9

Research I
Quarter 3 – Module 1:
Research Design

DIVISION OF ANGELES CITY

Research I – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 1: Research Design
First Edition, 2021

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 9

Research I
Quarter 3 – Module 1:
Research Design
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge of lessons in each

SLM. It will tell you if you need to complete this module or if you need to ask your
facilitator or your teacher's assistance for a better understanding of the lesson. At
the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check what you
are learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you with your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in
this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the principles of research design. Once the principles of research design
have been learned, students are now ready to write the research proposal or any
other application on the principles of research design. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The activities are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module contains:

Lesson 1 – Principles of Research Design
(Apply Principles of Research Design – MELC Q3W1)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 identify the variables,
 recognize the basic research principles, and
 apply the research design structures.

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 What I Know

Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following best describes a research design?
a. It serves as a framework for the literature review and answering the
research questions.
b. It is the overall strategy that you choose to integrate while planning the
research proposal.
c. It makes the conclusion valid because it takes into consideration all the
assumptions that went into deriving the various inferences.
d. It ensures that appropriate data will be obtained that permits an
objective analysis, leading to valid inferences about the stated problem.

2. How many tests do homogeneous experimental units be subjected to the

same treatment under similar conditions?
a. at least one replicate c. minimum of three replicates
b. minimum of two replicates d. multiple times
3. Anna thinks that if people are exposed to ultraviolet light then they are more
likely to get skin cancer. She designs an experiment wherein sample A
consisted of people who were exposed to ultraviolet light and sample B was
not. Which is the independent variable in the problem?
a. skin cancer c. exposure to ultraviolet rays
b. samples A and B d. people who are exposed to
ultraviolet light
4. A researcher plants three plots of flower seeds. He weeds and waters the first
plot every day. He weeds and waters the second plot every other day. He
leaves the third plot alone. After 12 weeks, the researcher measures the
height of each flower. What is the role of the plots of flowers in the
experiment?
a. control group c. dependent variable
b. experimental units d. independent variables

5. Justin B. believes that the temperature lowering during the fall months is
what causes the color of the leaves to change. He set up an experiment
wherein he placed some plants in 80 degrees rooms and some in 60-degree
rooms. He then observed the color of the leaves for a total of 1 month. At the
end of the month, Justin observed that ¾ of the plants in the 60-degree
temperature had been to change colors and only ¼ of the plants in the 80-
degree temperature began to change colors. What is the dependent variable in
the problem?
a. the changing colors of the leaves
b. temperature lowering during the fall months

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 c. ¾ of the plants placed in the 60-degrees temperature
d. ¼ of the plants placed in the 80-degrees temperature
6. The boss in a company wants to experiment if workers will complete the 2
months of stress management training will lessen their number of sick days
in a year. How should the control group in this experiment be treated?
a. no participation in the stress training program
b. complete the stress training program for 2 months
c. participate in different training programs in 2 months
d. participate in the stress training program at different number of days

For questions 7-10, refer to the given situation.

Situation: A farmer wants to study whether organic fertilizer will increase the
growth of the lettuce plants at a fast rate. He used 20 lettuce plants for
this experiment. He randomly chose 10 lettuce samples treated with
organic fertilizer while the remaining 10 samples are to be treated with
commercial fertilizer. The amount of water and sunlight are kept the
same for all the sample plants.
7. What type of experiment design is used in the given situation?
a. complete block design
b. completely randomized design
c. randomized complete block design
d. both b and c

8. Which are the experimental units?

a. 10 lettuce plants without fertilizer
b. 10 lettuce plants with organic fertilizer
c. 20 lettuce plants used in the experiment
d. 40 lettuce plants used in the experiment

9. What is the purpose of keeping the same amount of water and sunlight for all
lettuce plants?
a. serve as extraneous variables
b. to focus on the experimental treatment
c. to know other variables that may contribute to the growth of the lettuce
plants
d. both a and b
10. What is the primary purpose of having a group of 10 lettuce plants treated
with commercial fertilizer?
a. control
b. extraneous
c. experimental
d. study subject

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 Lesson

1 Research Design

A. Definition:
The research design serves as a framework for research planning and
answering your research questions. Formulating your research design means
determining the following (McCombes 2020):

What type of data do you need?

Who are the sources or the participants of your study?

Which variables and or hypotheses (if relevant) will you investigate?

How will you collect and analyze your needed data?

B. Significance:

 It serves as a guide for direction during the actual experimentation.

 It allows a gain of maximum information relevant to the problem at a
minimum cost.
 It makes the statistical test of significance valid because it takes into
consideration all the assumptions that went into deriving the various
statistics.

