization → evaporation → filtration

B. Dissolving → evaporation → filtration → crystallization

C. Dissolving → filtration → crystallization → evaporation

D. Dissolving → filtration → evaporation → crystallization

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9. Which method is used to make the salt copper sulfate?

A. dilute acid + alkali

B. dilute acid + carbonate
C. dilute acid + metal
D. dilute acid + non-metal oxide

10. Copper carbonate reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to make copper sulfate.

CuCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Which row gives the correct order of steps for making copper sulfate crystals?

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

A Add excess acid to Filter Evaporate filtrate to Leave to

the copper carbonate point of crystallization cool
B Add excess acid to Filter Evaporate to dryness Leave to
the copper carbonate cool
C Add excess copper Evaporate to Leave to cool Filter
carbonate to the acid point of
crystallization
D Add excess copper Filter Evaporate filtrate to Leave to
carbonate to the acid point of crystallization cool

11. Salts X and Y are separately dissolved in water.

Samples of the solutions obtained are separately tested with dilute hydrochloric acid and with
aqueous sodium hydroxide. In two of the tests, a gaseous product is formed. No precipitate is
formed in any of the tests.

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EXERCISE PAPER 4

FEB/MAC/21/42

(h) Some salts can be made by titration.

In a titration experiment, 20.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide reacts exactly with 25.0 cm3
of 0.100 mol / dm3 dilute sulfuric acid to make sodium sulfate.

(i) Circle the name of the type of reaction that takes place.

Decomposition Neutralization Precipitation Reduction

[1]

(ii) Calculate the concentration of the aqueous sodium hydroxide in g / dm3 using the
following steps.

● Calculate the number of moles of dilute sulfuric acid used.

.............................. mol

● Determine the number of moles of sodium hydroxide which react with

the dilutesulfuric acid.

.............................. mol

● Calculate the concentration of the aqueous sodium hydroxide in mol / dm3.

........................... mol / dm3

● Calculate the concentration of the aqueous sodium hydroxide in g / dm3.

.............................. g / dm3
[5]

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OKT/NOV/20/41
(b) Ammonia is a weak base.

(i) Explain the meaning of the term base.

.................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Suggest the pH of aqueous ammonia.

.............................................................................................................................[1]

MAY/JUN/20/41
4. This question is about reactions of bases and acids.

a. Ammonia is a gas at room temperature.

What is the test for ammonia gas? Describe the positive result of this test.

test
.............................................................................................................................................

result
.........................................................................................................................................
[2]

b. Ammonia reacts with water to form ions.

i. How does this equation show that ammonia, NH3, behaves as a base?
.............................................................................................................................[1]
ii. Aqueous ammonia is described as a weak base.
Suggest the pH of aqueous ammonia.

pH =…………………... [1]

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iii. Describe what is seen when aqueous ammonia is added to aqueous copper (II)
sulfate, until no further change is seen.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]

c. Aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq), is a strong alkali that reacts with dilute sulfuric
acid exothermically.

i. What type of reaction is this?

...............................................................................................................................[1]

ii. Complete the equation for the reaction between aqueous sodium hydroxide and
dilute sulfuric acid.

[2]
d. A student wanted to find the concentration of some dilute sulfuric acid by titration. The
student found that 25.0 cm3 of 0.0400 mol / dm3 NaOH(aq) reacted exactly with 20.0 cm3
of H2SO4(aq).

i. Name a suitable indicator to use in this titration.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

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ii. Calculate the concentration of the H2SO4(aq) in mol / dm3 using the following
steps.

● Calculate the number of moles of NaOH in 25.0 cm3.

moles = ..............................
● Deduce the number of moles of H2SO4 that reacted with the 25.0 cm3 of
NaOH(aq).

moles = ..............................
● Calculate the concentration of H2SO4(aq) in mol / dm3

concentration = .............................. mol / dm3 [2]

● Calculate the concentration of the 0.0400 mol / dm3 NaOH(aq) in g / dm3.

concentration = .............................. g / dm3 [2]

[Total: 16]

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OKT/NOV/19/41

4. Insoluble salts can be made by precipitation reactions.

A student mixed solution of some soluble salts.

The results the student obtained are shown in the table.

All sodium salts are soluble in water.

Use only results from the table to answer the following questions.

(a) Name:
(i) an insoluble cobalt salt ………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) an insoluble yellow lead salt………………………………………………………. [1]

(b) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in which silver carbonate is formed.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

.............................................................................................................................................. [2

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OKT/NOV/19/43
6. This question is about sulfuric acid and substances that can be made from sulfuric acid.

a. Sulfuric acid is a strong acid.

What is meant by the term strong acid?

Strong ...........................................................................................................................

Acid .............................................................................................................................[2]

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b. Dilute sulfuric acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide are used to make aqueous sodium
sulfate, Na2SO4(aq), or aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate, NaHSO4(aq). The method
includes use of the following apparatus.

