NUST INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (NICE)

SECTOR H-12, ISLAMABAD

PROJECT NO. 2
WORKSHOP PRACTICE
NICE SEMESTER SPRING 2021
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Date of Issue: ______ 5 May 2021________________ Date of Submission: ___ 27 May 2021______

SECTION: ___________BECE-20C_________________ Total Marks: _____________________

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Students are required to enlist the possible operations which can be carried out on a lathe
machine. These operations must be depicted pictorially in the project report. Enlist the
operations required to make a bolt cut of a long stock of material.

TEAM MEMBERS

MEMBER 1: Abdullah Shamshad (351087)

MEMBER 2: Ahsan Nasir (335661)

MEMBER 3: Sinaan Ahmad (334373)

ME-105 WORKSHOP PRACTICE

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 Abdullah Shamshad
PROJECT REPORT: Ahsan Nasir
Sinaan Ahmad
Operations on Lathe Machine
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction to lathe machine
1.2. Parts of lathe machine
2. ANALYSIS OF OPERATIONS ON LATHE MACHINE
2.1. List of different operations performed on lathe machine
2.2. Facing
2.3. Turning
2.4. Boring
2.5. Drilling
2.6. Knurling
2.7. Chamfering
2.8. Thread Cutting
2.9. Grooving
2.10. Forming
2.11. Tapping
2.12. Parting off
3. SPECIAL APPLICATION OF LATHE MACHINE
3.1. How will you make a bolt cut of a given long stock of material?

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 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction to Lathe Machine
Lathe machine is a general-purpose machine tool, which is used for machining
different round objects and mould them into the desired shape and size. It rotates a
workpiece about an axis of rotation to perform various operations. We can do
different operations on the job by lathe machine. It makes the work easier and is
most commonly used in the mechanical field. In the write up of this project, all the
possible operations carried out on the lathe machine are represented theoretically.

1.2. Parts of Lathe Machine

Key parts of the lathe machine and some terms associated with this project are
given below.
1. Chuck: Chuck pierces the workpiece.
2. Tailstock: The tailstock supports long workpieces and clamps tools
3. Tool-post: It is a tool holding device mounted on the guideway.

1.2. Business Description

2. LATHE OPERATIONS
2.1. List of operations performed on lathe machine
Following is the list of different types of operations that are performed on the
lathe machine after turning the machine ON :

 Facing
 Turning
 Boring
 Drilling
 Knurling
 Chamfering
 Thread Cutting
 Grooving
 Forming
 Tapping
 Parting off

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 2.2. Facing
Facing is the operation performed to remove metal from the end of the
workpiece to produce a smooth flat surface on the end of the workpiece. It is an
operation of reducing the length of the workpiece by feeding the tool perpendicular
to the axis of rotation of the chuck(workpiece holder) of the lathe machine. For this
operation, facing tool may be used. The cutting edge of the tool should set to the
same height as the centre of the workpiece.

2.3. Turning
It is the most common type of all lathe machine operations. Turning is the
operation of removing the excess material from the workpiece to produce a
cylindrical surface of desired shape and size(length). During turning operation,
workpiece or feed is moved along the axis of rotation of the chuck. It reduces the
diameter of the cylindrical work piece.

2.4. Boring
It is the process of removing material from the hole of the work piece. Holes are
bored with the help of a single point cutting tool. In this operation, we can enlarge
the diameter of the existing hole on a job by turning inside with some farm tool
known as the boring tool. This boring tool fitted on the tool-post can be dragged
into the job resultingly increasing the diameter of the minute hole.

2.5. Drilling
Drilling is an operation by which we can make holes in a job. In this operation,
the job is rotated at the turning speed on the lathe axis and the drilling tool is fitted
on the tail-stock(tool holder) spindle and the tail-stock is then moved towards the
job by hand feed. In simpler words, it is the process of making holes in the

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 workpiece under the action of a drill. The drilling tool is held in the tailstock of the
lathe machine and subsequently the operation is performed by advancing the drill
into the workpiece by rotating the handle of the tailstock.

2.6. Knurling
It is the process of producing a rough surface on the workpiece to provide
effective gripping. Knurling tool is held rigidly on the tool post and pressed against
the rotating job so that leaving the exact facsimile of the tool on the surface of the
job.
It is an operation of obtaining indentations(recess or sharp depression) or a
diamond shape on the border of the workpiece mainly for the gripping purpose. This
is done to provide a better gripping surface to the job when operated by hands. It is
done using a knurling tool. The tool consists of a set of hardened steel roller, and it
is held rigidly on the tail-stock.