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 What's In

In our previous lesson, you were introduced to a scientific method. Let us

recall by exploring the processes involved.

Directions: Label each arrow with the correct step in the scientific method.

First A question that needs to

1. be answered

A process skill that uses

2. the senses to gather
information

3. An educated guess

A procedure to test the

4.
hypothesis

Collect, record, and

5.
examine the data

Compare the hypothesis

6. result in the experiment

Hypothesis supported Hypothesis not supported

7. Share results

Figure 1: Scientific Method

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 What's New

The research design refers to the complete sequence of steps that will be
undertaken in a project. The design should ensure that appropriate data will be
obtained in a way that permits an objective analysis, leading to valid inferences
concerning the stated problem. Preparation of the research design is a step in
problem-solving, consisting of a detailed plan to be followed to obtain the needed
data.
One of the basic elements that you must consider when planning the
sequence of steps that will embody the research design is the identification of
variables. In research, variables are any characteristics that can take on different
values, such as height, age, species, or exam score. In scientific research, we often
want to study the effect of one variable on another one.
Classification of Variables

There are different ways of classifying variables. The method of classification

will depend on what stage of the research process you are in. When formulating the
experimental design, you classify the variables based on cause and effect because
you need to define the relationships that exist between your variables.
Classes of Variables Based on Cause and Effect:

 Independent or Manipulated
 Dependent or Responding
 Extraneous or Constant
Variables in the Research Design

When you design your experiment, you need to make sure that you have
covered all your bases in terms of the different types of variables used, the values
for the identified variables, and the time that each variable takes on a value.
Here are guide questions that you may use to determine if you have covered
all the bases:

 Independent Variables - What variables will you manipulate or vary?

 Extraneous Variables - What will you keep constant during
experimentation or data gathering?
 Dependent Variables - What will you observe during and/or after
experimentation/testing?

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 Here is the example showing the application of the three variables:

Type of variable Definition Example (fertilizer added to

plants experiment)

Independent variables  Variables you manipulate The amount of fertilizer added

to affect the outcome of an to each plant’s water.
experiment.
Dependent variables  Variables that represent Any measurement of plant
the outcome of the health and growth: in this case,
experiment. plant height.

Extraneous variables Variables that are held The temperature and light in
constant throughout the the room the plants are kept in,
experiment. and the volume of water given
to each plant.

Table 1: Independent vs dependent vs extraneous variables

Groups in Experiment Design

An experimental group is a test sample or the group that receives an

experimental procedure. This group is exposed to changes in the independent
variable being tested.
A control group is a group separated from the rest of the experiment such
that the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results.
While all experiments have an experimental group, not all experiments
require a control group. Controls are extremely useful where the experimental
conditions are complex and difficult to isolate. Experiments that use control groups
are called controlled experiments.

Let us Check our New Learning on Variables!

SPOT THE VARIABLES

Directions: Read the following experiments and fill in the blanks that follow.
Hint: One problem does not contain a control group

1. A study was conducted to test the effects of jazz on people's sleeping patterns.
The experiment hypothesized that if people listened to jazz music as they fell
asleep, they would sleep for more extended periods. For the experiment, two
groups of people were created. One group was placed in a quiet room where they
went to sleep, and they were timed on how long they slept. The other group was
placed in a room where jazz music softly played as they began to sleep and

8
 played throughout the night. As each group awoke, their sleep times were
monitored.

Independent Variable:
__________________________________________________________________________________
Experimental Group:
__________________________________________________________________________________
Control Group:
__________________________________________________________________________________
Dependent Variable:
__________________________________________________________________________________
Extraneous Variables:
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. A student wanted to test how the mass of a paper airplane affected the
distance it would fly. Paper clips were added before each test flight. As each
paper clip was added, the plane was tested to determine how far it would fly.

Independent Variable:
__________________________________________________________________________________
Experimental Group:
__________________________________________________________________________________
Control Group:
__________________________________________________________________________________
Dependent Variable:
__________________________________________________________________________________
Extraneous Variables:
__________________________________________________________________________________
Sources: Kathryn's experimental design examples – Course Hero
VARIABLES WORKSHEET #2: MORE PRACTICE - pch.district70

What is It

The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate
the different components of the study coherently and logically, thereby, ensuring
you will effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the
collection, measurement, and analysis of data.