25.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide of concentration 0.100 mol / dm3 was neutralized
by 25.0 cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid of concentration 0.0500 mol / dm3. The equation for the
reaction is shown. This is reaction 1.

2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) reaction 1

The same technique and the same solutions can be used to

make aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate. The equation for the reaction is shown. This is
reaction 2.

NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) NaHSO4(aq) + H2O(l) reaction 2

Complete the table to calculate the volume of dilute sulfuric acid that reacts with 25.0 cm3
of aqueous sodium hydroxide in reaction 2.

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c. Aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate, NaHSO4(aq), contains the ions Na+(aq), H+(aq) and
SO42–(aq).

Describe what you would see if the following experiments were done.

i. A flame test was done on aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

ii. Solid copper (II) oxide was added to aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate and the mixture
was warmed.

d. A test can be done to show the presence of SO 2–(aq) by adding acidified aqueous barium
chloride or acidified aqueous barium nitrate.

iii. State the observation that would show that SO 2– is present.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

iv. Write an ionic equation for the reaction that occurs if SO 2– is present. Include state
symbols.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

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MAY/JUN/19/41

d. A student prepares crystals of magnesium chloride by adding an excess of magnesium

carbonate to 50.00cm3 of 2.00 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid.

The student filters the mixture and rinses the residue.

(i) Why does the student add an excess of magnesium carbonate?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Why does the student rinse the residue?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Describe how the student would obtain pure crystals of magnesium chloride from the
filtrate.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]

e. Silver chloride, AgCl, is insoluble. It can be made by a precipitation reaction between aqueous
barium chloride and a suitable aqueous silver salt.

(i) What is meant by the term precipitate?

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(ii) Name a suitable silver salt to use to prepare silver chloride.

Complete the chemical equation to show the formation of insoluble silver chloride from
aqueous barium chloride and the silver salt you have named.

name of a suitable silver salt ..............................................................................................

[3]

MAY/JUN/19/43
(c) Some airbags contain silicon (IV) oxide.
When the airbag is used sodium, oxide is formed.
Oxides can be classified as acidic, amphoteric, basic or neutral.
Classify each of these oxides:
sodium oxide ..........................................................................................................

silicon (IV) oxide.......................................................................................................

[2]

(d) Lead (II) azide is insoluble in water. Solid lead (II) azide can be made in a precipitation
reaction between aqueous lead (II) nitrate and aqueous sodium azide.

Lead (II) azide has the formula Pb(N3)2.

(i) Deduce the formula of the azide ion.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(ii) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction between aqueous lead (II) nitrate
and aqueous sodium azide to form solid lead (II) azide and aqueous sodium
nitrate. Include state symbols.

(iii) Describe how you could obtain a sample of lead (II) azide that is not contaminated
with any soluble salts from the reaction mixture.

.......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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PAPER 6 (OKT/NOV/2020/63)
3. Two solids, solid C and solid D, were analysed.
Tests were done on each solid.

tests on solid C
Tests were done and the following observations were made.
tests on solid C observations

test 1

Half of solid C was placed in a test‑tube. Thesolid was heated steam was given off and
gently and then strongly. condensation appeared at the
mouth of the test‑tube, the remaining
solid became black

The remaining solid C was dissolved in distilled water to

produce solution C. The solution was divided into two equal
portions intwo test‑tubes.

test 2

A few drops of universal indicator solution were

added to the first portion of solution C. the solution became
orange

test 3

A spatula measure of solid sodium carbonate was added to effervescence was

the second portion of solution C.Any gas produced was tested. seen, the gas turned
limewater milky

a. Suggest the pH of solution C.

pH =………………………….[1]

b. Identify the gas produced in test 3.

.................................................................................................................................. [1]

c. What conclusions can you make about solid C?

.........................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................[2]

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tests on solid D

Solid D was calcium chloride.

Complete the expected

observations.

Solid D was dissolved in water to form solution D. Solution D was divided into four
approximatelyequal portions in four test‑tubes.

(a) (i) A few drops of aqueous sodium hydroxide were added to the first portion of

solution D. observation

………………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

(ii) An excess of aqueous sodium hydroxide was added to the mixture from (d)(i).

observations

………………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

(b) Aqueous ammonia was added dropwise and then in excess to the second portion of
solution D.
observations

..............................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) About 1 cm3 of dilute nitric acid and a few drops of aqueous silver nitrate were
added to the third portion of solution D.
Observations

………………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

(d) About 1 cm3 of dilute nitric acid and a few drops of aqueous barium nitrate were
added to thefourth portion of solution D.
Observations

………………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

[Total: 10]

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2 A toothpaste contains:
● sodium fluoride
● calcium carbonate
● silica
● mint flavouring.

Sodium fluoride and the mint flavouring are soluble in water.

Calcium carbonate and silica are insoluble in water.
Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form the soluble salt calcium
chloride.

Plan an investigation to find the percentage by mass of silica in the toothpaste.

In your answer you should include how you will calculate the percentage by mass of
silica in thetoothpaste.

You have access to normal laboratory apparatus.

................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................