2.7. Chamfering
Chamfering is used for beveling the end of a job to remove burrs, to look better,
and to make a passage of the nut into the bolt. It is the process of beveling the
extreme ends of a workpiece. It is done in order to remove the burrs, to protect the
ends of the workpiece from being damaged. Apart from safety, it also gives the
workpiece a furnished look.

2.8. Threading
It is the operation that is used to produce a helical groove(s) on a cylindrical or
conical surface by feeding the tool longitudinally when the job revolved between the
two centers. A helical ridge of uniform section on the workpiece is produced. This is
performed by taking successive cuts with a threading tool-bit the same shape as
the thread form required. The tool should be set exactly to the height of the
centerline of the job and may be fed at 90 degrees to the job axis.

2.9. Grooving
It is the process of creating a narrow slot on the surface of the workpiece is
called grooving. Grooving tool is held perpendicular to the axis and forms a narrow
cavity of a certain depth on external, internal surfaces, cylinder, cone, or a face of
the part.

2.10. Forming

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 It is the process in which an irregular(convex or concave) surface is formed or
imparted to the workpiece with the help of a forming tool. Forming or “formed” tool
possessing the desired shape is used to perform this operation.

2.11. Tapping
Tapping is the process of cutting a thread inside a hole so that a cap screw or
bolt can be threaded into the hole. Basically, it is the process in which a tapping tool
enters the workpiece axially and cuts the threads into an existing hole. The hole
matches a corresponding bit size that can accommodate the desired tapping tool.
Tapping is also the operation used to make a thread on nuts.

2.12. Parting Off

It is the operation of cutting off the required length from the bar stock job after
completing the machining process. In this operation a bar type job is held on a
chuck, rotates at turning speed, a parting off tool is fed into the job slowly until the
tool reaches the center of the job.

3. APPLICATION OF LATHE MACHINE

3.1. How to make a bolt cut in a long stock of material?
The following procedure is adopted to achieve the target material.
Bolts
A bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an external male thread requiring
a matching pre-formed female thread such as a nut .

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 Bolts can come in a wide range of different sizes and shapes, but the basic
production process generally remains the same. 

 
Processes of the production of bolts:
1. Shearing - cut to length usually steel rods. Peddinghaus shears can be used
and  function  like a guillotine and chop the steel.
2. Cold forging - Moulding the steel into the right shape at room temperature.
Cold forging starts with large steel wire rods. It is done by forcing it through a
series of dies at high pressure. This process ensures bolts can be produced
quickly, in large volumes, and with high uniformity.
3. Turning or drilling- complex bolt designs, which cannot be contoured
through cold forging alone, some additional turning or drilling may be needed.
Turning involves spinning the bolt at high speed, while steel is cut away to
achieve the desired shape and design. Drilling can be used to make holes
through the bolt
4. Bolt head - Progressively formed by forcing the steel into various dies at high
pressure.
5. Threading -  Threading is usually applied before heat treatment, either by
rolling or cutting when the steel is softer. Rolling works much like cold forging,
and involves running the bolt through a die to shape and mold the steel into
threads. Cutting involves forming threads by cutting and removing steel.
Lathe machine can also be used for this purpose.
6. Heat treatment - The bolt is exposed to extreme heat to harden steel. The
temperature can be up to 2000 Fahrenheit.

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 7. Galvanizing - It depends on the application. Zinc-plating is common to
increase corrosion resistance. But it is important Parts are first submerged in
caustic soda which removes cutting oil and other organic materials that
accumulate during the manufacturing process. The bolts are then rinsed and
submerged in sulfuric acid, which removes any scale from the bolts and
etches the surface of the steel.
8. Chamfering/Pointing- Many bolts require a chamfering operation which is
the beveling of the end of a bolt (removal of the first thread) to facilitate easy
installation of a nut. This beveled end will help facilitate easy assembly of the
nut once the bolts have been threaded and galvanized.
9. Packing/stocking - After quality control to ensure uniformity and
consistency, the bolts are packaged.
Ref: https://www.nord-lock.com/insights/knowledge/2018/the-making-of-bolts/
Ref: https://www.portlandbolt.com/bolt-made/

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