The following are the basic elements that you must consider when planning
the sequence of steps that will embody the research design:

1. Identification of variables
2. Application of basic research principles
3. Consideration of the research design structure

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I. Variables

A variable is any entity that can take on different measurable or observable

values. The use of variables is an intrinsic part of any investigative research.
Variables are used as the point of comparison between two or more objects or
experimental units, as a means for specifying the focus of the investigation, and as
the basis for defining the scope of a project. (Detailed discussion of the classification
of variables in this module - What's New)

Variables in Engineering Projects

Experimentation is not always apparent in engineering projects because in

creating a new device, software, or system, there is already a design in mind that is
based on known concepts and theories.

What you need to remember, though, is that when a new product is created
it needs to be tested in terms of functionality and efficiency. In an engineering
project, the use of variables is applied mainly during the testing phase, when the
product is being evaluated for its performance or effectiveness in providing a
solution to the real-life problem.

Testing a product follows the same process of identifying independent and

extraneous variables, setting values for these variables, and then making
observations to come up with values for the dependent variables. It is done only
when it has been proclaimed by the researcher that the product is “finished.” This
means that the prototype is built and that there are no more changes that will be
made to its design or functional specifications.

Example of an engineering project:

A salt manufacturing device was designed to be able to produce mineral-rich
salt via solar method at a faster rate than ordinary methods. To test the
performance of the salt manufacturing device, the following variables are
identified:
Independent variable: method of salt production (two values are “using the
created device” and “via traditional method.”)
Extraneous variables:
 amount of saltwater used
 source of saltwater (thus the assumption that the salinity of the water
is constant)
I. exposure
Basic time of the saltwater
Principles in the
of Research device to sunlight
Design
 place of exposure
Dependent variables:
 time for total evaporation to occur, in minutes
 amount of salt produced, in grams
 mineral content of the salt produced (list of minerals in grams per unit
weight of salt)

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Source: Variables - BSICR-Ch-4-Copy

II. Basic Principles of Research Design

For a Research Design to be considered sound, three basic principles are

expected to be present:

 Local control refers to the balancing, grouping, and blocking of experimental

units so that the units within each block are relatively homogeneous. In
engineering projects where new products or systems are created, the product
or system itself may be considered as the experimental unit. Examples are a
prototype of a device or a computer program that is subjected to various
treatments (test cases) to determine its correctness and consistency in
performance.

 Replication refers to the conduct of an experiment or test using three or

more homogeneous experimental units subjected to the same treatment
under similar conditions. In the case of technical research where the product
of design is the lone experimental unit, replication refers to the repetition of
a test under controlled conditions. Replication makes the test of significance
possible.

 Randomization refers to an unbiased method of assignment of experimental

units (or subjects) to the treatment/s or vice versa. It assures the validity of
the statistical tests of significance.

The Experimental Units

Before you start verifying if you have considered the three basic principles of
research design in your project, make sure that you have correctly identified your
experimental units first.
An experimental unit also referred to as the experimental subject, is the
focus of testing or experimentation. It is the organism, material, product, or device
that is subjected to one or more treatments and is, therefore, the source of
observation or data. It could be plants, animals, or inanimate objects. Examples
are lettuce heads, bacterial culture set-ups, mice pieces of wood, and rabbit human
testers.

Checklist of Applied Principles

After identifying your experimental unit, you may now check if the three
basic principles of research design are evident in your project:

1. Local Control
 Do all experimental units that receive the same treatment bear the
same characteristics?
2. Replication

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  For every treatment (experimental or control) or test, do you have a
minimum of three replicates?

3. Randomization
 Is there a randomization method used to divide the experimental
units in each block among the various treatments? Note that if
randomization were done, it would not matter what treatment is
assigned to an experimental unit.

III. Basic Types of Research Design

A good research design also considers the organizational structure of the

experimental units. There are two basic types: completely randomized design and
randomized complete block design. The other designs are variations of these two
basic types.

 Completely Randomized Design (CRD) is used when the set of

experimental units is homogeneous concerning the factors that may affect
the results. Each experimental unit is simply assigned a treatment
randomly. In the figure below, there are a total of nine experimental units,
all of the same type. Any three experimental units may be assigned for
each of the three treatments (T1, T2, T3).

Figure 1: Experimental units assigned randomly in three treatments

Source: Variables - BSICR-Ch-4-Copy

 Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) is used when the

experimental units have varying characteristics that may affect the results
of the experiment. When this happens, the units are divided into
homogeneous groups or blocks. Within each block, the subjects are
assigned treatment randomly. The result is that all treatments should be
assigned to corresponding experimental units within each block.

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 Figure 2: Experimental units divided into three blocks and assigned
treatment randomly
Source: Variables - BSICR-Ch-4-Copy
The sample illustration above shows three types of frogs, hence the division
into three blocks. Within each homogeneous block, treatment is assigned to three
frogs. Note that the number of replicates per treatment is still three. Because the
frogs in Block 2 are different from those in Block 1, they are considered as different
set-ups.

Features of a Good Design

A good research design should have a well-defined set of experimental units.

Before execution of the project, it must be verified that the experimental units have
homogeneous characteristics or have been classified accordingly into homogeneous
groups.

If the characterization and blocking of experimental units are done properly,

it should be easy to verify if these basic principles (replication, local control, and
randomization) are applied in the research design.

Once the basic elements of the research design are set, then you are ready to
write the research proposal.

What's More
Directions: Read the situation below and answer the guide questions for each of the
activity that follows.

Situation: A footwear company wants to test the effectiveness of its new insoles
(soft insole and air-fill insole) designed to prevent shin splints resulting
from running. They hire a group of physical trainers and a statistician,
who recruits 100 healthy adult runners with the same age range to
participate in a study. The statistician randomly assigns the 60 runners
to follow the same weekly running schedule, wherein 30 runners will
use new insoles and the remaining 30 will use the existing insoles the
company already sells. After 10 weeks, the statistician records the
number of runners from each group that has developed shin splints.
They made sure that the results are valid that they have performed the
testing three times for each treatment.

Activity I: Identification of Variables

Guide Questions:

1. Which is the independent variable?

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 ____________________________________________________________________________
2. Which is the dependent variable?
____________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the extraneous variables?
____________________________________________________________________________
Activity II: Recognition of Basic Research Principle

Guide Questions:

1. What is the primary purpose of the 30 runners who used the new insole in
the experiment?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the significance of the 30 runners who used the existing insole in
the experiment?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. How is replication applied to test the significance of the result?
___________________________________________________________________________

Activity III: Application of Research Design Structure

Guide Questions:

1. What type of research design was used in the situation? Why?

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Illustrate the type of research design used in the situation. Show how the
samples were assigned to the treatments.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct word/s.

1. ___________________ means planning a set of procedures to investigate a

relationship between variables.
2. ___________________ is the variable you think is the cause, while a/an
___________________ is the effect.
3. An treatment group, also known as a/an ____________________, receives the
treatment whose effect researchers wish to study.

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 4. The ________________________ refers to the balancing, grouping, and blocking
of experimental units so that the units within each block are relatively
homogeneous.
5. The ____________________ receives no treatment in the experiment.
6. In a/an _____________________________, every subject is assigned to a
treatment group at random.
7. ______________________________ is used when the experimental units have
varying characteristics that may affect the results of the experiment.
8. __________________ refers to the repetition of a test under controlled
conditions.
9. In a controlled experiment, ______________________are held constant to focus
on your experimental treatment.
10.In an engineering project, when the researcher says that the product is
“finished,” it means that the _______________ is built and that there are no
more changes that will be made to its design or functional specifications.

What I Can Do

Directions: Read the given situation, identify the variables, and illustrate a research
design structure.

Situation: A local pharmaceutical company introduced Moringa D, a new pill that

has a good chance of helping people lower their blood sugar. Typically,
the Hemoglobin A1C test is a way to measure the average blood sugar
for the last three months. The company hopes that the pill lowers blood
sugar as shown with lowered AIC. To experiment, 100 diabetic patients
were randomly selected into two groups: patients who would take the
New pill and patients who would take the popular Brand A pill in the
market.

Guide questions:

1. What is the role of Moringa D in the experiment?

____________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the significance of having a lowered AIC in the experiment?

____________________________________________________________________________

3. What are the extraneous variables?

____________________________________________________________________________

4. Which is the experimental unit and what treatment is applied?

___________________________________________________________________________

15
5. How should the control group in this experiment be treated?
___________________________________________________________________________

6. Illustrate how the samples are assigned using a Randomized Complete Block
Design. Show the repetition of tests in triplicate in each treatment.

Assessment

Directions: Read the situation carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Choose the letter of the correct answer.

Situation #1. Gym instructress Korina wants to determine if keto diet

consumption affects blood pressure. She recruits 100 households
and randomly assigns each household to either a keto-free diet or a
keto-based diet. At the end of two months, she plans to record the
original and final blood pressures for members of each household.
1. What is the cause variable?
a. the households
b. keto-diet consumption
c. change in blood pressure
d. members of each household
2. What is the response variable?
a. the households
b. keto-diet consumption
c. change in blood pressure
d. members of each household
3. Who/what are the experimental units and the treatment?
a. households with keto-based diet
b. households with changes in blood pressure
c. members of each household with a keto-free diet
d. members of each household with a keto-based diet
4. Who/what are the control groups?
a. the household

16
 b. members of each household
c. households with a keto-free diet
d. households with a keto-based diet

5. Which is the best way to assign samples using a completely randomized

design?
a. random select 75 households with keto-based and 25 with keto-free
diets
b. random select 75 households with keto-free and 25 with keto-based
diets
c. random select 50 households with keto-based diet and 50 households
with keto-free diet
d. random select 50 households with other diet and randomly select 25
with keto-based and 25 keto-free diets

Additional Activities

Directions: Read the given engineering project and answer the questions that
follow.
Situation: Graphene is proven in several studies to possess high energy storage. A
local manufacturer designed a graphene-made battery that has a longer
charge capacity. To test the performance of his invention, he compared
the charge capacity of a graphene-made battery to a conventional battery
in the market.
Guide questions:
1. What is the independent variable?
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the extraneous variables?
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the dependent variable?
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the experimental treatment applied?
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. Which is the control in the experiment?

17
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. If you were the manufacturer, how will you test the performance of your
invention?
_________________________________________________________________________________

Answer Key

What I Know What’s In What's New

1. d 1. Identify the problem 1. Problem
2. b 2. Observe Independent Variable: jazz
3. c 3.Formulate hypothesis music played
4. b 4. Conduct experiment Control Group: No jazz music
5. a 5. Gather and analyze while sleeping
6. a data Experimental Group:
7. b 6. Draw conclusion Listened to jazz music while
8. b 7. Communicate results sleeping
9. d Dependent Variable: Sleep
10. a length
Extraneous Variables: same
jazz music, activities of
people time of sleeping

-Illustration
insole
and 30 runners with existing
runners using new insole
randomly into two groups: 30
-Assign the 60 runners
existing insole
T1 as new insole, T2 as
-Two treatments:
2. To illustrate:
18 randomly.
assigned a treatment
experiment unit is simply
Design because each
1. Completely Randomized
Activity 3:
 Answer Key

What I Have What Can I Do What Can I Do

Learned 1. Independent variable
2. Dependent variable or the
1. Research Design 2 Blocks (Male and Female),
effect on the changes in treatment is assigned to both
2. Independent and Dependent
Variables
independent variable blocks. Number of replicates
3. Experimental group/units 3. all are diabetic patients, per treatment is three.
4. Local control range of sugar level in the
5. Control group blood, dosage of pills
6. Completely Randomized 4. patients who will take the Block I 25 25 25 25 25 25
Design Moringa D Male T1 T1 T1 T2 T2 T2
7. Randomized Complete Block 5. patients who will take the Block 2 25 25 25 25 25 25
What’s New
Design What’s
popular Brand MoreA pill Female T1 T1 T1 T2 T2 T2
8. Replication
Problem 2: Activity 1:
9. Extraneous variables
Independent 1. Independent Variable: new
10. prototypevariable: Mass
of the paper airplane insoles
Control group: no paper clip 2. Dependent Variable:
Experimental group: with prevent shin splints
paper clip added Extraneous Variables: same
Dependent Variable: The age range and sports, same
distance the paper plane fly weekly running schedule
Extraneous variables: size of Activity 2:
the paper plane, type of 1. Experimental group: 30
paper use, same weather runners with new insoles
condition 2. Control group: 30 runners
Assessment Additional
with existing insoles the
company sells
Activities
3. The test was repeated
1. b three times for added
1. graphene each
2. c treatment.
2. ampere, charging time
3. a 3. longer charging capacity
4. c 4. graphene-made charger
5. c 5. conventional charger
6. Test the prototype sample
charger and the conventional
one. Observe the extraneous
variables on both treatment.
Repeat testing at least thrice
on both treatment.

19
References
Bevans, Rebecca. 2020. “A Quick Guide to Experimental Design: 4 Steps &
Examples.” Scribbr. 2020.
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/experimental-design/.

Chupungco, Ana Maria A. 2013. “Variables.” Accessed January 17, 2021. BSICR-
Ch-4-Copy.

De Vaus, D. A. 2001. “Research Design in Social Research.” SAGE. 2001.

https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/researchdesignsethods
Knowledge Base. 2006.

"Experimental Design Multiple Choice Test-Review Game Zone." Accessed

December 30, 2020. http://bit.ly/3oxEm6e.

“Introduction to experiment design.” Accessed January 19, 2021.

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-statistics/gathering-data-
ap/statistics-experiments/v/intro-experiment-design.

“Kathryn's Experimental Design Examples Worksheet.” n.d. Course Hero. Accessed

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